Cover
List of contributors
CHAPTER 1: Evidence‐based medicine in obstetrics and gynecology
1. History of obstetrics and evidence‐based medicine
2. What is evidence‐based medicine?
3. Systematic review processes
4. Formulating the question
5. Searching the literature and identifying relevant studies
6. Critically appraising studies and assessing the strength of a body of literature
7. Evidence‐based resources
8. The Cochrane Collaboration
9. The US preventive services task force and the US evidence‐based practice centers program
10. Rationale for this book
11. References
SECTION 1: Gynecology
1. General Gynecology
  1. CHAPTER 2: Abnormal menstrual bleeding
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Conclusion
    4. Acknowledgements
    5. References
  2. CHAPTER 3: Termination of pregnancy
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
  3. CHAPTER 4: Miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy
    1. Background
    2. Ectopic pregnancy
    3. Historical perspective
    4. Clinical questions
    5. Surgical treatment
    6. Medical management
    7. Local therapy
    8. Expectant management
    9. Rh status and antibody screen
    10. References
  4. CHAPTER 5: Pelvic pain
    1. Background
    2. General search strategy
    3. Clinical questions
    4. Summary
    5. Case resolution
    6. Further reading
    7. References
  5. CHAPTER 6: Genital tract infections
    1. Background
    2. Search strategy
    3. Clinical questions
    4. References
  6. CHAPTER 7: Uterine fibroids
    1. Introduction
    2. Epidemiology
    3. Classification
    4. Etiology
    5. Diagnosis
    6. Evidence‐based approach to clinical management
    7. Evidence‐based pregnancy outcomes related to fibroids
    8. Quantitative measures of fibroid disease
    9. Evidence‐based treatment of fibroids
    10. Evidence‐based medical treatment
    11. Additional strategies for management
    12. Evidence‐based non‐surgical treatments
    13. Evidence‐based surgical treatments
    14. Conclusion
    15. Acknowledgments
    16. References
  7. CHAPTER 8: Endometriosis and adenomyosis
    1. Background
    2. Search strategy
    3. Clinical questions
    4. References
  8. CHAPTER 9: Contraception and sterilization
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Conclusions
    4. References
2. Urogynecology
  1. CHAPTER 10: Pelvic floor prolapse/urinary incontinence
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
3. Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
  1. CHAPTER 11: Amenorrhea
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
  2. CHAPTER 12: Polycystic ovarian syndrome
    1. Clinical questions
    2. Conclusion
    3. References
  3. CHAPTER 13: Recurrent pregnancy loss
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
  4. CHAPTER 14: Unexplained infertility
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. General search strategy
    4. Critical review of the literature
    5. Conclusions
    6. References
  5. CHAPTER 15: Menopause and HRT
    1. Overview
    2. Search strategy
    3. Clinical questions
    4. Discussion of the evidence
    5. References
4. Gynecologic oncology
  1. CHAPTER 16: Cervical cancer
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Summary
    4. Acknowledgements
    5. References
  2. CHAPTER 17: Vulval/vaginal cancer
    1. Background
    2. General search strategy
    3. Critical appraisal of the literature
    4. Conclusions
    5. References
  3. CHAPTER 18: Endometrial cancer
    1. Clinical questions
    2. References
  4. CHAPTER 19: Cervical dysplasia and HPV
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. General search strategy
    4. Searching for evidence synthesis
    5. Critical review of the literature
    6. Conclusions
    7. Conflicts of Interest
    8. References
SECTION 2: Obstetrics
1. General obstetrics
  1. CHAPTER 20: Preconception care
    1. Introduction
    2. Background and rationale for preconception/interconception care
    3. The evidence for folic acid
    4. The Evidence for chronic diseases
    5. Medications/teratogens
    6. Substance abuse and environmental toxins
    7. Conclusions
    8. References
  2. CHAPTER 21: Prenatal diagnosis
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Conclusion
    4. References
  3. CHAPTER 22: Hyperemesis gravidarum
    1. Incidence
    2. Etiology
    3. Effects of hyperemesis gravidarum
    4. Differential diagnoses
    5. Laboratory Evaluation
    6. Treatment options: outpatient versus inpatient treatment
    7. Key recommendations
    8. References
  4. CHAPTER 23: Drugs and medication in pregnancy
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Critical appraisal of the literature
    4. Conclusion
    5. References
2. Maternal complications
  1. CHAPTER 24: Asthma
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Conclusion
    4. References
  2. CHAPTER 25: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
  3. CHAPTER 26: Cardiovascular disease
    1. Introduction
    2. Acquired cardiac disease
    3. Congenital cardiac disease
    4. Cardiomyopathy
    5. Conclusion
    6. References
  4. CHAPTER 27: Renal disease
    1. Introduction
    2. Renal adaptations during pregnancy
    3. Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy
    4. Management of pregnancy in women with CKD
    5. Specific renal disorders in pregnancy
    6. Dialysis
    7. Renal transplant
    8. References
  5. CHAPTER 28: Diabetes mellitus
    1. Clinical questions
    2. References
  6. CHAPTER 29: Thyroid disease
    1. Background
    2. Hypothyroid disease
    3. Background
    4. References
  7. CHAPTER 30: Neurologic disease
    1. Introduction
    2. Background
    3. Background
    4. Background
    5. Background
    6. References
  8. CHAPTER 31: Diagnosis and management of antiphospholipid syndrome
    1. Introduction
    2. Clinical vignettes
    3. Clinical questions
    4. Pregnancy considerations
    5. References
  9. CHAPTER 32: Hematologic disease
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Acknowledgment
    4. References
  10. CHAPTER 33: Infections in pregnancy
    1. Cytomegalovirus
    2. Parvovirus
    3. Varicella zoster
    4. Listeria
    5. References
  11. CHAPTER 34: Venous thromboembolic disease
    1. Introduction
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
  12. CHAPTER 35: Gastrointestinal disorders
    1. Cholelithiasis
    2. Pancreatitis
    3. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
    4. Inflammatory bowel disease
    5. Appendicitis
    6. Recommendations
    7. References
  13. CHAPTER 36: Psychiatric disease
    1. Introduction
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
  14. CHAPTER 37: Preterm labor
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Conclusions and recommendations
    4. References
  15. CHAPTER 38: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM)
    1. Background
    2. Etiology of preterm premature rupture of membranes
    3. Complications of preterm premature rupture of membranes
    4. Diagnosis
    5. Management of PPROM
    6. The latency period
    7. Corticosteroids for prematurity
    8. Magnesium sulfate for fetal neuroprotection
    9. Prophylactic antibiotics in PPROM
    10. Tocolysis
    11. Timing of delivery in PPROM
    12. Preterm premature rupture of membranes before fetal viability
    13. Special circumstances
    14. Conclusions
    15. References
  16. CHAPTER 39: Antepartum hemorrhage
    1. Background
    2. Management
    3. Clinical questions
    4. Clinical questions
    5. Clinical questions
    6. References
  17. CHAPTER 40: Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery
    1. Background
    2. Critical review of the literature and clinical questions
    3. Conclusions and recommendations
    4. References
  18. CHAPTER 41: Post‐term pregnancy
    1. Introduction
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
3. Fetal complications
  1. CHAPTER 42: Disorders of amniotic fluid volume
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Case conclusion
    4. References
  2. CHAPTER 43: Disorders of fetal growth
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Conclusions
    4. References
  3. CHAPTER 44: Multiple pregnancies and births
    1. Biology
    2. Maternal consequences
    3. Fetal–neonatal consequences
    4. Delivery considerations
    5. Outcome
    6. Summary: Prevention vs. cure
    7. References
  4. CHAPTER 45: Intrauterine fetal demise
    1. Introduction
    2. Compassionate care
    3. Choices for care and delivery
    4. Assessment
    5. The autopsy
    6. Communication around autopsy
    7. The umbilical cord
    8. Summary
    9. References
  5. CHAPTER 46: Fetal anomalies
    1. Introduction and background
    2. Genetics
    3. Associated findings
    4. Imaging
    5. Fetal surgery
    6. Delivery mode and timing
    7. Fetal risks
    8. Termination
    9. Maternal risks
    10. Conclusions
    11. References
  6. CHAPTER 47: Antepartum/intrapartum fetal surveillance
    1. Introduction
    2. Randomized trials of EFM versus intermittent auscultation
    3. The evolution of standardized FHR definitions
    4. The 2008 NICHD consensus report
    5. NICHD definitions – general considerations
    6. Physiology of fetal heart rate patterns
    7. Interpretation
    8. A simplified, standardized approach to management
    9. Adjunct methods of intrapartum fetal monitoring
    10. Summary
    11. References
  7. CHAPTER 48: Hydrops fetalis
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
  8. CHAPTER 49: Malpresentation
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. References
4. Peripartum complications
  1. CHAPTER 50: Induction/augmentation of labor
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions: induction of labor
    3. Background
    4. Clinical questions: augmentation of labor
    5. Background
    6. Clinical question: mid‐trimester induction of labor
    7. References
  2. CHAPTER 51: Postpartum hemorrhage
    1. Introduction
    2. Background
    3. Clinical questions
    4. Bimanual uterine compression and uterine tamponade
    5. Systemic devascularization (arterial ligation)
    6. Compression sutures
    7. Uterine artery embolization (UAE)
    8. Conclusions
    9. Background
    10. Clinical questions
    11. References
  3. CHAPTER 52: Obstetric emergencies
    1. Introduction
    2. Background
    3. Background
    4. Clinical questions
    5. Conclusions
    6. References
  4. CHAPTER 53: Methods for spontaneous delivery
    1. Background
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Summary recommendations/considerations
    4. References
  5. CHAPTER 54: Operative vaginal delivery
    1. Informed consent
    2. Pre‐procedure checklist and clinical documentation
    3. Guideline considerations
    4. Evidence‐based procedural aspects to performing OVD
    5. Other safety considerations
    6. Training, competency, and simulation
    7. On the horizon
    8. Conclusions
    9. References
  6. CHAPTER 55: Cesarean delivery in the obese parturient
    1. Introduction
    2. Clinical questions
    3. Thromboprophylaxis
    4. Conclusions
    5. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Steps for evidence‐based obstetrics
2. Table 1.2 PICOTS
3. Table 1.3 Studies applicable to particular review questions
4. Table 1.4 GRADING the quality of a body of literature [22]
5. Table 1.5 List of evidence‐based organizations and resources
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Suggested “normal” limits for menstrual parameters in the mid‐reproduc...
2. Table 2.2 Pharmacological treatment options for heavy menstrual bleeding
3. Table 2.3 Benefits and harms of the two surgical approaches
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Dosing and frequency options for medications to treat recurrent HSV in...
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Fibroid effect on fertility compared to age matched control
2. Table 7.2 Fibroid effect on pregnancy compared to age matched control
3. Table 7.3 Effects of treatment by modality
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the fi...
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Defining PCOS.
2. Table 12.2 Objective Assessment of Hirsutism:modified Ferriman‐Gallwey (9 site) ...
3. Table 12.3 Differential diagnoses for PCOS.
4. Table 12.4 Laboratory evaluation in PCOS.
5. Table 12.5 Stepwise approach to management of PCOS related ovulatory infertility...
6. Table 12.6 Evaluation of co‐existing and long term health risks in PCOS.
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Aspirin in unexplained RPL
2. Table 13.2 Aspirin in hereditary thrombophilias
3. Table 13.3 Heparins in unexplained RPL
4. Table 13.4 Heparins in hereditary thrombophilias.
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Cervical cancer risk factors
2. Table 16.2 2008 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) sta...
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Results of multicenter cohort studies andstandardized incidence ratio
2. Table 17.2 Summary of studies performed to evaluate the detection rates and fals...
Chapter 20
1. Table 20.1 Drugs and medications with known teratogenic potential
2. Table 20.2 Major components of a routine preconception visit for reproductive wo...
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 Detection rate of Trisomy 21 with first trimester screening given 5% ...
2. Table 21.2 Detection rate of trisomy 21 with combined first and second trimester...
3. Table 21.3 Likelihood ratios (LR) of trisomy 21 with detection of isolated sonog...
Chapter 22
1. Table 22.1 Differential diagnosis of persistent vomiting in pregnancy
2. Table 22.3 Randomized trials of antiemetics in pregnancy
3. Table 22.4 Medrol dosing schedule
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1 Pregnancy induced pharmacokinetic changes for selected drugs
2. Table 23.2 Most common teratogens
3. Table 23.3 Common fetal drug toxicities
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Adverse fetal outcomes reported to be increased in infants of asthmat...
2. Table 24.2 Steps of asthma therapy during pregnancy
3. Table 24.3 Safety of commonly used medications for the treatment of asthma durin...
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 Criteria for the diagnosis of pre‐eclampsia
2. Table 25.2 Factors associated with an increased risk of developing pre‐eclampsia
Chapter 26
1. Table 26.1 CARPREG risk prediction score for a cardiac event during pregnancy
2. Table 26.2 ZAHARA risk prediction score for a cardiac event during pregnancy
Chapter 27
1. Table 27.1 Normal laboratory parameters in pregnancy
2. Table 27.2 Stages of chronic kidney disease andapproximate correlation with earl...
3. Table 27.3a Pregnancy outcome based on pre‐pregnancy renal function in women wit...
4. Table 27.3b Estimated impact of pregnancy on maternal renal function in women wi...
5. Table 27.4 Clinical features that may help differentiate pre‐eclampsia and acute...
Chapter 28
1. Table 28.1 American Diabetes Association three types of glucose intolerance
2. Table 28.2 White classification for diabetes in pregnancy
3. Table 28.3 Diagnostic criteria for three‐hour 100 g oral GTT
4. Table 28.4 Target capillary glucose levels in pregnancy
5. Table 28.5 Regular insulin intrapartum infusion
Chapter 29
1. Table 29.1 Thyroid dysfunction and TSH and FT4 Levels
2. Table 29.2 TSH trimester specific norms^{^a}
3. Table 29.3 Thioamides
Chapter 31
1. Table 31.1 Revised classification criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome (AP...
2. Table 31.2 Preliminary classification criteria for catastrophic antiphospholipid...
Chapter 32
1. Table 32.1 Some available iron preparations
2. Table 32.2 Pregnancy outcomes in some of the more common hemoglobin disorders
3. Table 32.3 Disorders associated with excessive mucosal bleeding in apparently he...
4. Table 32.4 Major types of von Willebrand disease and suggested management option...
5. Table 32.5 Common causes of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy
6. Table 32.6 Incidence of microangiopathic disorders during pregnancy
Chapter 33
1. Table 33.1 Risk of fetal transmission based on timing of maternal CMV infection
2. Table 33.2 Possible ultrasound findings in fetuses affected with CMV
3. Table 33.3 Potential results of serum testing after expose and management guidel...
4. Table 33.4 Characteristic findings of congenital varicella syndrome
5. Table 33.5 Ultrasound findings suggestive of congenital varicella syndrome
6. Table 33.6 Symptoms that can be associated with maternal listeria infection
Chapter 34
1. Table 34.1 American College of Chest Physicians risk factors for venous thromboe...
2. Table 34.2 The risk of venous thromboembolism in pregnant patient with selected ...
3. Table 34.3 National Partnership for Maternal Safety recommendations for antepart...
4. Table 34.4 National Partnership for Maternal Safety recommendations for postpart...
Chapter 35
1. Table 35.1 Summary of studies examining symptoms and physical exam findings in a...
2. Table 35.2 Summary of studies examining the ability of ultrasound, CT, and MRI t...
Chapter 37
1. Table 37.1 Risk factors for spontaneous preterm birth with corresponding referen...
2. Table 37.2 Evidence‐based management recommendations listed according to patient...
Chapter 40
1. Table 40.1 Augmentation and induction.
Chapter 41
1. Table 41.1 Perinatal risks of post‐term pregnancy
Chapter 42
1. Table 42.1 Performance of various clinical measures of AF volume in the diagnosi...
2. Table 42.2 Detection rate for total fetal anomalies by prenatal ultrasound. The ...
3. Table 42.3False positive rate (FPR) for detection of fetal anomalies by prenatal...
4. Table 42.4 Effect of indomethacin on maternal symptoms, fluid volume, and delive...
Chapter 43
1. Table 43.1 Summary results of currently published meta‐analyses comparing routin...
2. Table 43.2 Summary of results from recently‐published studies evaluating neurode...
3. Table 43.3 Number of cesarean deliveries necessary to prevent shoulder dystocia ...
Chapter 44
1. Table 44.1 Maternal complications more frequently seen in multiple pregnancies
2. Table 44.2 Categories of structural defects in twins
Chapter 47
1. Table 47.1 Randomized trials of EFM versus Intermittent auscultation
2. Table 47.2 Standard fetal heart rate definitions
3. Table 47.3 Fetal heart rate categories
4. Table 47.4 Potential causes of prolonged deceleration
5. Table 47.5 Essential criteria that define an acute intrapartum event sufficient ...
6. Table 47.6 Criteria that collectively suggest the event occurred within 48 hours...
7. Table 47.7 A standardized “ABCD” approach to intrapartum EFM management
8. Table 47.8 Several maternal and fetal factors can influence tie appearance of th...
Chapter 48
1. Table 48.1 Distribution of cases with nonimmune hydrops fetalis in relation to e...
2. Table 48.2 Pregnancy outcome in prenatal studies of nonimmune hydrops fetalis
3. Table 48.3 Survival rate among live births with nonimmune hydrops fetalis
Chapter 50
1. Table 50.1 Indications for labor induction
2. Table 50.2 Modified Bishop score
3. Table 50.3 Methods of cervical ripening
4. Table 50.4 Second trimester termination methods
Chapter 51
1. Table 51.1 Acute causes of postpartum hemorrhage
2. Table 51.2 Uterotonic medications
Chapter 52
1. Table 52.1 Brief list of differential diagnoses based on symptoms of pulmonary e...
2. Table 52.2 Comparison of symptom overlap between physiologic changes in pregnanc...
3. Table 52.3 Proposed algorithms for evaluation and diagnosis of VTE in pregnancy
4. Table 52.4 Comparison of imaging modalities used to diagnose VTE in pregnancy
5. Table 52.5 Comparison of clinical scoring systems
Chapter 53
1. Table 53.1 Diagnosis of active‐phase arrest
2. Table 53.2 Greenberg‐maternal age‐median length first stage labor
3. Table 53.4 Zaki‐labor duration from 4–10 cm by maternal age group
4. Table 53.3 Impact of body mass index on duration of first stage of labor
5. Table 53.5 Yee maternal and neonatal outcomes with early compared with delayed p...
6. Table 53.6 Gizzo (2014) [19], comparison of maternal position choice and labor c...
7. Table 53.7 Bleich (2012) [24], nulliparous women and route of delivery in relati...
8. Table 53.8 Rouse et al. (2009) [20] delivery mode by duration of second stage of...
9. Table 53.9 Grobman (2016) [21], duration of active pushing with maternal outcome...
10. Table 53.10 Grobman (2016) [21], duration of active pushing with route of delive...
11. Table 53.11 Comparison of active management versus physiological management of t...
12. Table 53.12 Misoprostol comparison of route‐onset of action and duration of acti...
Chapter 54
1. Table 54.1 Reported potential maternal‐fetal complications of operative vaginal ...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Systematic review processes.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Sonographic image showing a single 4.8 × 4.1 cm posterior submucosa...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Photographs depicting facial and body terminal hair growth scored a...
2. Figure 12.2 Acne – a commonly encountered symptom of hyperandrogenism.
3. Figure 12.3 Female pattern hair loss or androgenic alopecia.
4. Figure 12.4 Acanthosis nigrans.
5. Figure 12.5 Clitoromegaly, a sign of virilization, is not a feature of PCOS.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Updated meta‐analysis on hCG supplementation. (a) Updated Meta‐ana...
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Mechanism of placental drug transport. Pgp, phosphoglycoprotein; MR...
Chapter 33
1. Figure 33.1 Intracerebral calcification.
2. Figure 33.2 Echogenic bowel.
3. Figure 33.3 Abdominal calcification.
4. Figure 33.4 Ventriculomegaly.
Chapter 34
1. Figure 34.1 Diagnostic algorithm for suspected PE in pregnancy. Source: Reprint...
Chapter 41
1. Figure 41.1 A suggested management algorithm for prolonged pregnancies.
Chapter 43
1. Figure 43.1 Normal Doppler Waveforms in (a) the umbilical artery, (b) the midd...
Chapter 44
1. Figure 44.1 Twin oligopolyhydramnios sequence in a monochorionic pair. This is ...
2. Figure 44.2 The so‐called lambda (“twin pick”) sign seen by transabdominal ultr...
3. Figure 44.3 The absence of the lambda sign is suggestive of monochorionicity. T...
Chapter 47
1. Figure 47.1 Fetal heart rate.
2. Figure 47.2 Early decelerations.
3. Figure 47.3 Late decelerations.
4. Figure 47.4 Variable decelerations.
5. Figure 47.5 Sinusoidal pattern.
6. Figure 47.6 Mechanisms of late deceleration.
7. Figure 47.7 Components of fetal oxygenation.
8. Figure 47.8 Two central principles of electronic intrapartum fetal heart rate m...
9. Figure 47.9 Intrapartum FHR monitoring management decision algorithm.
Chapter 48
1. Figure 48.1 Congenital pulmonary airway malformation at presentation.
2. Figure 48.2 Associated findings of fetal hydrops (left: ascites, right: anasarc...
3. Figure 48.3 Aggravation of fetal hydrops at 24⁺⁵ weeks of gestation.
4. Figure 48.4 In utero treatments of thoracoamniotic shunting.
5. Figure 48.5 Flowchart for diagnostic approach of non‐immune hydrops fetalis.
Chapter 51
1. Figure 51.1 B‐Lynch uterine compression suture.
2. Figure 51.2 Hayman suture – Modified B‐Lynch suture.
Chapter 53
1. Figure 53.1Figure 53.1 (a) Graph. Friedman Labor Curve. (b) Average Labor Curve...
2. Figure 53.3 Graphic 3. Nulliparous women and route of delivery in relation to l...
3. Figure 53.2Figure 53.2 (Graph 2a). Duration of active pushing and obstetrical ou...
4. Figure 53.4 Graph 4. Delivery mode in nulliparous women by second stage of labo...
5. Figure 53.5Figure 53.5 (Graph 5a) Effects of higher dose oxytocin on hematocrit....
Chapter 54
1. Figure 54.1 Cesarean, forceps, and vacuum delivery rates in the United States ...
2. Figure 54.2 Median forceps and vacuum procedures for US Residents completing re...
3. Figure 54.3 Pre‐procedure and Post‐procedure delivery notes.
4. Pre‐operative vaginal delivery checklist.
5. Potential audible standards for operative vaginal delivery (OVD), Modified fro...

Copyright

This edition first published 2019

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Errol R. Norwitz, Carolyn M. Zelop, David A. Miller, and David L. Keefe to be identified as the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office(s)

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office

9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Norwitz, Errol R., editor. | Zelop, Carolyn M., editor. | Miller,

David A. (David Arthur), 1961‐ editor. | Keefe, David (David L.), editor.

Title: Evidence‐based obstetrics and gynecology / edited by Errol R. Norwitz,

Carolyn M. Zelop, David A. Miller, David L. Keefe.

Other titles: Evidence‐based obstetrics and gynecology (Norwitz)

Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references

and index. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2018041057 (print) | LCCN 2018041689 (ebook) | ISBN

9781119072928 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119072959 (ePub) | ISBN 9781444334333

(hardback)

Subjects: | MESH: Genital Diseases, Female | Pregnancy Complications |

Evidence‐Based Medicine

Classification: LCC RG101 (ebook) | LCC RG101 (print) | NLM WP 140 | DDC

618.1–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018041057

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Images: © monkeybusinessimages/Getty Images

List of contributors

Veronica Ades
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Jennifer Amorosa
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai Hospital
New York, NY, USA

Karen Archabald
Legacy Health
Portland, OR, USA

Stephanie Bakaysa
Department of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA

Oren Barak
Rehovot, affiliated with the Hadassah‐Hebrew University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Kaplan Medical Center
Jerusalem, Israel

Marie Beall
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Harbor UCLA Medical Center
Torrance, CA, USA

Mila de Moura Behar Pontremoli Salcedo
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Federal University of Health Sciences (UFCSPA)/Santa Casa de Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Rana Snipe Berry
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN, USA

Stephanie V. Blank
Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Isaac Blickstein
Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, The Hadassah‐Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel

Anne‐Sophie Boes
Leuven University Fertility Centre (LUFC)
UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Ware Branch
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Director of Women and Newborns Clinical Program for Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center
University of Utah
Murray, UT, USA

Haywood Brown
Morsani College of Medicine
University of South Florida Health Center
Tampa, FL, USA

Julie Brown
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Auckland
New Zealand

Steve N. Caritis
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
Magee Women's Hospital of UPMC
Pittsburgh, PA, USA

H. J. A. Carp
Department Obstetrics and Gynecology
Sheba Medical Center
Tel HaShomer, Israel

Steven L. Clark
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Baylor College of Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology, Service Chief MFM, Texas Children's Hospital, TCH Pavilion for Women
Houston, TX, USA

Joshua Copel
Department Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA

Sabrina D. Craigo
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA

John P. Curtin
Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Thomas D'Hooghe
Division of Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Leuven
Leuven, Belgium

Gary A. Dildy
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Baylor College of Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology, Service Chief MFM, Texas Children's Hospital, TCH Pavilion for Women
Houston, TX , USA

Margaret Dziadosz
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU School of Medicine
New York University
New York, NY, USA

Britt K. Erickson
Division of Gynecologic Oncology
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA

Christine Farinelli
Obstetrix Medical Group
Tucson Medical Center
Tucson, AZ, USA

Cynthia Farquhar
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Auckland
New Zealand

Maisa N. Feghali
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
Magee Women's Hospital of UPMC
Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Kimberley Ferrante
Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Michael R. Foley
Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix
Phoenix, AZ, USA

Karin Fox
Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine
Texas Children's Hospital, Pavilion for Women
Houston, TX, USA

Jenna Friedenthal
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
New York University
New York, NY, USA

Joanna Gibson
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Yorkshire and Humber, UK

Veronica Gillispie
Ochsner Health System
New Orleans, LA, USA

Dianne Glass
Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Urology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Katherine R. Goetzinger
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

Jane Goldman
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
The Valley Hospital
Ridgewood, NJ, USA

Steven Goldstein
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

George Graham
Department of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA

Jeanne‐Marie Guise
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, and Emergency Medicine
Oregon Health and Science University
Portland, OR, USA

Cynthia Gyamfi‐Bannerman
Columbia University Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Cara Heuser
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Utah and Intermountain Medical Center
Murray, UT, USA

Alexandria J. Hill
High Risk Pregnancy Center
Las Vegas, NV, USA
Texas A&M College of Medicine
College Station, TX, USA
University of Arizona
Phoenix, AZ, USA

Kathy Huang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Warner K. Huh
Division of Gynecologic Oncology
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA

Joses A. Jain
Columbia University Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Arun Jeyabalan
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee‐Women's Hospital
Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Carrie Lynn Johnson
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine
Miami, FL, USA

Emily L. Johnson
Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Department of Neurology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

Megan L. Jones
The University of Ohio Wexner Medical Center
Columbus, OH, USA

Peter W. Kaplan
Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Department of Neurology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

David L. Keefe
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Rasha S. Khoury
Division of Family Planning and Global Women's Health
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA

Sarah J. Kilpatrick
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center
Los Angeles, CA, USA

David L. Kulak
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Johns Hopkins Medical Center
Baltimore, MD, USA

Jessica Lee
Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Richard H. Lee
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
Los Angeles, CA, USA

Patricia A. Lohr
bpas (British Pregnancy Advisory Service)
Stratford Upon Avon, UK

Sherri Longo
Ochsner Health System
New Orleans, LA, USA

Richard Lyus
bpas (British Pregnancy Advisory Service) Richmond
East Twickenham, UK

Dominique Malacarne
Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Urology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Peter W. Marks
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Silver Spring, MD, USA

Jovana Y. Martin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL, USA

Stephanie R. Martin
Clinical Concepts in Obstetrics
Scottsdale, AZ, USA

Christel Meuleman
Leuven University Fertility Centre (LUFC)
UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

David A. Miller
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA

Payam Mohassel
Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Department of Neurology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA

Jane Moore
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Oxford
Oxford, UK

Lila Nachtigall
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Frederick Naftolin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
New York University
New York, NY, USA

Jennifer A. Namazy
Scripps Clinic
San Diego, CA, USA

James Neilson
Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, UK

Diane De Neubourg
Leuven University Fertility Centre (LUFC)
UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Errol R. Norwitz
Louis E. Phaneuf Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Tufts University School of Medicine
Chief Scientific Officer Chair, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Tufts Medical Center
Boston, USA

Anthony O. Odibo
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of South Florida
Tampa, FL, USA

Joseph G. Ouzounian
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
Los Angeles, CA, USA

Michael J. Paidas
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine
Section of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine
New Haven, CN, USA

Lubna Pal
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA

Joong Shin Park
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Seoul National University College of Medicine
Seoul National University Hospital
Seoul, Korea

Anita Patel
University of Central Florida
Center for Reproductive Medicine
Orlando, FL, USA

Shivani R. Patel
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
Los Angeles, CA, USA

Shefali Pathy
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA

Karen Peeraer
Leuven University Fertility Centre (LUFC)
UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Ashley T. Peterson
Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA

Joanne Quinones
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network
The Center for Advanced Perinatal Care, Allentown, PA, USA
University of South Florida‐Morsani College of Medicine
Tampa, FL, USA

Diana A. Racusin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Pavilion for Women
Houston, TX, USA

A. Reza Radjabi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

Andrei Rebarber
Mount Sinai St. Luke's and Mount Sinai West, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, The Mount Sinai Hospital
Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
New York, NY, USA

Danielle M. Roncari
Division of Family Planning, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA

Ashley S. Roman
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU School of Medicine
New York University
New York, NY, USA

Michael Ross
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Harbor UCLA Medical Center
Torrance, CA, USA

B. Ryan Ball
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine
Section of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine
New Haven, CN, USA

Nada Sabir
Obstetrics and Gynecology/Maternal Medicine, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Bradford, UK

Michael Schatz
Kaiser Permanente
San Diego, CA, USA

Kathleen M. Schmeler
Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine
The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, TX, USA

Zachary P. Schwartz
Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

James H. Segars
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD, USA

Lili Sheibani
Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of California
Irvine, Orange, CA, USA

Celso Silva
University of Central Florida, Center for Reproductive Medicine
Orlando, FL, USA

Michael K. Simoni
Department of Psychiatry
Yale School of Medicine
Yale, New Haven, CN, USA

Scott W. Smilen
Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Department of Urology
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York, NY, USA

John Smulian
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network
The Center for Advanced Perinatal Care, Allentown, PA, USA
University of South Florida‐Morsani College of Medicine
Tampa, FL, USA

Rhoda Sperling
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences
Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai Hospital
New York, NY, USA
Medicine, Infectious Diseases
Icahn School of Medicine, Mt Sinai Hospital
New York, NY, USA

Carla Tomassetti
Leuven University Fertility Centre (LUFC)
UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Maria Victoria Vargas
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
George Washington University Medical Center
USA

Alex C. Vidaeff
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine
Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital Pavilion for Women
Houston, TX, USA

Deborah Wing
Maternal‐Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of California
Irvine, Orange, CA, USA

Kimberly Yonkers
Department of Psychiatry
Yale School of Medicine
Yale, New Haven, CN, USA

Carolyn M. Zelop
Ultrasound and Perinatal Research, Division of MFM and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Valley Hospital, Ridgewood, NJ, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Lisa C. Zuckerwise
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Division of Maternal‐Fetal Medicine
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA