Contents
Cover Preface Chapter 1: Graphene Nanomaterials in Energy and Environment Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Preparations of Graphene-Based Materials
1.3 Applications of Graphene-Based Materials in Energy and Environment
1.4 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Graphene as Nanolubricant for Machining
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tribological Testing of Graphene Nanolubricants
2.3 Machining Using Graphene as Nanolubricant
2.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 3: Three-Dimensional Graphene Foams for Energy Storage Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fabrication, Structure, and Performance of GF
3.3 Applications of GF in Energy Storage Devices
3.4 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 4: Three-Dimensional Graphene Materials: Synthesis and Applications in Electrocatalysts and Electrochemical Sensors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis of 3D Graphene-Based Materials
4.3 Electrocatalytic Activity of 3D Graphene-Based Materials
4.4 Electrochemical Sensing Properties of 3D Graphene-Based Materials
4.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Graphene and Graphene-Based Hybrid Composites for Advanced Rechargeable Battery Electrodes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Li-Ion Batteries
5.3 Na-Ion Batteries
5.4 Li–S Batteries
5.5 Li–Air Batteries
5.6 Summary and Perspectives
References
Chapter 6: Graphene-Based Materials for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries
6.1 Introduction of Lithium-Ion Batteries
6.2 Graphene and Its Properties
6.3 Synthesis Methods of Graphene for LIBs
6.4 Graphene-Based Composites for LIBs
6.5 Graphene-Based Composites for Li–S Batteries
6.6 Graphene-Based Composites for Li–O2 Batteries
6.7 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 7: Graphene-Based Materials for Supercapacitors and Conductive Additives of Lithium Ion Batteries
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Experimental Technique
7.3 Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Composite Materials
7.4 Graphene and Nanostructured MnO2 Composite Electrode
7.5 Polyaniline Nanocone-Coated Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Composite Electrode
7.6 Electrodeposition of Nanoporous Cobalt Hydroxide on Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Composites
7.7 Porous Graphene Sponge Additives for Lithium Ion Batteries with Excellent Rate Capability
7.8 Conclusions and Perspective
References
Chapter 8: Graphene-Based Flexible Actuators, Sensors, and Supercapacitors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 IPGC Transducer for Actuators, Sensors, and Supercapacitors—Background and Basics
8.3 Electrochemical Actuators
8.4 Piezoionic Sensors
8.5 Supercapacitors
8.6 Summary and Future Development
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Graphene as Catalyst Support for the Reactions in Fuel Cells
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis of Graphene
9.3 Structural Properties and Functionalization of Graphene
9.4 Structural Characterizations of Graphene
9.5 Graphene Morphology
9.6 Carbon Materials as Catalyst Support
9.7 Promoting Effect of Carbon Functional Groups
9.8 Graphene as Catalyst Support
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10: Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanostructures as Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) Electrocatalysts in Acidic Media
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pt-Free Electrocatalysts for ORR
10.3 In Situ Characterization of the Pyrolytic Growth of CNx Catalysts
10.4 ORR Active Site Debate
10.5 Probing the ORR Active Sites over CNx Catalysts Using Phosphate Anion
10.6 Other Electrochemical Applications of CNx Catalysts
10.7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Recent Advances in Graphene-Based Materials for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Applications of Graphene-Based Photocatalytic Materials
11.3 The Role of Graphene in Photocatalytic Materials
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Graphene Thermal Functional Device and Its Property Characterization
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fabrication of Suspended Graphene Electronic Devices
12.3 Electrical and Thermal Properties of Graphene
12.4 Thermal Rectification in Suspended Graphene
12.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Self- and Directed-Assembly of Metallic and Nonmetallic Fluorophors: Considerations into Graphene and Graphene Oxides for Sensing and Imaging Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Graphene and Graphene-Based Functional Materials for Biosensing Applications
13.3 Graphene and Graphene-Based Materials for Biosensing Applications
13.4 Graphene and Graphene-Like Materials for Bioimaging Applications
13.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Stimuli-Responsive Graphene-Based Matrices for Smart Therapeutics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 pH-Responsive Systems
14.3 Magnetic Field Controlled Drug Delivery
14.4 Photothermal Triggered Drug Release
14.5 Electrochemically Controlled Release
14.6 Multimode Stimuli
14.7 Perspectives and Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Application of Graphene Materials in Molecular Diagnostics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Optical Strategies
15.3 FRET Strategies
15.4 Electrochemical Strategies
15.5 SPR Strategies
15.6 SERS Strategies
15.7 FET Strategies
References
Chapter 16: Graphene Oxide Membranes for Liquid Separation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Pristine GO Membranes
16.3 Tuning Pore Size
16.4 Conclusions
References
Index End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 TEM images of (a) graphene sheets. (b) Graphene sheets with Pd nanoparticles with…Figure 1.2 (a) Image of the (rGO–PDDA+ /rGO–O− )…Figure 1.3 (a) SEM image of graphene wrapped-MnO2 nanocomposites. (b) Specific…Figure 1.4 Sensitivity of graphene to chemical doping. (a) Chemically induced charge carrier…Figure 1.5 Graphene nanoplatelet-polymer chemiresistive sensor arrays for the detection and…Figure 1.6 rGO-based multisensory array. (a) Optical photograph of a multielectrode KAMINA…Figure 1.7 Gas sensing signals of (a) NO2 and (b) NH3 from rGO sensors…Figure 1.8 (a) (Graphene-Ti091 O2 )5 hollow spheres. Scale bar…Figure 1.9 Proposed pathways for catalytic oxidation of HCHO over G-Mn hybrid nanostructure…Figure 1.10 Cross-sectional-view (a) and top-view (b) SEM images of the SiNW array. Cross-se…Figure 1.11 Photoresponse of substrate-free rGO film device under 532-nm light illumination…
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 (a) FC curves and (b) WSDs and WVs of different lubricants. All tests were conducted…Figure 2.2 SEM images of the worn surfaces on the steel balls lubricated with the different…Figure 2.3 (a) Average friction coefficient and (b) WSD and WSW of graphene and MoS…Figure 2.4 Effect of mass ratio of GO to SiO2 on (a) coefficient of friction and…Figure 2.5 Flank wear evolution after end milling of AISI-304 austenitic stainless steel…Figure 2.6 Surface roughness under different feed rates and spindle speeds: (a) feed rate:…Figure 2.7 SEM image of chip formation under two different coolants: (a) conventional coolant…Figure 2.8 Mean of torque values under different lubrication conditions [15].Figure 2.9 Micrographs of thread surface under different lubrication conditions: (a) under…Figure 2.10 Trends in the cutting temperatures (a) and the cutting forces (b) [16].Figure 2.11 (a) Cutting force and (b) surface roughness trends seen for the GOP colloidal…Figure 2.12 (a) Cutting temperature and (b) cutting force trends over the length of cut for…Figure 2.13 (a) Cutting temperature trace, (b) peak temperature rise of tool, and (c)…Figure 2.14 (a) Variation of coefficient of friction between sliding pin and rotating disk…Figure 2.15 (a) Horizontal grinding force as a function of graphite diameter and concentration…Figure 2.16 Surface roughness as a function of graphite diameter and concentration, dispersing…Figure 2.17 (a) Material removal rate (MRR), (b) electrode wear rate (EWR), and (c) surface…Figure 2.18 Comparison of workpiece hardness with various compositions before and after EDM…Figure 2.19 Optical image of the machined surfaces of different ceramic/carbon nanostructure…Figure 2.20 Comparison of the edge sharpness of the machined hole on Si3 N…
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 GF synthesized by a self-assembly method. (a) Photographs of a GO aqueous…Figure 3.2 Template-guide methods for GF fabrication. (a) Typical steps showing the Ni foam…Figure 3.3 Digital photographs of (a) GO-based ink for 3D printing and (b) the printed GF…Figure 3.4 Specific energy densities for different rechargeable batteries. (Reproduced with…Figure 3.5 (a) Schematic illustration of the working mechanism for a rechargeable LIB. The…Figure 3.6 Performance of GF hybrid for LIB anode. (a) Photograph of a flexible NGF-Ge@NG y…Figure 3.7 GF composites for LIB cathode and flexible LIB. (a) SEM image, (b) cycling stability…Figure 3.8 GF-Sb2 S5 anode for SIB. (a) SEM image of a GF-Sb…Figure 3.9 GF for the cathode of AIB. (a) SEM images and (b) the cycling stability of the GF…Figure 3.10 Schematic diagram of the composition of a Li–S battery. (Reproduced with…Figure 3.11 GF supported sulfur cathode for Li–S battery. (a) Digital photograph of the…Figure 3.12 Schematic illustration showing the structure and components of a metal-air battery…Figure 3.13 GF-based cathodes for Li-air batteries. (a) Discharge/charge profiles of GF-Ru and…Figure 3.14 Performance of a GF-AgNW-based Zn-air battery. (a) SEM image of GF-AgNW composite…Figure 3.15 Performance of GF-based EDLC. (a) CV curves and (b) capacitance retention at…Figure 3.16 (a) Schematic illustration of the molecular structures of thiourea functionalized…
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 (a) Schematic fabrication of R-3DNG: (i) hydrothermal self-assembly of GO, melamine…Figure 4.2 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of 3D (Ni, Co)Se2 …Figure 4.3 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of NiCo2 O4 on a…Figure 4.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of 3D-NG. (Reprinted with permission…Figure 4.5 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation of NCO/GNF. (Reprinted with permission…Figure 4.6 The 3D graphene aerogel printing process. (a) 3D printing setup. (b) Ice support…Figure 4.7 (a) SEM images of DL-3D-G (left), TL-3D-G (middle), and FL-3D-G (right), and the…Figure 4.8 SEM (A) and TEM (B) images of PtNR/R-3DNG. CV curves with a scan rate of 50 mV s…Figure 4.9 (a) TEM image of Pt/PdCu nanocubes supported on graphene. (b) HAADF-STEM image of…Figure 4.10 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of Pd6 Co/3DG catalyst and…Figure 4.11 HER activity of NS codoped nanoporous graphene (a–d). (a) CV curves of the…Figure 4.12 (a) A structure sketch of layered MoS2 nanosheets supported on a 3D….Figure 4.13 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation and application of Ni–Fe/3D…Figure 4.14 Electrochemical reduction of CO2 , coupled to renewable electricity…Figure 4.15 3D model diagrams of 3D graphene-based sensing materials: 3D GF/BiNP film (left)…Figure 4.16 (a) CV curves, (b) lines of charge versus t1/2 , and (c) EIS measurements…Figure 4.17 Scheme illustration of the fabrication process of Fe3 O4 /3DG…Figure 4.18 (a) Current response of Ni(OH)2 /3DGF at different potentials in 0.1 M…Figure 4.19 (a) Current response of the freestanding 3D graphene with the successive addition…Figure 4.20 (a) CVs of NiCo2 O4 supported on 3D graphene and carbon nanotube…Figure 4.21 Low- (a, b) and high-magnification (c) SEM images of 3D graphene micropillars. (d)…Figure 4.22 Schematic illustration of the preparation of 3DRGO and the application for CAP sensing…Figure 4.23 (a) Schematic illustration for the preparation of CuO-NPs/3DGR/GCE and the electrochemical…
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 (a) Schematic illustration and (b) long-term cyclability of Si/graphene composite…Figure 5.2 (a) TEM image and (b) long-term cyclability of Sn/graphene composite. Reproduced…Figure 5.3 (a) SEM image of SnO2 /graphene composite. (b) SEM image corresponding…Figure 5.4 (a) SEM, (b) TEM images, and (c) long-term cyclability of Fe2 O…Figure 5.5 (a) Schematic illustration, (b) corresponding SEM image, and (c) rate capability…Figure 5.6 (a) TEM image and (b) long-term cyclability of Li4 Ti5 O12 /graphene…Figure 5.7 (a, b) Schematic illustrations and (c) long-term cyclability of the TiO…Figure 5.8 (a) SEM image and (b) long-term cyclability of LiFePO4 /graphene composite…Figure 5.9 (a) Schematic illustration and (b) long-term cyclability of SnS2 /rGO…Figure 5.10 (a) Schematic illustration for the structural changes of the Sb–O–…Figure 5.11 (a) Schematic illustration for the synthetic procedures, (b) TEM image, and (c)…Figure 5.12 (a) Schematic illustration of a sodium storage mechanism in the TiO2 /open…Figure 5.13 (a) TEM image, (b) its scheme, and (c) rate capability of 3D hierarchical meso- and…Figure 5.14 (a) Scheme of interaction between Li2 S cluster and ethylenediamine…Figure 5.15 (a) Scheme, (b) SEM image, and (c) long-term cyclability of S/graphene composite…Figure 5.16 (a) Schematic illustration and SEM image of Li–S cell configuration with a…Figure 5.17 (a) SEM image and (b) discharge–charge profiles of graphene electrode at 75…Figure 5.18 (a) Schematic illustration for the synthetic procedures of porous graphene and…Figure 5.19 (a) Discharge–charge profiles of α-MnO2 /graphene at 200…
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Comparison of the different battery technologies in terms of volumetric and…Figure 6.2 (a) The schematic of graphene structure. (b) The photo of flexible graphene…Figure 6.3 A proposed schematic (Lerf–Klinowski model) of graphene oxide structure…Figure 6.4 Optical photos of GO before (a) and after (b) treatment in a microwave oven for…Figure 6.5 Schematic describing the nucleation and growth process of graphene grown on a…Figure 6.6 (a) N1s XPS spectrum of the N-doped graphene. Inset: schematic structure of the…Figure 6.7 (a) The schematic of preparing ASGFs, (b) the electrochemical performance of…Figure 6.8 The fabrication of a layered Li–rGO composite film (a); galvanostatic…Figure 6.9 (a) Schematic of GN added in the LiFePO4 cathode materials;…Figure 6.10 (a) Schematic of the electrochemistry and (b) charge/discharge voltage profile…Figure 6.11 Schematic (a) and the electrochemical performance (b) of the G-NDHCS-S hybrids…Figure 6.12 (a) The schematic representations of Li-ion, non-aqueous, and aqueous Li–…Figure 6.13 (a) Schematic Illustration for synthesis of porous graphene and Ru-functionalized…
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Classification of supercapacitor.Figure 7.2 Comparison of construction diagrams of three capacitors of (a) conventional…Figure 7.3 Models of the electrical double layer at a positively charged surface: (a) the…Figure 7.4 Two-electrode test configuration.Figure 7.5 Comparison of different carbon materials as electrodes of supercapacitors. (a)…Figure 7.6 Interaction of chemically reduced graphene and CNTs in water. (a) Dispersability…Figure 7.7 Morphological and structural characterization of the various carbon electrodes…Figure 7.8 Electrochemical properties of the various electrodes made of CNTs, graphene, and…Figure 7.9 Comparison of electrochemical behaviors of the studied electrodes made of CNTs,…Figure 7.10 Summary of electrochemical properties of CNTs, graphene, and graphene/CNT compos…Figure 7.11 Specific capacitance of CNTs, graphene, graphene/CNT composite supercapacitors at…Figure 7.12 (a) Cyclic voltammetry curves in ionic liquid at scan rate of 10, 20, 50, and 100…Figure 7.13 (a) Cycling property of SWCNTs, graphene, and graphene/CNT composite electrodes…Figure 7.14 Schematic illustrating the electroactivation to increase the electrode surface area…Figure 7.15 Nitrogen adsorption isotherm of graphene/CNT composite. The inserted graph is…Figure 7.16 Illustrative fabrication process of the composite electrode. The graphene was…Figure 7.17 Morphology of graphene oxide and graphene. (a) SEM image of graphene oxide, (b)…Figure 7.18 Morphology and structural characterization of as-coated MnO2 graphene…Figure 7.19 Electrochemical measurement of graphene electrode. (a) CV curves of the graphene…Figure 7.20 Schematics illustrating coating of graphene with MnO2 nanoflowers…Figure 7.21 Electrochemical properties of graphene electrode after MnO2 coating…Figure 7.22 Comparison of various carbon structures as electrode material for supercapacitors…Figure 7.23 Illustrative fabrication process of the composite materials. (a) The graphene and…Figure 7.24 Morphological and structural characterization of various carbon materials. (a)…Figure 7.25 Electrochemical properties of graphene/CNT based materials. (a) Galvanostatic…Figure 7.26 Graphene/CNT/polyaniline coin cell configuration.Figure 7.27 Illustrative fabrication process of the composite materials. (a) Single-layer…Figure 7.28 Morphological and structural characterization of various graphene-based materials…Figure 7.29 Electrochemical properties of graphene/CNT-based materials. (a) CV curves of…Figure 7.30 Schematic diagram and the material synthesis process. (a) Digital photo of 0.1 g…Figure 7.31 SEM images of (a) graphite raw materials for MG, (b) PreMG, and (c) MG and (d) TEM…Figure 7.32 Representative AFM images and the cross-sectional high profiles of (a) PreMG and…Figure 7.33 Nitrogen absorption isotherm of PreMG and MG. The inset graph is the pore size…Figure 7.34 Raman spectroscopy of PreMG and MG. The inset compares (a) AvG, full width half…Figure 7.35 XPS characterization of PreMG and MG. The inset graph is the quantitative…Figure 7.36 ATR-FTIR characterization of PreMG and MG.Figure 7.37 TPD-MS analysis of (a) PreMG and (b) MG.Figure 7.38 Half-cell initial charge and discharge curves of the reference cell and cell…Figure 7.39 Full-cell charge and discharge rate capability: (a) charge rate capability of…Figure 7.40 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis: (a) equivalent circuit,…Figure 7.41 Rate cycling of reference cell and cell with MG at 1, 3, and 6 C.Figure 7.42 Road map of supercapacitors.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Schematic of graphene structure.Figure 8.2 IPGC structure and its applications as actuator, sensor, and supercapacitor. (a)…Figure 8.3 Mechanisms of IPGC based (a) actuator, (b) sensor, and (c) supercapacitor,…Figure 8.4 Fabrication process of the graphene-based photoactuator and its application as…Figure 8.5 (a) Large electrochemical strain induced by change of the atomic structure of…Figure 8.6 Illustration of (a) ion insertion induced graphite expansion, (b) widely adopted…Figure 8.8 Graphene-stabilized silver nanoparticle electrode-based IPGC actuator. (a)…Figure 8.7 Graphene nanosheet/carbon nanotube hybrid electrode-based IPGC actuators. (a)…Figure 8.9 Fabrication of the porous graphic carbon nitride electrode and its…Figure 8.10 Schematic diagrams for the synthetic route of Th-SNG and the concept of a novel…Figure 8.11 (a) Schematics of an electrolyte containing film sandwiched between metal electrodes…Figure 8.12 (a) Illustration of structure and assembly procedure of the VANiONW@ RGO–…Figure 8.13 (a) Schematic illustration for fabricating the PANI@VA-CNTs film. (b) Surface SEM…Figure 8.14 Piezoionic effect showing inhomogeneous ionic distribution [83].Figure 8.15 (a) Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of the IPMC piezoionic sensor…Figure 8.16 Response of the IPGC piezoionic sensor. (a) SEM image of the graphene composite…Figure 8.17 Applications of the piezoionic sensor as wearable sensor for the monitoring of…Figure 8.18 Schematic of the fabrication process for holey-graphene-based IPGC sensor. (a)…Figure 8.19 Sensing performance of holey-graphene-based IPGC sensor. (a) Working mechanism…Figure 8.20 Large-scale and spatial movements monitoring. Relevant potential change of (a)…Figure 8.21 Sign recognition of the ionic sensor arrays with smart glove. (a) Schematic for…Figure 8.22 (a) Sensing signal about the movement of the bicipital muscle and triceps muscle…Figure 8.23 (a) Schematic diagrams of IPGC supercapacitor at charged state. Reprinted with…Figure 8.24 (a) Graphene–PANI composite-based electrode. Reprinted with permission…Figure 8.25 (a) SEM image of the interconnected structure formed by the grapheme–CNT…Figure 8.26 (a) Schematic illustration of nitrogen-doped mechanism in graphene. (b) Schematic…Figure 8.27 (a) Scheme and photographs of the micro-SCs integrated into woven fabric and flexible…
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Structure of graphene (a) and graphene sheets (b).Figure 9.2 Structure of graphite oxide layer by Lerf–Klinowski model. (Reprinted from…Figure 9.3 Three common bonding configurations of nitrogen-doped graphene. (Reprinted from…Figure 9.4 (a) XRD patterns, (b) Raman spectra, and (c) C1s XPS spectra for the graphite…Figure 9.5 In situ SEM images recorded at 1000°C during LP-CVD growth showing…Figure 9.6 (a) Photograph of 3D graphene foam and (b) typical Raman spectra measured at…Figure 9.7 (A) Deconvoluted XPS C1s spectra of the surface of polished (a) and oxidized (b)…Figure 9.8 (A) Capacitances and CFG resistance (EEC-simulated data) of differently activated…Figure 9.9 CV responses of Pt/RGO hybrids and Pt/C in N2 -saturated (a) 1 M H…Figure 9.10 (a) Dependence of If /Ib ratio on contribution of residual…
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Examples of nitrogen species on the surface of carbon-based ORR electrocatalysts…Figure 10.2 Carbon nanostructures and corresponding TEM images of materials synthesized in…Figure 10.3 Normalized in situ XANES spectra of Co K-edge during the growth of CN…Figure 10.4 XAFS characterization of CNx grown on Co/VC and Co/MgO substrates…Figure 10.5 Effect of CO exposure on ORR activity of (a) CNx and (b) FeNC catalysts:…Figure 10.6 DRIFT spectra obtained over FeNC (left) and CNx (right) catalysts under…Figure 10.7 ORR activity measurements by RDE in 0.5 M H2 SO4 for (a)…Figure 10.8 N 1s region of the X-ray photoelectron spectra for untreated and H2 …Figure 10.9 Fe K-edge XAS spectra for CNx and FeNC before and after H2 …Figure 10.10 Comparison of ORR RRDE results for unwashed and acid-washed catalysts at 1600 rpm…Figure 10.11 Effect of acid washing on magnetization as a function of field at 300 K for…Figure 10.12 N1 s XPS spectra of CNx before and after acid washing.Figure 10.13 N1 s XPS spectra of FeNC before and after acid washing. Adapted by permission…Figure 10.14 FT magnitudes of Fe–K edge of (a) CNx -unwashed, (b)…Figure 10.15 Deconvoluted Mössbauer spectra for CNx before and after acid…Figure 10.16 Deconvoluted Mössbauer spectra for FeNC before and after acid washing…Figure 10.17 Polarization curves of CNx catalyst before and after soaking in 0.1 M…Figure 10.18 (a) Mass-transport corrected ORR polarization curves for CNx catalyst…Figure 10.19 (a) Transmission IR and (b) Raman spectra for CNx soaked in 0.1 M H3 …Figure 10.20 P 2p and N 1s XPS regions for CNx catalyst (a) before and (b) after soaking in…Figure 10.21 Correlation between the loss in iK and the loss in pyridinic-N site…Figure 10.22 (a) Electrochemically active hydroquinone (right)–quinone (left) reduction…Figure 10.23 Reduction sweep voltammograms for CNx and Pt/VC in 0.5 M H…Figure 10.24 RDE polarization curves of Pt/C, Rhx Sy /C, and CN…Figure 10.25 Stability testing of CNx in 0.5 M HCl. (a) Potential at –0.1…Figure 10.26 Polarization curves of CNx, Ir/C, and Pt/C samples for (a) ORR and (b) OER. Inset…Figure 10.27 (a) High potential regions of the cathodic polarization curves and (b) mass-tran…Figure 10.28 Correlation of relative distribution of pyridinic-N functionalities to ORR (a)…
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Schematic energy level diagrams of GO samples of different oxidation levels…Figure 11.2 The schematic diagram of the photocatalytic mechanism for hydrogen generation of…Figure 11.3 The schematic diagram of charge carrier transfer in the [ZnTMPyP]4+ …Figure 11.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the charge transfer in the MoS2 /G-CdS…Figure 11.5 The proposed mechanism for graphene-based photocatalysts in photocatalytic…Figure 11.6 Schematic diagram for charge carrier separation on Pt-graphene-Sr2 Ta…Figure 11.7 Schematic diagram of the preparation procedure of r-NGOT and r-LGOT. Reprinted…Figure 11.8 The Nyquist plots of ZnIn2 S4 and…Figure 11.9 Schematic illustration of the charge transfer in TiO2 /MG composites…
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Fabrication route for making suspended graphene ribbon with electrodes…Figure 12.2 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of suspended graphene with metallic…Figure 12.3 Zoom-in SEM images of suspended graphene ribbons. The width of graphene ribbon…Figure 12.4 SEM images of suspended graphene ribbon with scrolling edges. The yellow and…Figure 12.5 Raman spectra of the graphene sample before and after suspending. Reproduced…Figure 12.6 Prepared suspended graphene samples for electrical measurement. Reproduced with…Figure 12.7 In situ measurement of current annealing on suspended graphene. Reproduced…Figure 12.8 Temperature distribution of the suspended graphene along with the electrode pad and…Figure 12.9 Electrical conductivity of suspended graphene ribbon as a function of bias voltage…Figure 12.10 Breakdown of suspended graphene at high bias voltage. The right figure is the SEM…Figure 12.11 SEM images of two suspended graphene ribbon with different surface cleanness…Figure 12.12 Raman spectra of two samples with different surface cleanness. Reproduced with…Figure 12.13 Charge mobility of clean graphene as a function of gate voltage. The dashed one…Figure 12.14 (a) Schematic diagram of indirect FIB irradiation on suspended graphene; (b)…Figure 12.15 Charge mobilities of graphene samples with and without artificial defects…Figure 12.16 SEM images of six suspended single-layer graphene (SLG) samples. Reproduced with…Figure 12.17 Principle of T-type sensor for measuring thermal conductivity of graphene. (a)…Figure 12.18 Temperature distribution of the T-type sensor with and without graphene ribbon…Figure 12.19 Thermal conductivities of six suspended graphene samples. Reproduced with…Figure 12.20 Nanopores in graphene made by FIB irradiation. (a–c) sample #5 after 0, 1…Figure 12.21 Thermal conductivity of graphene with nanopores. Reproduced with permission from…Figure 12.22 Width-dependent thermal conductivity of graphene. Reproduced with permission…Figure 12.23 SEM images of the H-type sensor with suspended graphene ribbon. Reproduced with…Figure 12.24 Temperature distribution of the H-type sensor with graphene ribbon. (a)…Figure 12.25 Resistance changes of two sensors as a function of heating power. Reproduced…Figure 12.26 SEM images of suspended graphene ribbon with and without nanopores. Reproduced…Figure 12.27 Thermal conductivities of graphene samples #1, #2, and #3 in two heat flow…Figure 12.28 Physical mechanism of thermal rectification in defective graphene ribbons…Figure 12.29 SEM images of graphene ribbon with asymmetric structures. Reproduced with…Figure 12.30 Thermal conductivities of graphene samples #4 and #5 in two heat flow directions…Figure 12.31 MD simulation result of the trapezoid graphene sample #5. (a) Calculation model of…Figure 12.32 MD simulation result of the particle deposition sample #5. (a) Calculation model…
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Scheme of a biosensor. The biosensor consists of a receptor layer, which consists…Figure 13.2 (a) Schematic representation of the FRET mechanism, its disruption, and the role…Figure 13.3 Schematic illustration of the FRET assays proposed by Feng [50] for the detection…Figure 13.4 Schematic representation of the organic pollutants detection (a) and digital images…Figure 13.5 Illustration of a GO-based immuno-biosensor. Reproduced with permission from Ref…Figure 13.6 Preparation of the rGO–PAMAM–MWCNT–AuNP nanohybrid material…Figure 13.7 Construction process of the photoelectrochemical sandwich immunosensor. Reproduced…Figure 13.8 Schematic illustration of a sandwich electrochemical biosensor for MCF-7 detection…Figure 13.9 (a) In vivo distribution of graphene oxide–polyethylene glycol…Figure 13.10 (a) Schematic representation of the NIR emitting vascular endothelial growth factor…Figure 13.11 Evaluation of the rGO-IONP-PEG composite as multimodal probe and biodistribution…Figure 13.12 (a) Image of mouse with MCF-7 xenografted tumor; (b) ultrasound image of the area…Figure 13.13 (a) Preparation of GO-wrapped gold nanorods (GO@AuNRs) functionalized with doxorubicin…
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Graphene-based nanomaterials family for drug delivery: Chemical structures of some…Figure 14.2 Release strategies of drugs from graphene matrices and their advantages and…Figure 14.3 Preparation of various curcumin–graphene composites by adsorption of Cur…Figure 14.4 (a) The preparation process of magnetic graphene nanohybrid and the mechanism of…Figure 14.5 (A) (a) Percentage of DOX released from DOX-loaded rGO/dopa-MAL-cRGDfC…Figure 14.6 (A) Effect of voltage stimulus modulation on the amount of DEX released from a…Figure 14.7 Illustration of the PEG–NGO–Pt nanocomposite as a multifunctional…
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Schematic representation of the target-induced fluorescence change of the…Figure 15.2 Schematic illustration for the developed GO-based photoinduced charge transfer…
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Ion permeation through GO laminates. (a) Photograph of a GO membrane covering a…Figure 16.2 Sieving through the GO membrane. The permeation rates are normalized per 1 M…Figure 16.3 Proposed conceptual interlayer nanostructures of GO membranes prepared by slow…Figure 16.4 GO encapsulated using Stycast epoxy. (a) Optical micrograph of the cross-section…Figure 16.5 Illustration of the fabrication process of the NSC-GO membrane. A multistep…Figure 16.6 (a) Permeation fluxes of metal chlorides (0.05 M) through propandioic acid cross…
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Physical properties of GF fabricated by different methods (σ-electrical…Table 3.2 Performance of GF-based anodes in LIB.Table 3.3 Summary of the GF-based composites for SC applications.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Determination of carbaryl in real samples [203].
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 A summary of graphene supercapacitor.Table 7.2 Values of specific capacitance (F/g) depending on cell type.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Summary of the recent donor–acceptor FRET assays based on graphene derivatives…
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Some examples of drugs loaded onto graphene-based matrices together with…Table 14.2 Interactions between graphene nanomaterials and drugs for efficient loading.Table 14.3 Examples of therapeutic graphene-based nanocomposites based on drug release by…
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Scrivener Publishing
Publishers at Scrivener
Handbook of Graphene comprises 8 volumes:
Volume 1: Growth, Synthesis, and Functionalization Edited by Edvige Celasco and Alexander Chaika ISBN 978-1-119-46855-4
Volume 2: Physics, Chemistry, and Biology Edited by Tobias Stauber ISBN 978-1-119-46959-9
Volume 3: Graphene-Like 2D Materials Edited by Mei Zhang ISBN 978-1-119-46965-0
Volume 4: Composites Edited by Cengiz Ozkan ISBN 978-1-119-46968-1
Volume 5: Energy, Healthcare, and Environmental Applications Edited by Cengiz Ozkan and Umit Ozkan ISBN 978-1-119-46971-1
Volume 6: Biosensors and Advanced Sensors Edited by Barbara Palys ISBN 978-1-119-46974-2
Volume 7: Biomaterials Edited by Sulaiman Wadi Harun ISBN 978-1-119-46977-3
Volume 8: Technology and Innovation Edited by Sulaiman Wadi Harun ISBN 978-1-119-46980-3
Volume 5: Graphene in Energy, Healthcare, and Environmental Applications
Edited by
Cengiz Ozkan
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Riverside, USA
and
Umit Ozkan
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-46971-1
Despite being just a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon, graphene is one of the most valuable nanomaterials. Initially discovered through scotch-tape-based mechanical exfoliation, graphene can now be synthesized in bulk using various chemical techniques. Counted among the contrasting properties of this remarkable material are its light weight, thinness, flexibility, transparency, strength, and resistance, along with superior electrical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. Due to these novel traits, graphene has attracted attention for use in cutting-edge applications in almost every area of technology, which are projected to change the world.
The Handbook of Graphene is presented in a unique eight-volume format covering all aspects relating to graphene—its development, synthesis, application techniques, and integration methods; its modification and functionalization, its characterization tools and related 2D materials; physical, chemical, and biological studies of graphene and related 2D materials; graphene composites; use of graphene in energy, healthcare, and environmental applications (electronics, photonics, spintronics, bioelectronics and optoelectronics, photovoltaics, energy storage, fuel cells and hydrogen storage, graphene-based devices); and its large-scale production and characterization, as well as graphene-related 2D material innovations and their commercialization.
This fifth volume of the handbook is solely focused on graphene in energy, healthcare, and environmental applications. Some of the important topics include but are not limited to graphene nanomaterials in energy and environment applications; graphene as nanolubricant for machining, three-dimensional graphene foams for energy storage applications; three-dimensional graphene materials: synthesis and applications in electrocatalysts and electrochemical sensors; graphene and graphene-based hybrid composites for advanced rechargeable battery electrodes; graphene-based materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries; graphene-based materials for supercapacitors and conductive additives of lithium-ion batteries; graphene-based flexible actuators, sensors, and supercapacitors; graphene as catalyst support for the reactions in fuel cells; nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts in acidic media; graphene-based materials for photocatalytic H2 evolution; graphene thermal functional device and its property characterization; self- and directed-assembly of metallic and nonmetallic fluorophors: considerations into graphene and graphene oxides for sensing; stimuli-responsive graphene-based matrices for smart therapeutics; application of graphene materials in molecular diagnostics; and graphene oxide membranes for liquid separation.
In conclusion, thank you to all the authors whose expertise in their respective fields have contributed to this book as well as a sincere appreciation to the International Association of Advanced Materials.
