Cover
Series Preface
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Introduction
1 Draining Fluid from a Tank
2 Vertical Rise of a Weather Balloon
3 Stability of a Floating Cone in Water
4 Wind Drag Forces on People
5 Creeping Flow Past a Sphere
6 Venturi Meter
7 Fluid's Surface Shape in a Rotating Cylindrical Tank
8 Pin Floating on Surface of a Liquid
9 Small Raindrops
10 Range of an Aircraft
11 Designing a Water Clock
12 Water Turbine Under a Dam
13 Centrifugal Separation of Particles
14 A Simple Carburetor
15 Ideal Gas Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers
16 Laminar Flow in a Pipe
17 Water Supply from a Lake to a Factory
18 Air or Water Flow Required to Cool a PC Board
19 Convection Mass Transfer Through Air–Water Interface
20 Heating a Room by Natural Convection
21 Laminar Flow Through Porous Material
22 Condensation on the Surface of a Vertical Plate in a Laminar Flow Regime
23 A Non‐Newtonian Fluid Flow in a Pipe
24 Bubble Rise in a Glass of Beer
References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 04
1. Table 4.1 Wind speed, V_wind, scales
Chapter 05
1. Table 5.1 Maximum spherical ball diameters (mm) for creeping flow in a viscometer for Re_d = 0.01
2. Table 5.2 B values for different viscosity fluids
Chapter 06
1. Table 6.1 Change in U‐tube measurement fluid's unbalanced height (mm) for different specific gravity measurement fluids for a Venturi meter with D₂/D₁ = 0.5
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Effects of a ±10% change in nominal values of independent variables on air/fuel ratio, A/F
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Viscosity, density, and kinematic viscosity of different fluids at different temperatures
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 Viscosities of four fluids used in the present analysis

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 Low‐viscosity fluid draining from a large‐diameter cylindrical tank through a small discharge hole where the total fluid height in the tank is Z = h + H
2. Figure 1.2 Normalized horizontal fluid flow distance, , as a function of normalized discharge hole height,
3. Figure 1.3 Sensitivity of horizontal fluid flow distance to discharge hole height shown as a function of normalized discharge hole height,
4. Figure 1.4 Horizontal discharge distance L^* versus time t^* from the beginning of discharge
5. Figure 1.5 Fluid height above the discharge hole h^* versus fluid discharge time t^*
6. Figure 1.6 Total fluid discharge time from the tank versus initial fluid height above the discharge hole for different ratios
7. Figure 1.7 Sensitivity of total fluid discharge time above the discharge hole to versus initial fluid height above the discharge hole
8. Figure 1.8 Sensitivity of total fluid discharge time to initial fluid height above the discharge hole versus initial fluid height above the discharge hole for different ratios
9. Figure 1.9 Total fluid discharge time from the tank versus for different initial fluid heights
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 Force balance to a thin column of air in the atmosphere
2. Figure 2.2 Atmospheric air pressure versus altitude
3. Figure 2.3 Atmospheric air temperature versus altitude
4. Figure 2.4Figure 2.4 Atmospheric air density versus altitude
5. Figure 2.5 Sensitivity of atmospheric air pressure to altitude
6. Figure 2.6 Sensitivity of atmospheric air density to altitude
7. Figure 2.7 Forces acting on a floating balloon
8. Figure 2.8 Root of Eq. 2.16 for the above special case where f(R) = R³ − A × R² − B
9. Figure 2.9 Balloon diameter as a function of altitude for a payload of 20 kg and a mylar skin material
10. Figure 2.10 Balloon diameter sensitivity to altitude for a payload of 20 kg and a mylar skin material
Chapter 03
1. Figure 3.1 Untipped position of a floating cone in water
2. Figure 3.2 Submerged height ratio to cone height, h/H, versus cone material specific gravity
3. Figure 3.3 Floating cone stability criteria in water, R/H, versus cone material's specific gravity – light‐colored region is stable and dark‐colored region is unstable
4. Figure 3.4 Sensitivity of floating cone stability criteria, change in R/H to change in cone material's specific gravity, versus cone material's specific gravity
Chapter 04
1. Figure 4.1 Frontal wind drag force on a human body versus human height in a storm
2. Figure 4.2 Frontal wind drag force on a human body versus human height in a category 4 hurricane
3. Figure 4.3 Frontal wind drag force ranges on a human body with a BMI of 22 versus human height in a storm, in a category 1 hurricane and in a category 4 hurricane
4. Figure 4.4 Frontal wind drag force for a 150‐cm tall human with a BMI of 22 versus frontal wind speed
5. Figure 4.5 Sensitivity of frontal drag force to human height versus human height
6. Figure 4.6 Sensitivity of a change in frontal wind drag force to a change in frontal human area at different frontal wind speeds
7. Figure 4.7 Sensitivity of a change in frontal wind drag force to a change in frontal wind speed for a 150‐cm tall human with a BMI of 22 at different frontal wind speeds
Chapter 05
1. Figure 5.1 A viscometer with a falling sphere having a diameter d
2. Figure 5.2 Log₁₀(fall terminal velocity) versus spherical steel ball diameter for different fluids for Re_d ≪ 1
3. Figure 5.3 Log₁₀(fall time) in steady state for 20‐cm distance versus spherical steel ball diameter for different fluids for Re_d ≪ 1
4. Figure 5.4 Maximum sphere diameter as a function of the sphere's specific gravity for Re_d = 0.01 falling in water
5. Figure 5.5 Sensitivity of sphere's diameter to sphere's specific gravity for Re_d = 0.01 falling in water
6. Figure 5.6 Sphere's creeping velocity falling in water as a function of sphere's specific gravity for Re_d = 0.01
7. Figure 5.7 Sensitivity of sphere's fall velocity to sphere's specific gravity for Re_d = 0.01 falling in water
8. Figure 5.8 Maximum sphere diameter as a function of sphere's specific gravity for Re_d = 0.01 falling in air
9. Figure 5.9 Sensitivity of sphere's diameter to sphere's specific gravity for Re_d = 0.01 falling in water
10. Figure 5.10Figure 5.10 Sphere's creeping velocity falling in air as a function of sphere's specific gravity for Re_d = 0.01
11. Figure 5.11Figure 5.11 Sensitivity of sphere's fall velocity to sphere's specific gravity for Re_d = 0.01 falling in air
12. Figure 5.12 Fall velocity versus time for a 50‐μm diameter spherical glass bead
Chapter 06
1. Figure 6.1 U‐tube fluid unbalanced height using mercury as the measurement fluid versus Venturi meter throat diameter
2. Figure 6.2 Water velocity in the Venturi meter throat versus Venturi meter throat diameter
3. Figure 6.3 Sensitivity of U‐tube unbalanced height to Venturi meter throat height for measurement fluid of mercury
4. Figure 6.4 H versus D₂ for different specific gravity measurement fluids
5. Figure 6.5 Sensitivity of U‐tube measurement fluid unbalanced height to U‐tube measurement fluid specific gravity for different specific gravity measurement fluids
Chapter 07
1. Figure 7.1 Fluid's surface shape in a rotating cylindrical tank
2. Figure 7.2 Parabolic shape of fluid surface in a cylindrical tank at three different rotational speeds for an initial water height of 0.5 m
3. Figure 7.3 Sensitivity of fluid's surface height to cylindrical tank radius
4. Figure 7.4 Sensitivity of fluid's surface height to gravity
5. Figure 7.5 Spillover rotational speed limit versus gravity for a circular tank
6. Figure 7.6 Sensitivity of spillover rotational speed limit versus gravity
7. Figure 7.7 Spillover rotational speed limit versus gravity for different diameter circular tanks
8. Figure 7.8 Sensitivity of spillover rotational speed limit to circular tank diameter with a tank height of 1 m and an initial fluid height of 0.5 m when the tank is stationary
Chapter 08
1. Figure 8.1 Forces acting on a round pin floating on the surface of a liquid
2. Figure 8.2 Pin diameter versus surface tension force angle floating on benzene at 20°C, ϒ = 0.029 N m⁻¹
3. Figure 8.3 Pin diameter versus surface tension force angle floating on water at 20°C, ϒ = 0.073 N m⁻¹
4. Figure 8.4Figure 8.4 Pin diameter versus surface tension force angle floating on mercury at 20°C, ϒ = 0.486 N m⁻¹
5. Figure 8.5 Sensitivity of pin diameter to surface tension force angle on mercury
6. Figure 8.6 Maximum pin diameters that surface tension forces will hold on different liquid surfaces
7. Figure 8.7 Sensitivity of maximum pin diameter to liquid's surface tension
8. Figure 8.8 Sensitivity of maximum pin diameter to pin's density
Chapter 09
1. Figure 9.1 Drag coefficient for a sphere versus Reynolds number for low Reynolds numbers
2. Figure 9.2 Terminal velocity versus diameter for small spherical raindrops
3. Figure 9.3 Terminal velocity sensitivity to diameter for small spherical raindrops
4. Figure 9.4 Terminal velocity sensitivity to air kinematic viscosity versus altitude for different diameter raindrops
5. Figure 9.5 Terminal velocity sensitivity to air density versus altitude for different diameter raindrops [m⁴ (kg s)⁻¹]
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Sensitivity of range to (km)
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 For circular vessel water clocks: top radius versus height with α = 0.167 m h⁻¹, for different drain hole diameters and C_V = 0.9
2. Figure 11.2 Water level in the 12‐h water clock vessel versus time for α = 0.167 m h⁻¹.
3. Figure 11.3 Water clock circular vessel radius versus water level for a 12‐h clock with α = 0.167 m h⁻¹
4. Figure 11.4 12‐h water clock height versus radius for α = 0.167 m h⁻¹, for cylindrical drain diameter 1 cm and C_V = 0.9
5. Figure11.5 A cylindrical water clock with R = 0.5 m and H = 1.0 m with a cylindrical drain hole at the bottom center with a diameter of 1.4 cm
6. Figure 11.6 Sensitivity of time it takes to empty the cylindrical vessel with respect to circular drain hole diameter at the bottom center of the vessel
7. Figure 11.7 Sensitivity of time it takes to empty the cylindrical vessel with respect to discharge velocity coefficient
8. Figure 11.8 Water level versus time for different vessel heights
9. Figure 11.9 Sensitivity of water level to time after drain is opened for different vessel heights
10. Figure 11.10 Sensitivity of water level to cylindrical vessel's height
11. Figure 11.11 Sensitivity of water level to cylindrical vessel's diameter
12. Figure 11.12 Sensitivity of water level to different drain hole diameters
13. Figure 11.13 Sensitivity of water level to discharge velocity coefficient for the drain hole
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 A typical water turbine system that operates on water's potential energy ρ_water × g × h, from a reservoir behind a dam
2. Figure 12.2 Positive roots of the function F(V₃) in Eq. 12.4 for different reservoir water heights between locations 1 and 2
3. Figure 12.3 Exit velocity V₃ downstream of the turbine versus reservoir's potential energy height at the inlet to the turbine tunnel
4. Figure 12.4 Sensitivity of exit velocity downstream of the turbine to potential energy height at the inlet tunnel to the turbine
5. Figure 12.5 F(V₃) versus V₃ for different (L × f)/D values at a reservoir water height of 100 m above position 2
6. Figure 12.6 Sensitivity of exit velocity V₃ to (L × f)/D
7. Figure 12.7 F(V₃) versus V₃ for different values of work taken out of the open flow system by the turbine at a reservoir water height of 100 m between positions 1 and 2
8. Figure 12.8 Sensitivity of exit velocity V₃ to work done on the turbine by the open flow system
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Separated critical particle diameter decreases as centrifuge rpm increases
2. Figure 13.2 Critical diameter particle path from centrifuge entrance to exit starting at the inner radius and ending at the outer radius
3. Figure 13.3 Sensitivity of critical particle diameter (µm) to change in centrifuge rpm
4. Figure 13.4 Sensitivity of critical particle diameter to change in volume flow rate through the centrifuge
5. Figure 13.5 Sensitivity of critical particle diameter to change in centrifuge volume (only height changes)
6. Figure 13.6 Sensitivity of critical particle diameter to change in fluid kinematic viscosity
7. Figure 13.7 Sensitivity of critical particle diameter to change in centrifuge radii ratio r_o/r_i
8. Figure 13.8 Sensitivity of critical particle diameter to particle's specific gravity
9. Figure 13.9 Sensitivity of critical particle diameter to water's specific gravity between 0 and 80°C
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 A/F versus Mach number
2. Figure 14.2 Sensitivity of A/F to Mach number
3. Figure 14.3 Sensitivity of P_th/P_I to Mach number
4. Figure 14.4 A/F versus ambient temperature T_I at sea level
5. Figure 14.5 Sensitivity of A/F to ambient temperature at sea level at choked flow
6. Figure 14.6 A/F versus ratio of throat diameter to fuel nozzle diameter at choked flow
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Mass flow rate per unit area versus Mach number
2. Figure 15.2 Circular area diameter versus Mach number for an isentropic flow in sonic and supersonic nozzles and diffusers
3. Figure 15.3 Sensitivity of d₁/d_min to Mach number
4. Figure 15.4 Ideal air properties normalized to given stagnation conditions shown in an isentropic flow versus Mach number
5. Figure 15.5 Sensitivities of ideal air properties with respect to Mach number shown in an isentropic flow versus Mach number
6. Figure 15.6 Ideal air velocity in an isentropic flow versus Mach number
7. Figure 15.7 Sensitivity of ideal air velocity (m s⁻¹) to Mach number
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Sensitivity of head loss to pipe diameter as a function of pipe diameter for three different fluids at 20°C
2. Figure 16.2 Sensitivity of head loss to kinematic viscosity as a function of pipe diameter
3. Figure 16.3 Sensitivity of head loss to volume flow rate as a function of pipe diameter for three different fluids at 20°C
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Required pump power for water flow versus volume flow rate with different pipe internal diameters
2. Figure 17.2 Sensitivity of required pump power to volume flow rate for different pipe internal diameters
3. Figure 17.3 Sensitivity of required pump power to pipe internal diameter for different pipe internal diameters
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Plate length averaged h_ave versus Reynolds number in air flow
2. Figure 18.2 Sensitivity of plate length averaged forced convection heat transfer coefficient to Reynolds number as a function of Reynolds number in air flow
3. Figure 18.3 Possible power generation by PC components versus Reynolds number in air flow
4. Figure 18.4 Sensitivity of power generation to Reynolds number as a function of Reynolds number in air flow
5. Figure 18.5 Sensitivity of power generation to plate length averaged forced convection heat transfer coefficient as a function of Reynolds number in air flow
6. Figure 18.6 Plate length averaged h_ave versus Reynolds number in water flow
7. Figure 18.7 Sensitivity of plate length averaged forced convection heat transfer coefficient to Reynolds number as a function of Reynolds number in water flow
8. Figure 18.8 Possible power generation by PC components versus Reynolds number in water flow
9. Figure 18.9 Sensitivity of power generation to Reynolds number as a function of Reynolds number in water flow
10. Figure 18.10 Sensitivity of power generation to average forced convection heat transfer coefficient as a function of Reynolds number in water flow
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 Water vapor mass convection rate versus Reynolds number for different air dry bulb temperature
2. Figure 19.2 Sensitivity of water vapor mass convection rate to Reynolds number as a function of Reynolds number
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 Room temperature versus time for five different vertical plate water heater surface temperatures
2. Figure 20.2 Time (min) for room air temperature to reach 25°C versus vertical heater surface temperature
3. Figure 20.3 Average natural convection heat transfer coefficient for laminar plus turbulent boundary layers versus room air temperature for T_s = 90°C
4. Figure 20.4 Different heat transfer modes versus time for vertical heater surface temperature of 90°C
5. Figure 20.5 Different heat transfer modes' percentage of Q_net versus time for vertical heater surface temperature of 90°C
6. Figure 20.6 Sensitivity of time to reach 25°C room air temperature to vertical heater surface temperature as a function of vertical heater surface temperature
7. Figure 20.7 Sensitivity of room air temperature to heating time as a function of heating time for T_s = 90°C
8. Figure 20.8 Sensitivity of average laminar plus turbulent boundary layer natural convection heat transfer coefficient to temperature difference between the vertical heater surface and room air
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 for different fluids versus void fraction
2. Figure 21.2 Log₁₀ for different fluids versus void fraction
3. Figure 21.3 Sensitivity of to void fraction as a function of void fraction
4. Figure 21.4 Log₁₀ as a function of void fraction
5. Figure 21.5 Log₁₀ versus porous material bed length
6. Figure 21.6 for different fluids versus porous material bed area. Glycerin's is above the range of this plot
7. Figure 21.7 Log₁₀ for different fluids versus porous material bed media area
8. Figure 21.8 Sensitivity of to porous material bed area versus porous material bed area. The sensitivity of glycerin is beyond the range of this plot
9. Figure 21.9 Log₁₀ versus porous material bed area
10. Figure 21.10 versus characteristic spherical void diameter
11. Figure 21.11 Sensitivity of to characteristic spherical void diameter versus characteristic spherical void diameter
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Vertical plate height versus condensate film thickness for different plate temperatures
2. Figure 22.2 Sensitivity of film thickness to vertical distance as a function of downward distance z from the top edge of the vertical plate
3. Figure 22.3 Maximum Reynolds number versus vertical plate surface temperature
4. Figure 22.4 Condensate film thickness versus (T_saturation − T_plate) at three different vertical plate locations
5. Figure 22.5 Sensitivity of condensate film thickness to (T_saturation − T_plate) at three different vertical plate locations
6. Figure 22.6 Condensate mass flow rate versus (T_saturation − T_plate)
7. Figure 22.7 Sensitivity of condensate mass flow rate to (T_saturation − T_plate)
8. Figure 22.8 Average heat transfer coefficient versus (T_saturation − T_plate)
9. Figure 22.9 Sensitivity of average heat transfer coefficient to (T_saturation − T_plate)
10. Figure 22.10 Local heat transfer coefficient versus downward distance z from the top edge of the vertical plate
11. Figure 22.11 Sensitivity of local heat transfer coefficient to local condensate film thickness
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Shear stress versus shear rate for different types of fluids
2. Figure 23.2 Velocity profiles in a fully developed laminar pipe flow with different flow behavior indexes
3. Figure 23.3 Wall shear stress of mayonnaise flow in a pipe versus wall shear rate at 25°C
4. Figure 23.4 Apparent viscosity of mayonnaise versus wall shear rate at 25°C
5. Figure 23.5 Pressure drop versus wall shear rate
6. Figure 23.6 Sensitivity of pressure drop to wall shear rate
7. Figure 23.7 Mean velocity versus wall shear rate
8. Figure 23.8 Power required versus wall shear rate
9. Figure 23.9 Power law Reynolds number versus wall shear rate
10. Figure 23.10 Pressure drop in a 100 m‐long pipe versus pipe internal diameter for a wall shear rate of 200 s⁻¹
11. Figure 23.11 Sensitivity of pressure drop to pipe internal diameter for a 100 m‐long pipe versus pipe internal diameter for a wall shear rate of 200 s⁻¹
12. Figure 23.12 Volume flow rate in a 100 m‐long pipe versus pipe internal diameter for a wall shear rate of 200 s⁻¹
13. Figure 23.13 Net power required for flow in a 100 m‐long pipe versus volume flow rate for a wall shear rate of 200 s⁻¹
14. Figure 23.14 Sensitivity of net power required to volume flow rate for a wall shear rate of 200 s⁻¹
15. Figure 23.15 Mean velocity versus pipe internal diameter for a wall shear rate of 200 s⁻¹
16. Figure 23.16 Power law Reynolds number versus pipe internal diameter for a wall shear rate of 200 s⁻¹
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Bubble rise terminal velocity versus bubble diameter
2. Figure 24.2 Reynolds number versus bubble diameter
3. Figure 24.3 Drag coefficient versus Reynolds number in the region of interest, log–log scale
4. Figure 24.4 Time to rise from the bottom of the beer glass to the bottom of the foam layer at the top of the beer glass versus bubble diameter
5. Figure 24.5 Sensitivity of the time to rise from the bottom of the beer glass to the bottom of the foam layer at the top of the beer glass to bubble diameter versus bubble diameter

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Atesmen, M. Kemal, author.

Title: Case studies in fluid mechanics with sensitivities to governing

variables / Dr. M. Kemal Atesmen.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2019. | Series: The Wiley-ASME Press series

in mechanical engineering | Includes bibliographical references and index.

| Identifiers: LCCN 2018038907 (print) | LCCN 2018039274 (ebook) | ISBN

9781119524717 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119524878 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119524786

(pbk.)

Subjects: LCSH: Fluid mechanics-Case studies.

Classification: LCC TA357.3 (ebook) | LCC TA357.3 .A84 2019 (print) | DDC

620.1/06–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018038907

Cover Design: Wiley

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