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PREFACE
Section I Introduction
1. 1 The Kuroshio: Its Recognition, Scientific Activities and Emerging Issues
  1. 1.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 1.2. RECOGNITION OF THE KUROSHIO AND THE HISTORY OF KUROSHIO STUDY
  3. 1.3. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE KUROSHIO
  4. 1.4. THE KUROSHIO PARADOX
  5. 1.5. NUTRIENT DYNAMICS AND ZOOPLANKTON PRODUCTION
  6. 1.6. CONCLUSION
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
2. 2 The Research Advancements and Historical Episodes brought by the Kuroshio Flowing across Generations
  1. 2.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 2.2. EARLY RESEARCH BY UDA ON THE KUROSHIO AS A FRONT AND JET
  3. 2.3. CHALLENGES TO UNDERSTAND THE VARIABILITIES OF THE KUROSHIO AFTER WWII
  4. 2.4. RECENT CHALLENGES TO RESOLVE MULTISCALE DYNAMICS OF THE KUROSHIO
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
3. 3 The Gulf Nutrient Stream
  1. 3.1. THE NUTRIENT‐BEARING STRATUM
  2. 3.2. UPWELLING AND DIAPYCNAL MIXING
  3. 3.3. NUTRIENT STREAMS
  4. 3.4. REMOTE SOURCES OF THE GULF NUTRIENT STREAM
  5. 3.5. THE FATE OF THE GULF NUTRIENT STREAM
  6. 3.6. NUTRIENT STREAMS AND THE LIVING OCEAN
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
4. 4 On the Role of the Gulf Stream in the Changing Atlantic Nutrient Circulation During the 21st Century
  1. 4.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 4.2. A LARGE‐SCALE OBSERVATIONAL DESCRIPTION OF THE GULF STREAM NUTRIENT STREAM
  3. 4.3. PROJECTED DECLINE OF GULF STREAM NUTRIENT FLUX IN SIMULATIONS WITH CESM
  4. 4.4. HOW SMALL‐SCALE PROCESSES MODIFY AMOC AND THE ASSOCIATED GULF STREAM NUTRIENT TRANSPORT
  5. 4.5. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
Section II Physical and Biogeochemical Dynamics
1. 5 Structure and Impact of the Kuroshio Nutrient Stream
  1. 5.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 5.2. DATA AND METHODS
  3. 5.3. RESULTS
  4. 5.4. DISCUSSION
  5. 5.5. CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
2. 6 Multiscale Routes to Supply Nutrients Through the Kuroshio Nutrient Stream
  1. 6.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 6.2. ELEVATED NUTRIENTS ALONG THE KUROSHIO NUTRIENT STREAM
  3. 6.3. SOURCE OF THE NUTRIENTS IN THE KUROSHIO NUTRIENT STREAM
  4. 6.4. EDDY‐INDUCED NITRATE FLUX IN THE KUROSHIO AND THE KUROSHIO EXTENSION
  5. 6.5. DIAPYCNAL MIXING PROCESSES ALONG THE KUROSHIO
  6. 6.6. NUTRIENT SUPPLY PROCESS OF THE KUROSHIO NUTRIENT STREAM ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE KUROSHIO EXTENSION
  7. 6.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
  8. REFERENCES
3. 7 Contribution of Kuroshio Recirculation to Nutrient Transport Along the Kuroshio South of Japan
  1. 7.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 7.2. MODEL AND MEAN CURRENT FIELD
  3. 7.3. RESULTS
  4. 7.4. CONTRIBUTION OF RECIRCULATION TO VARIATION IN NUTRIENT TRANSPORT ALONG THE KUROSHIO PATH SOUTH OF JAPAN
  5. 7.5. SUMMARY
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  7. REFERENCES
4. 8 The Kuroshio‐Induced Nutrient Supply in the Shelf and Slope Region off the Southern Coast of Japan
  1. 8.1. OVERVIEW
  2. 8.2. POSSIBLE NUTRIENT SUPPLY PROCESSES
  3. 8.3. REMAINING ISSUES
  4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  5. REFERENCES
5. 9 Progress of Studies on Kuroshio Path Variations South of Japan in the Past Decade
  1. 9.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 9.2. KUROSHIO MODELING
  3. 9.3. TRANSITION MECHANISMS BETWEEN THE BIMODAL PATHS OF THE KUROSHIO
  4. 9.4. LONG‐TERM VARIABILITY OF THE KUROSHIO PATH
  5. 9.5. THE LARGE MEANDER IN 2017
  6. 9.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
6. 10 Island Mass Effect
  1. 10.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 10.2. A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF THE KUROSHIO‐INDUCED IME
  3. 10.3. A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE PREVIOUS KUROSHIO IME STUDIES
  4. 10.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
7. 11 Impact of Ocean Physics on Marine Ecosystems in the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension Regions
  1. 11.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 11.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLIED MODEL
  3. 11.3. RESULTS
  4. 11.4. SUMMARY
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  6. REFERENCES
Section III Ecosystem Dynamics
1. 12 Phytoplankton Distribution in the Kuroshio Region of the Southern East China Sea in Early Spring
  1. 12.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 12.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  3. 12.3. RESULTS
  4. 12.4. DISCUSSION
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
2. 13 Spatial Variations in Community Structure of Haptophytes Across the Kuroshio Front in the Tokara Strait
  1. 13.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 13.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  3. 13.3. RESULTS
  4. 13.4. DISCUSSION
  5. 13.5. CONCLUSION
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
  7. REFERENCES
3. 14 Variability in Taxonomic Composition, Standing Stock, and Productivity of the Plankton Community in the Kuroshio and its Neighboring Waters
  1. 14.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 14.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  3. 14.3. RESULTS
  4. 14.4. DISCUSSION
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
4. 15 Diverse Trophic Pathways from Zooplankton to Larval and Juvenile Fishes in the Kuroshio Ecosystem
  1. 15.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 15.2. DATA AND METHODS
  3. 15.3. RESULTS
  4. 15.4. DISCUSSION
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
5. 16 Feeding Ecology of Chaetognath Flaccisagitta enflata in the Kuroshio Region, Western North Pacific
  1. 16.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 16.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  3. 16.3. RESULTS
  4. 16.4. DISCUSSION
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
6. 17 Reproduction and Early Life History of Mesopelagic Fishes in the Kuroshio Region
  1. 17.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 17.2. REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ADULTS
  3. 17.3. SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF LARVAE: SPAWNING SEASONS
  4. 17.4. SPAWNING GROUND AND LARVAL TRANSPORT BY THE KUROSHIO
  5. 17.5. VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LARVAE
  6. 17.6. LARVAL GROWTH AND MORTALITY
  7. 17.7. FEEDING HABITS AND PREDATORY IMPACT ON ZOOPLANKTON
  8. 17.8. CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE
  9. 17.9. CONCLUSIONS
  10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  11. REFERENCES
7. 18 Variability in Growth Rates of Japanese Jack Mackerel Trachurus japonicus Larvae and Juveniles in the East China Sea – Effects of Temperature and Prey Abundance
  1. 18.1. INTRODUCTION
  2. 18.2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  3. 18.3. RESULTS
  4. 18.4. DISCUSSION
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
INDEX
END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Catches of fishes and squid using the Kuroshio Region as a spawning gro...
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Summary of Data and Model Results Relevant to Scaling the Nitrate Budg...
2. Table 4.2 Interquartile Ranges from the CESM1 Ensemble in 2006 and 2080*.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Epipycnal Transport of the Kuroshio Nutrient Stream.
2. Table 5.2 References of nitrate Flux Term.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Summary Table for the Expected Nutrient Flux Along and Across the Kuro...
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Mean and Standard Deviation of Transport for Water, Nitrate, Phytoplan...
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Net Vertical Nitrate Flux (V.N flux) at the Bottom Surface and Tempor...
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Cell Abundances (Cells l⁻¹) of Phytoplankton Identified by Micr...
2. Table 12.2 Correlation Coefficients Between Environmental Factors and Abundance ...
3. Table 12.3 Top 10 Dominant Phytoplankton Species and their Percentages in Total ...
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Locations, Depths, and Hydrographic Conditions at Each Sampling Event...
2. Table 13.2 List of Abundant OTUs and their Classification Results.*
3. Table 13.3 Number of OTUs, Shannon’s Diversity (H’), and Pielou’s Evenness (J’) ...
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Mesozooplankton Taxa Identified in the Present Study.
2. Table 14.2 A Summary List of Conversion Factors or Formulae from Cell Number or ...
3. Table 14.3 Pearson correlation coefficient of mesozooplankton variables to mixed...
4. Table 14.4 Lists of Predominant Copepod Species (more than 1% of the total copep...
5. Table 14.5 Regional comparison of Standing Stocks for Microzooplankton (MiZ: mgC...
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Time of Day of Fish Collection During Sampling in November 2012, Apri...
2. Table 15.2 List of Larval and Juvenile Fish Taxa Collected in the Kuroshio Regio...
3. Table 15.3 Frequency of Occurrence (%FO) of 13 Prey Categories Among Nine Fish G...
4. Table 15.4 Mean and Standard Deviation of Zooplankton density (no. m⁻³) in...
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Sampling Position, Abundance and Food‐Containing Ratio (FCR) ofFlacci...
2. Table 16.2 Digestion time ofFlaccisagitta enflata.
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Species List of the Dominant and Common Mesopelagic Fishes in the Kuro...
2. Table 17.2 Biological Characteristics of Spawning Strategies of Four Species of P...
3. Table 17.3 Summary of Weight‐Specific Instantaneous Growth Coefficient (Gw, d−1),...
4. Table 17.4 Daily Ration as a Percentage of Larval Body Dry Weight (DW) and Food R...
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Body Length (BL), Age and Hatch Date ofT. japonicus Larvae and Juveni...
2. Table 18.2 Coefficient of Variation (%) in Prey Abundances for Larvae and Juveni...
3. Table 18.3 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients in Relationships Between Mean G of

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 SST distribution of the North Pacific in April 1986 (color contour, ...
2. Figure 1.2 The number of scientific publications with “Kuroshio” in the title c...
3. Figure 1.3 Egg and larval survey sampling stations off the Pacific coast of Jap...
4. Figure 1.4 Schematic illustration of the food‐web structure of the Kuroshio eco...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Surface outcropping fronts, off the Fukushima coast, Japan, “Shiome”...
2. Figure 2.2 Tanka: a Japanese poem of thirty‐one syllables by Prof. Michitaka Ud...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Distribution of nutrients on depth and isoneutral levels. Top panels...
2. Figure 3.2 Left: Phosphate as a function of sigma‐t along a section crossing th...
3. Figure 3.3 Locations with temperature, salinity and phosphate measurements used...
4. Figure 3.4 Top: absolute dynamic topography (m) in the northwest Atlantic, from...
5. Figure 3.5 Cross‐stream distributions at section 36°N. Top panel: nitrate flux ...
6. Figure 3.6 Mean distributions along the Pegasus section: (left) along‐stream an...
7. Figure 3.7 Mean distributions along the Pegasus section: along‐stream (left) an...
8. Figure 3.8 (a, b) Transports of nitrate and dissolved organic nitrogen (kmol s⁻...
9. Figure 3.9 Backward simulated trajectories for water particles reaching the Gul...
10. Figure 3.10 Seasonal surface phytoplankton pattern during 2003 as obtained from...
11. Figure 3.11 Nitrate fluxes per unit area (μM m yr⁻¹) into the surface win...
12. Figure 3.12 Forward simulated trajectories of water particles originated in the...
13. Figure 3.13 Nitrate concentration (black contours, mmol m⁻³) and normal g...
14. Figure 3.14 As in Figure 3.13 but showing the potential density (black contours...
15. Figure 3.15 Nitrate concentration (black contours, mmol m⁻³) and normal g...
16. Figure 3.16 As in Figure 3.15 but showing the potential density (black contours...
17. Figure 3.17 (a) Schematics of some of the principal pathways and transformation...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Nitrate NO₃ ⁻ on the σ_θ = 26.95 kg/m³ potential dens...
2. Figure 4.2 Data from two hydrographic sections across the Gulf Stream, includin...
3. Figure 4.3 Distribution of nitrate as a function of potential density (a) and d...
4. Figure 4.4 Gulf Stream volume and nitrate transports for σ_θ < 27....
5. Figure 4.5 (a) The fate of the Gulf Stream nutrient stream: induction into the ...
6. Figure 4.6 The zonally‐integrated, annual‐and‐ensemble mean volume transport fu...
7. Figure 4.7 The zonally‐integrated annual mean nitrate transport function (a) an...
8. Figure 4.8 The depth‐integrated, annual‐and‐ensemble‐mean magnitude of the adve...
9. Figure 4.9 Ensemble and annual average velocity (left panels), nitrate concentr...
10. Figure 4.10 (top) The mean surface potential density in March from the ensemble...
11. Figure 4.11 (top) Ensemble and area averaged seasonal cycle of nitrate (color),...
12. Figure 4.12 The ensemble mean export flux of particulate organic nitrogen acros...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Spring mean climatology on the isopycnal surface (σ_θ = 25....
2. Figure 5.2 Station map of the cruise conducted south of Japan in April 2009. CT...
3. Figure 5.3 Number of nitrate profiles obtained inside the 1/61/6° bin fro...
4. Figure 5.4 Station map of the cruise from May to June 1998 in the western North...
5. Figure 5.5 Latitudinal distribution in section 138°E (corresponds to Trans...
6. Figure 5.6 Latitudinal distribution in section 138°E as a function of σ...
7. Figure 5.7 Nitrate concentration (mmol m⁻³) on the isopycnal surfaces: (a...
8. Figure 5.8 Relationship between nitrate concentration on the isopycnal surface ...
9. Figure 5.9 Difference of nitrate concentration from the value observed on the j...
10. Figure 5.10 Seasonal change observed on the jet (40 km from the current axis, ...
11. Figure 5.11 Map of (a) epipycnal volume transport (Sv) and (b) nitrate transpor...
12. Figure 5.12 Same as Figure 5.11 but for transport in the density range (25.026...
13. Figure 5.13 Same as Figure 5.11 but for transport in the density range (26.527...
14. Figure 5.14 Schematic of nitrate flux convergence (mmol m⁻² d⁻¹) du...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 MODIS satellite seasonal climatological sea surface chlorophyll a co...
2. Figure 6.2 World Ocean Atlas 2013 (Garcia et al., 2014) for (a) annual mean nit...
3. Figure 6.3 Bin‐averaged nitrate concentration (m mole m⁻³) obtained along...
4. Figure 6.4 The same figure as Figure 6.3 but for nitrate (m mole m⁻³) mea...
5. Figure 6.5 Modeled nitrate concentrations (m mole m⁻³) on the density sur...
6. Figure 6.6 Passive tracer distributions released from the tropical regions of N...
7. Figure 6.7 Eddy‐induced nitrate flux (a) along the meridional direction and (b)...
8. Figure 6.8 Vertical sections of eddy‐induced nitrate flux along (a–b) 138°E and...
9. Figure 6.9 A warm filament or warm streamer observed in the satellite sea surfa...
10. Figure 6.10 Schematics of the warm streamer under the frontogenetic confluence.
11. Figure 6.11 ADCP vertical shear of the zonal current, back‐rotated with the loc...
12. Figure 6.12 Normalized effective Coriolis frequency (Kunze, 1985) by local Cori...
13. Figure 6.13 (a) The residual shear with (white solid contour) positive and (whi...
14. Figure 6.14 (a) Across front velocity measured by the EM‐APEX Float deployed al...
15. Figure 6.15 (a) Ship track observations made by the R/V Natsushima during Octob...
16. Figure 6.16 Schematic of the multiscale routes for nutrient supply. The basin‐s...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Map of study area and the horizontal distribution of mean currents (...
2. Figure 7.2 Temporally averaged current velocity (cm s⁻¹) normal to the se...
3. Figure 7.3 Volume transport (Sv) across the five sections. The length of dark g...
4. Figure 7.4 Temporally averaged nitrate flux (mmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and pote...
5. Figure 7.5 Nitrate transport (kmol s⁻¹) across the five sections. The len...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Schematic view of stable and substable states of the Kuroshio path (...
2. Figure 8.2 Satellite‐derived sea surface temperature on 12 April (west of 138°E...
3. Figure 8.3 Daily snapshots of (a–d) sea surface temperature (SST) and (e–h) mix...
4. Figure 8.4 Simulation results obtained by Kuroda et al. (2018) using a 1/50° re...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Bathymetry (unit in m) and three typical paths of the Kuroshio south...
2. Figure 9.2 Time series of the southernmost latitude of the Kuroshio path south ...
3. Figure 9.3 Time evolution of temperature field at 600 m from 20 May to 20 Augus...
4. Figure 9.4 Three‐month (contours with 10 cm interval) SSH and (shades) its anom...
5. Figure 9.5 (a) Time series of the Sverdrup transport averaged over the Kuroshio...
6. Figure 9.6 Same as Figure 9.4 but for the case of the large meander in 2017. Th...
7. Figure 9.7 (a–c) Time series of normalized SSH anomalies (June 1993 to May 2017...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Topography (ETOPO1) of the Western North Pacific Subtropical region...
2. Figure 10.2 (a) 3D view of the simulated IME from Hasegawa et al. (2009). ΔP is...
3. Figure 10.3 Some regimes of flow past a circular cylinder. (a) Re ~1, no rotati...
4. Figure 10.4 Sea surface temperature (a), Chl‐a concentration (b), locally norma...
5. Figure 10.5 Wakes of Miyake‐jima, Mikura‐jima and Inamba‐jima in the Kuroshio o...
6. Figure 10.6 The Green Island wake in the Kuroshio (from Chang et al., 2013). (a...
7. Figure 10.7 The Aoga‐shima wake in the Kuroshio (from Hasegawa et al., 2004). (...
8. Figure 10.8 Vertical microstructure profiles observed in the vicinity of Aoga‐s...
9. Figure 10.9 The Kelvin–Helmholtz billow train observed by a shipboard echo soun...
10. Figure 10.10 Microstructure survey around the Tokara Strait (Tsutsumi et al., 2...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Snapshot of surface chlorophyll concentration (mg m⁻³) from M...
2. Figure 11.2 Average over three months (March–May) of isopycnal depth (m) and ni...
3. Figure 11.3 (a) Time series of SSHA (cm) from AVISO and OFES, (b) vertical nitr...
4. Figure 11.4 Time‐longitude diagrams along 32.5°N (latitude of the KEO station) ...
5. Figure 11.5 (a) Tracked central position of cyclonic eddy from 1 May–14 July 20...
6. Figure 11.6 Time series of (a) surface relative vorticity (×10⁻⁵ s⁻¹...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Sampling stations in the Kuroshio region of the southern East China...
2. Figure 12.2 Relationship between chlorophyll a concentration and in situ fluore...
3. Figure 12.3 Relationship between dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and NOx (...
4. Figure 12.4 Vertical distributions of (a) temperature, (b) salinity, (c) Chl a‐...
5. Figure 12.5 (a) Surface seawater temperature and NOx (NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻) ...
6. Figure 12.6 Same as Figure 12.4, but along Line 2.
7. Figure 12.7 Same as Figure 12.5, but along Line 2.
8. Figure 12.8 Same as Figure 12.4, but at stations 1– 9 in 2013.
9. Figure 12.9 Same as Figure 12.5, but at stations 1–9 in 2013.
10. Figure 12.10 Temperature–salinity diagram of waters at 10 m depth at each stati...
11. Figure 12.11 Relationship between total chlorophyll a concentrations and percen...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Sampling locations of this study. The position of the Kuroshio at t...
2. Figure 13.2 Temperature–salinity (T–S) diagrams of each sampling location. The ...
3. Figure 13.3 Concentrations of major phytoplankton chemotaxonomic pigments at th...
4. Figure 13.4 Chl a concentration of each phytoplankton group at the (a) surface ...
5. Figure 13.5 Summary of the OTU classification and the distribution of haptophyt...
6. Figure 13.6 Cluster analysis based on haptophyte OTU composition, which estimat...
7. Figure 13.7 RDA ordinations of (a) OTU‐level and (b) genus‐level community comp...
8. Figure 13.8 Rarefaction curves of haptophyte OTUs at 97% sequence similarity fo...
9. Figure 13.9 Box plots summarizing the (a) number of observed OTUs, (b) Shannon ...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Sampling stations in the upstream Kuroshio. Closed star: Station A ...
2. Figure 14.2 Temporal variations in vertical profiles of water temperature (°C),...
3. Figure 14.3 Temporal variations in mean water temperature (WT₁₀₀: °C, open circ...
4. Figure 14.4 Temporal variations in depth distribution of autotrophic (AP) and h...
5. Figure 14.5 Temporal variations in pico‐(Pico), nano‐(Nano) and micro‐autotroph...
6. Figure 14.6 Temporal variations in biomass for pico‐(Pico), nano‐(Nano) and mic...
7. Figure 14.7 T–S diagram in the surface layer above 100 m at Station A during Ju...
8. Figure 14.8 Schematic diagram of carbon flow for the plankton community in the ...
9. Figure 14.9 Spatial variations in numerical abundance (ZA: individuals m⁻³...
10. Figure 14.10 Cluster dendrogram of the six transect lines across the Kuroshio p...
11. Figure 14.11 Spatial distributions of the copepod community groups derived by c...
12. Figure 14.12 Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination plots of the 4...
13. Figure 14.13 Correlations for log‐transformed abundance of Paracalanus parvus s...
14. Figure 14.14 Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination plots of the 4...
15. Figure 14.15 Correlations of log‐transformed abundance (ZA: individuals m⁻³...
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Sampling stations for collection of larval and juvenile fishes for ...
2. Figure 15.2 Clusters generated from similarity matrix of 122 prey categories pr...
3. Figure 15.3 Percentage composition of 13 prey categories in nine fish groups (A...
4. Figure 15.4 Relationship between fish standard length and log‐transformed prey ...
5. Figure 15.5 Chesson’s alpha (α) index for nine fish groups obtained in cluster ...
6. Figure 15.6 Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) generated from 12 prey ca...
7. Figure 15.7 Diagram of trophodynamics in the Kuroshio ecosystem.
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Map of the study site. (a) Shaded lines represent the Kuroshio on 1...
2. Figure 16.2 Relationship between digestion time for Flaccisagitta enflata and t...
3. Figure 16.3 Vertical distribution of temperature (°C) and salinity of A, C, and...
4. Figure 16.4 Abundance (ind m⁻³) and composition of each copepod taxon in ...
5. Figure 16.5 Abundance (ind m⁻³) and size composition of Flaccisagitta enf...
6. Figure 16.6 Temporal change of food‐containing ratio (FCR) of Flaccisagitta enf...
7. Figure 16.7 (a) Food‐containing ratio (FCR) and (b) feeding rate (FR, prey chae...
8. Figure 16.8 Selectivity index (Pearre’s C index) of each size class of Flaccisa...
9. Figure 16.9 Relationship between body length of Flaccisagitta enflata (mm) and ...
10. Figure 16.10 (a) Feeding rate and (b) clearance rate of Flaccisagitta enflata i...
11. Figure 16.11 Relationships of (a) feeding rate and (b) clearance rate of Flacci...
12. Figure 16.12 Daily predation impact of Flaccisagitta enflata on oncaeid copepod...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Schema showing the possible spawning migrations of Notoscopelus jap...
2. Figure 17.2 Schema showing the life history of mesopelagic fishes in relation t...
3. Figure 17.3 Sex ratio in relation to the standard length of Benthosema pterotum
4. Figure 17.4 Size‐frequency distributions of oocyte at the different stages of m...
5. Figure 17.5 Seasonal occurrence patterns of the larvae of the twelve dominant m...
6. Figure 17.6 Horizontal distribution patterns of larval myctophid taxa in the we...
7. Figure 17.7 Horizontal distributions of three species of numerically dominant m...
8. Figure 17.8 Day–night vertical distributions of the 15 most abundant larval myc...
9. Figure 17.9 Vertical distributions of myctophid larvae in the Kuroshio region d...
10. Figure 17.10 Day–night vertical distributions of the transforming stage larvae ...
11. Figure 17.11 (a) Relationship between age (D) and body dry weight (DW) of the t...
12. Figure 17.12 Appendicularian houses removed from the guts of Diaphus garmani la...
13. Figure 17.13 Annual fluctuation in the mean densities of juveniles of the surfa...
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Distribution of water masses identified using cluster analysis base...
2. Figure 18.2 Temperature–salinity diagram at 5 m depth for the 536 sampling stat...
3. Figure 18.3 Distribution density of larvae and juveniles of T. japonicus in the...
4. Figure 18.4 Water mass‐specific number of stations (a) and mean abundances of T...
5. Figure 18.5 Water mass‐specific mean Chl‐a concentrations (a), abundances of pr...
6. Figure 18.6 Water mass‐specific mean BL (a), age (b), and hatch date (c) of lar...
7. Figure 18.7 A sagittal otolith of a juvenile T. japonicus with 11.8 mm BL and a...
8. Figure 18.8 Individual IGR (a) and G (b) of larvae (open) and juveniles (solid)...
9. Figure 18.9 Water mass‐specific mean G of larvae (a) and juveniles (b). Vertica...
10. Figure 18.10 Relationships between mean G of larvae (a) and juveniles (b) and e...
11. Figure 18.11 Relationships between mean G of larvae (a) and juveniles (b) and p...

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197 Auroral Phenomenology and Magnetospheric Processes: Earth and Other Planets Andreas Keiling, Eric Donovan, Fran Bagenal, and Tomas Karlsson (Eds.)

198 Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations Liviu Giosan, Dorian Q. Fuller, Kathleen Nicoll, Rowan K. Flad, and Peter D. Clift (Eds.)

199 Dynamics of the Earth’s Radiation Belts and Inner Magnetosphere Danny Summers, Ian R. Mann, Daniel N. Baker, and Michael Schulz (Eds.)

200 Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere John Lin (Ed.)

201 Modeling the Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Jospeh D. Huba, Robert W. Schunk, and George V. Khazanov (Eds.)

202 The Mediterranean Sea: Temporal Variability and Spatial Patterns Gian Luca Eusebi Borzelli, Miroslav Gacic, Piero Lionello, and Paola Malanotte‐Rizzoli (Eds.)

203 Future Earth – Advancing Civic Understanding of the Anthropocene Diana Dalbotten, Gillian Roehrig, and Patrick Hamilton (Eds.)

204 The Galápagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences Karen S. Harpp, Eric Mittelstaedt, Noémi d’Ozouville, and David W. Graham (Eds.)

205 Modeling Atmospheric and Oceanic Flows: Insightsfrom Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulations Thomas von Larcher and Paul D. Williams (Eds.)

206 Remote Sensing of the Terrestrial Water Cycle Venkat Lakshmi (Ed.)

207 Magnetotails in the Solar System Andreas Keiling, Caitríona Jackman, and Peter Delamere (Eds.)

208 Hawaiian Volcanoes: From Source to Surface Rebecca Carey, Valerie Cayol, Michael Poland, and Dominique Weis (Eds.)

209 Sea Ice: Physics, Mechanics, and Remote Sensing Mohammed Shokr and Nirmal Sinha (Eds.)

210 Fluid Dynamics in Complex Fractured‐Porous Systems Boris Faybishenko, Sally M. Benson, and John E. Gale (Eds.)

211 Subduction Dynamics: From Mantle Flow to Mega Disasters Gabriele Morra, David A. Yuen, Scott King, Sang Mook Lee, and Seth Stein (Eds.)

212 The Early Earth: Accretion and Differentiation James Badro and Michael Walter (Eds.)

213 Global Vegetation Dynamics: Concepts and Applications in the MC1 Model Dominique Bachelet and David Turner (Eds.)

214 Extreme Events: Observations, Modeling and Economics Mario Chavez, Michael Ghil, and Jaime Urrutia‐Fucugauchi (Eds.)

215 Auroral Dynamics and Space Weather Yongliang Zhang and Larry Paxton (Eds.)

216 Low‐Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas Andreas Keiling, Dong‐Hun Lee, and Valery Nakariakov (Eds.)

217 Deep Earth: Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle and Core Hidenori Terasaki and Rebecca A. Fischer (Eds.)

218 Integrated Imaging of the Earth: Theory and Applications Max Moorkamp, Peter G. Lelievre, Niklas Linde, and Amir Khan (Eds.)

219 Plate Boundaries and Natural Hazards Joao Duarte and Wouter Schellart (Eds.)

220 Ionospheric Space Weather: Longitude and Hemispheric Dependences and Lower Atmosphere Forcing Timothy Fuller‐Rowell, Endawoke Yizengaw, Patricia H. Doherty, and Sunanda Basu (Eds.)

221 Terrestrial Water Cycle and Climate Change Natural and Human‐Induced Impacts Qiuhong Tang and Taikan Oki (Eds.)

222 Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Solar System Charles R. Chappell, Robert W. Schunk, Peter M. Banks, James L. Burch, and Richard M. Thorne (Eds.)

223 Natural Hazard Uncertainty Assessment: Modeling and Decision Support Karin Riley, Peter Webley, and Matthew Thompson (Eds.)

224 Hydrodynamics of Time‐Periodic Groundwater Flow: Diffusion Waves in Porous Media Joe S. Depner and Todd C. Rasmussen (Auth.)

225 Active Global Seismology Ibrahim Cemen and Yucel Yilmaz (Eds.)

226 Climate Extremes Simon Wang (Ed.)

227 Fault Zone Dynamic Processes Marion Thomas (Ed.)

228 Flood Damage Survey and Assessment: New Insights from Research and Practice Daniela Molinari, Scira Menoni, and Francesco Ballio (Eds.)

229 Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus – Principles and Practices P. Abdul Salam, Sangam Shrestha, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, and Anil K Anal (Eds.)

230 Dawn–Dusk Asymmetries in Planetary Plasma Environments Stein Haaland, Andrei Rounov, and Colin Forsyth (Eds.)

231 Bioenergy and Land Use Change Zhangcai Qin, Umakant Mishra, and Astley Hastings (Eds.)

232 Microstructural Geochronology: Planetary Records Down to Atom Scale Desmond Moser, Fernando Corfu, James Darling, Steven Reddy, and Kimberly Tait (Eds.)

233 Global Flood Hazard: Applications in Modeling, Mapping and Forecasting Guy Schumann, Paul D. Bates, Giuseppe T. Aronica, and Heiko Apel (Eds.)

234 Pre‐Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction Studies Dimitar Ouzounov, Sergey Pulinets, Katsumi Hattori, and Patrick Taylor (Eds.)

235 Electric Currents in Geospace and Beyond Andreas Keiling, Octav Marghitu, and Michael Wheatland (Eds.)

236 Quantifying Uncertainty in Subsurface Systems Céline Scheidt, Lewis Li, and Jef Caers (Eds.)

237 Petroleum Engineering Moshood Sanni (Ed.)

238 Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity Stéphanie Vialle, Jonathan Ajo‐Franklin, and J. William Carey (Eds.)

239 Lithospheric Discontinuities Huaiyu Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz (Eds.)

240 Chemostratigraphy Across Major Chronological Eras Alcides N.Sial, Claudio Gaucher, Muthuvairavasamy Ramkumar, and Valderez Pinto Ferreira (Eds.)

241 Mathematical Geoenergy:Discovery, Depletion, and Renewal Paul Pukite, Dennis Coyne, and Daniel Challou (Eds.)

242 Ore Deposits: Origin, Exploration, and Exploitation Sophie Decrée and Laurence Robb (Eds.)

CONTRIBUTORS

Sophie Clayton
Ocean, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Hisashi Endo
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan;
CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan;
Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Xinyu Guo
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan;
Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan

Akimasa Habano
Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

Daisuke Hasegawa
Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Miyagi, Japan

Toru Hasegawa
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries
Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki, Japan

Kiyotaka Hidaka
National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan
Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanagawa, Japan

Yutaka Hiroe
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan;
Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki, Japan

Makio C. Honda
Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan

Yingying Hu
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan

Tadafumi Ichikawa
National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanagawa, Japan

Sami Kato
Graduate School of Oceanography, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan

Satoshi Kitajima
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki, Japan

Yoko Kiyomoto
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki, Japan

Toru Kobari
Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

Yurie Kobari
Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

Kosei Komatsu
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Reo Kondo
Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

Gen Kume
Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

Hiroshi Kuroda
Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Hokkaido, Japan;
National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanagawa, Japan

Hiroomi Miyamoto
Hachinohe Branch, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Aomori, Japan

Takeyoshi Nagai
Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan;
Prof. Uda Memorial Archives Association, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Library, Tokyo, Japan

Hiroshi Nakano
Prof. Uda Memorial Archives Association, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Library, Tokyo, Japan

Kou Nishiuchi
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan
Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki, Japan

Masami Nonaka
Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan

Yuji Okazaki
Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan
Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Miyagi, Japan

Dorleta Orúe‐Echevarría
Departament d’Oceanografia Física i Tecnològica, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada ULPGC‐CSIC, Barcelona, Spain

Kazuyuki Otsuka
Prof. Uda Memorial Archives Association, Tokyo
University of Marine Science and Technology Library, Tokyo, Japan

Josep L. Pelegrí
Departament d’Oceanografia Física i Tecnològica, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada ULPGC‐CSIC, Barcelona, Spain

Hiroaki Saito
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan

Yoshikazu Sasai
Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan

Hideharu Sasaki
Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan

Chiyuki Sassa
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki, Japan

Eko Siswanto
Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan

Koji Suzuki
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan;
CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Motomitsu Takahashi
Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Nagasaki, Japan

Youichi Tsukamoto
Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kyoto, Japan

Yusuke Uchiyama
Department of Civil Engineering, Kobe University, Hyougo, Japan

Kazuyuki Uehara
Graduate School of Oceanography, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan

Norihisa Usui
Department of Atmosphere, Ocean, and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan

Ignasi Vallès‐Casanova
Departament d’Oceanografia Física i Tecnològica, Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Unidad Asociada ULPGC‐CSIC, Barcelona, Spain

Dharmamony Vijai
Hachinohe Branch, Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Aomori, Japan;
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Fujian Sheng, China

Daniel B. Whitt
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA

PREFACE

The warm streak of the Kuroshio current along the western boundary of the ocean basin looks exactly like one of the main arteries for sustaining marine ecosystems. Indeed, many pelagic fish and nekton spawn around the Kuroshio, and many commercially valuable fish, such as tuna and sardine, utilize this current to swim north to their feeding sites. On the other hand, it has been long recognized that the surface Kuroshio water is nutrient‐depleted and has low biological productivity. Therefore, it is one of the major enigmas in ocean sciences why and how these abundant fish populations are maintained in the Kuroshio region – the so‐called Kuroshio Paradox. This scientific problem has been tackled since 2011 when a research project, “Study of Kuroshio Ecosystem Dynamics for sustainable fisheries (SKED)”, led by Hiroaki Saito, one of the lead editors of this book, was funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology–Japan (MEXT) for 10 years. To elucidate this scientific problem, a transdisciplinary scientific team was formed and many active observational and modeling studies have been carried out. One of the key targets of this project is to unravel the nutrient transport in the Kuroshio. Nutrient supply to the sunlit surface layer is crucial to support primary production by phytoplankton, higher trophic levels, and the contribution of the biological carbon pump to climate regulation through the uptake and sequestration of carbon dioxide. The North Atlantic counterpart of the Kuroshio, the Gulf Stream has been known since the 1990s to transport nutrients originating from the tropical ocean and even from the Antarctic Ocean to subpolar regions of the North Atlantic. The same functionality of the Kuroshio in the North Pacific has recently been reported in a few studies. However, the mechanisms for the generation, maintenance, and modulations of the nutrient streams have been elusive. As a result, the ecosystem structures and dynamics regarding the Kuroshio nutrient stream remain nearly unknown. This book synthesizes the recent research results of the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the Kuroshio nutrient stream, aiming to provide the basis for comprehensive understanding and accurate prediction of the Kuroshio ecosystem responses to future climate variability.

The volume opens with an introductory chapter by Hiroaki Saito that summarizes the history of the research projects on the Kuroshio, especially for the biological and chemical aspects, introducing the influence of the Kuroshio on the Japanese culture. This is followed by a chapter by Takeyoshi Nagai that touches on the historical research advancement, especially on the physical aspect of the Kuroshio nutrient stream with episodes of earlier researchers. The rest of the first section introduces the nutrient stream of the North Atlantic, the Gulf Stream.

The second section addresses the physical and biogeochemical aspects of the Kuroshio, regarding the Kuroshio and the nutrient stream. The chapters in this section include recent research results on how the basin scale Kuroshio transports nutrients laterally, how the smaller scale processes could work together with the larger scale processes to supply nutrients along its path, and the mechanisms of the mixing and upwelling near the topographic features along the Kuroshio and the Kuroshio Large Meander.

The third section includes the ecosystem research results on the lower trophic levels, including phytoplankton and zooplankton, and mesopelagic fishes in the Kuroshio region, and the higher tropic levels in the Kuroshio ecosystem. These chapters delineate using the cutting edge monitoring that biological production and diversity would depend on the nutrient dynamics in the Kuroshio and its adjacent waters.

Our intention is to provide the new integrated insights of the role of the Kuroshio as a nutrient stream. We acknowledge that this book will not answer all questions in the Kuroshio nutrient stream, but we expect that many young ocean researchers worldwide in the future generations that will be stimulated by this book will pursue active researche in the related topics.

The editors would like to thank a number of people who supported the publication of this book, including Dr. Rituparna Bose, Kshitija Iyer and Karthiga Mani at John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All the papers in this book have been peer reviewed and we thank all the reviewers for their time and valuable comments to improve the contents of the book. The cover photo obtained from Himawari‐8 (Japan Meteorological Agency) was supplied by the P‐Tree System, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Takeyoshi Nagai thanks Dr. Kazunori Kuroda for useful comments, Dr. Hideo Tameishi for the aerial photo of the surface front, support from Capt. Tsugio Nagai, Capt. Ukekura (R/V Natsushima), Capt. Inoue (R/V Kaiyo), Capt. Ryouno (R/V Shinsei), Capt. Uchiyama (T/V Kagoshima‐maru), Capt. Noda (R/T/V Umitaka), TUMSAT, MIT‐Hayashi fund and JSPS. Koji Suzuki shows gratitude to JST‐CREST. Motomitsu Takahashi appreciates all the support from FRA, and we all acknowledge MEXT and SKED scientists.

Takeyoshi Nagai
Hiroaki Saito
Koji Suzuki
Motomitsu Takahashi

Geophysical Monograph 243

Kuroshio Current

Physical, Biogeochemical, and Ecosystem Dynamics

Geophysical Monograph Series

CONTRIBUTORS

PREFACE

Section I
Introduction