Cover
List of Contributors
Preface
Section I: Successful Career
1. 1 Defining and Re‐Defining Success
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Success Mindsets
  3. 1.3 Prerequisites Are Internal Factors Required to Become Successful
  4. 1.4 Methods Are Conscious Actions One Should Take to Pave the Road to Success
  5. 1.5 Enhancers or Catalysts Are External Factors that Enhance One's Chance of Success
  6. 1.6 Inhibitors Are Internal or External Factors that Diminish One's Chance of Success
  7. Reference
2. 2 Qualities of Research Scientists: Personality and Leadership Attributes of Research Team Members
  1. 2.1 Leadership
  2. 2.2 Personality and Interpersonal Relationships
  3. 2.3 Continuous Self‐Assessment
  4. 2.4 Tips for Developing a Leader‐Quality Scientist
  5. References
3. 3 Building a Personal Vision Statement
  1. 3.1 Personal Vision Statement and Portfolio Overview
  2. 3.2 Getting Started
  3. 3.3 Vision Statement in Action
  4. 3.4 Rules to Guide Vision Statement Development
  5. 3.5 Conclusions
  6. References
  7. Further Reading
4. 4 Creativity and Novel Hypotheses
  1. 4.1 Creativity and Science
  2. 4.2 What Are Mind Maps?
  3. 4.3 Mind Maps and Novel Hypotheses
  4. References
5. 5 Confidence and Its Impact on Your Aspiring Career
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 Sources of Confidence
  3. 5.3 Influence of Confidence on Your Career
  4. 5.4 Confidence Spectrum
  5. 5.5 Dunning‐Kruger Effect
  6. 5.6 Importance of Feedback
  7. 5.7 Overcoming Confidence Issues
  8. References
6. 6 Career Satisfaction and Its Determinants
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Determinants of Career Satisfaction
  3. 6.3 Career Satisfaction in Medicine
  4. 6.4 Research and the Physician‐Scientist
  5. 6.5 Career Satisfaction and Productivity
  6. 6.6 Conclusions
  7. References
7. 7 Spiritual Dimensions of Biomedical Research
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Virtues in Research
  3. 7.3 A Christian‐Platonic Background of Virtues
  4. 7.4 Skills Versus Wisdom
  5. 7.5 A Crystallizing Example
  6. Acknowledgment
  7. References
8. 8 Publishing in Academic Medicine: Does It Translate into a Successful Career?
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Dissemination of Knowledge and Impacting Patient Care
  3. 8.3 Becoming a Recognized Expert
  4. 8.4 Academic Promotion
  5. 8.5 Professional Standing
  6. 8.6 Personal Satisfaction
  7. 8.7 Editorial Benefits
  8. 8.8 Professional Contacts
  9. 8.9 Summary: Does Publishing Scholarly Articles Translate into a Successful Scientific Career?
  10. Reference
9. 9 Assessing a Researcher's Scientific Productivity and Scholarly Impact
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 The h‐Index
  3. 9.3 Criticisms of the h‐Index
  4. 9.4 Modifications and Extensions of the h‐Index
  5. 9.5 A General Criticism on the Use of Metrics
  6. 9.6 Citation Data Sources
  7. 9.7 Discussion
  8. References
  9. Further Reading
Section II: Communication
1. 10 Manners in Academics
  1. 10.1 General Aspects
  2. 10.2 Manners in Academic Writing and Publishing
  3. 10.3 Conclusions
2. 11 Emotional Intelligence: Its Place in Your Professional and Academic Careers
  1. 11.1 Background
  2. 11.2 The Importance of EQ in Academia and on the Job
  3. 11.3 Major Aspects of Emotional Intelligence
  4. 11.4 Developing EQ
  5. References
3. 12 Communication Skills
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Effective Communication
  3. 12.3 Communication in the Scientific and Medical Community
  4. References
4. 13 Learning Charisma
  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 What Is Charisma?
  3. 13.3 Learning How to Be Charismatic
  4. 13.4 Improving Your Charisma
  5. 13.5 Conclusions
  6. References
5. 14 Essence of Collaborative Research: Leadership, Engaging Others, and Cooperativeness
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Why Collaborate?
  3. 14.3 Challenges to Collaborative Research
  4. 14.4 Ethical Considerations
  5. 14.5 How to Make Collaborations Work
  6. 14.6 Conclusions
  7. References
6. 15 Personal Branding for Physicians and Researchers
  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 Personal Branding and Authenticity
  3. 15.3 Your Brand Plan: Defining Your Positioning
  4. 15.4 Creating Your Brand Elements
  5. 15.5 Strategizing Your Tactics
  6. 15.6 Executing Your Brand Plan
  7. 15.7 Conclusion
  8. Further Reading
7. 16 Dealing with Manipulative People
  1. 16.1 Tips for Avoiding the Traps of a Manipulator
  2. 16.2 Neurosis versus Pathology: A Continuum
  3. 16.3 Aggressive Personalities
  4. 16.4 Tactics Used by the Covert‐Aggressor
  5. 16.5 Tips for Setting the Terms of Engagement
  6. Reference
Section III: Research Ethics
1. 17 Honesty and Truth in Academic Research and Writing
  1. 17.1 Introduction
  2. 17.2 Truth
  3. 17.3 Honesty
  4. 17.4 Dishonesty
  5. 17.5 Spectrum of Fraud
  6. 17.6 Learning from the Past
  7. 17.7 The Pattern of Fraud
  8. 17.8 Conflicts of Interest
  9. 17.9 Lessons for the Future
  10. Acknowledgment
  11. References
2. 18 Writing and Scientific Misconduct: Ethical and Legal Aspects
  1. 18.1 Introduction
  2. 18.2 Ethical Aspects
  3. 18.3 Legal Aspects
  4. References
3. 19 Plagiarism and How to Avoid It
  1. 19.1 Introduction
  2. 19.2 Definition of the Plagiarism Problem
  3. 19.3 Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
  4. 19.4 Intellectual Dishonesty and Plagiarism in Science
  5. 19.5 Detection of Plagiarism: Electronic Tools
  6. 19.6 Prevention of Plagiarism: A Better Remedy
  7. 19.7 Penalties for Plagiarism
  8. 19.8 Conclusions
  9. References
  10. Further Reading
4. 20 Conflicts of Interest: A Simple Explanation
  1. 20.1 Introduction
  2. 20.2 What Is a Conflict of Interest?
  3. 20.3 Why Does Avoidance or Full Disclosure of Conflicts‐of‐Interest Matter?
  4. Reference
5. 21 Gender Differences in Medical Research Productivity
  1. 21.1 Introduction
  2. 21.2 Gender Differences in Scholarly Productivity
  3. 21.3 Gender Differences in Research Funding
  4. 21.4 Issues Potentially Facilitating Gender Differences in Research
  5. 21.5 Conclusion
  6. References
  7. Further Reading
Section IV: Research Regulations
1. 22 Institutional Review Boards: General Regulations, Institutional Obligations, and Personal Responsibility
  1. 22.1 IRB Background
  2. 22.2 Regulatory Framework
  3. 22.3 IRB Process
  4. 22.4 Investigator Responsibilities in Conducting Human Subjects Research
  5. 22.5 IRB Application
  6. 22.6 Related Research Committees
  7. 22.7 Publishing and the IRB
  8. 22.8 Selected Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
2. 23 International Research with Human Subjects
  1. 23.1 General Overview
  2. 23.2 Regulatory and Legal Frameworks and IRB Oversight
  3. 23.3 Ethical Framework
  4. Further Reading
Section V: Research Grants and Proposals
1. 24 Grants and Funding Sources
  1. 24.1 Introduction
  2. 24.2 Grant Life Cycle
  3. 24.3 Types of Funding Organizations
  4. 24.4 Types of Agreements
  5. 24.5 Types of Grant Applications
  6. 24.6 Federal Grant Mechanisms
  7. 24.7 Career Timeline and NIH Mechanisms
  8. 24.8 Funding Cycle
  9. 24.9 Searchable Databases
  10. 24.10 Time Commitment and Infrastructure and Support
  11. 24.11 Post Award
  12. Further Reading
2. 25 Essentials of Grant Writing and Proposal Development
  1. 25.1 The Research Plan
  2. 25.2 Budget and Budget Justification
  3. 25.3 Grant Documents and Grant Formatting
  4. 25.4 Conclusions
  5. Further Reading
Section VI: Research Principles and Methods
1. 26 Clinical Research Methods and Designs
  1. 26.1 Introduction
  2. 26.2 Structure of Clinical Studies
  3. 26.3 Sample Size, Study Subjects, and Variables
  4. 26.4 Functional Aspects of Clinical Studies
  5. 26.5 Epilogue
  6. References
2. 27 Retrospective Analysis from a Chart Review: A Step‐by‐Step Guide
  1. 27.1 Stepwise Approach to Retrospective Studies
  2. References
3. 28 Designing, Planning, and Conducting Clinical Trials
  1. 28.1 Introduction
  2. 28.2 Design of Controlled Clinical Trials
  3. 28.3 Project Management and Planning for Clinical Trial
  4. 28.4 Conduct of Clinical Trials
  5. 28.5 Conclusions
  6. References
4. 29 Animal Models in Science and Research
  1. 29.1 Overview of Using Animals in Science
  2. 29.2 Evolved Complex Systems
  3. 29.3 Trans‐Species Modeling Theory
  4. 29.4 Conclusion
  5. References
  6. Further Reading
5. 30 How to Identify a Timely and Relevant Topic for a Literature Review
  1. 30.1 Introduction
  2. 30.2 Identifying a Relevant and Timely Topic
  3. 30.3 Narrowing the Topic
  4. 30.4 Literature Reviews and Clinical Practice
  5. 30.5 Conclusion
  6. References
6. 31 The Structure and Conduct of a Narrative Literature Review
  1. 31.1 Introduction
  2. 31.2 Review Team
  3. 31.3 Topic and Audience
  4. 31.4 Literature Search
  5. 31.5 Taking Notes
  6. 31.6 Type of Review
  7. 31.7 Balance
  8. 31.8 Criticism, Consistency, Objectivity
  9. 31.9 Structure
  10. 31.10 Feedback and Revision
  11. 31.11 Dissemination
  12. Acknowledgments
  13. References
7. 32 A Guideline for Conducting Systematic Reviews
  1. 32.1 Introduction
  2. 32.2 Why Systematic Reviews?
  3. 32.3 A Guideline for Conducting Systematic Reviews
  4. 32.4 Weaknesses of SRs
  5. 32.5 Summary and Conclusions
  6. References
8. 33 Clinical Management Guidelines
  1. 33.1 Introduction
  2. 33.2 How Is a Clinical Guideline Created?
  3. 33.3 Benefits and Limitations of Clinical Management Guidelines
  4. 33.4 Medicolegal Implications of Clinical Guidelines
  5. 33.5 Conclusions
  6. References
9. 34 Why Is the History of Medicine and Biology Important?
  1. 34.1 The Value of Knowing Our History
  2. 34.2 An Illustration: Rudolf Virchow
  3. 34.3 Conclusions
  4. References
10. 35 Historical Articles: A Methodology Guide
  1. 35.1 General Guidelines
  2. 35.2 Types of Historical Articles
  3. References
Section VII: Publication and Resources
1. 36 An Introduction to Academic Publishing
  1. 36.1 Introduction
  2. 36.2 Manuscript Submission
  3. 36.3 Peer‐Review Process
  4. 36.4 After the Manuscript is Accepted for Publication
  5. 36.5 Final Publication
2. 37 Various Types of Scientific Articles
  1. 37.1 Introduction
  2. 37.2 Primary or Original‐Research Articles
  3. 37.3 Secondary or Review Articles
  4. 37.4 Special Articles
  5. 37.5 Tertiary Literature
  6. 37.6 Gray Literature
  7. 37.7 Conclusions
  8. References
3. 38 Authorship
  1. 38.1 Era of Collaborative Research
  2. 38.2 Giving Credit to Collaborators
  3. 38.3 Assigning Authorship
  4. 38.4 Corresponding Author
  5. 38.5 Ethical Responsibility
  6. 38.6 Conclusions
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. Further Reading
4. 39 Recognition, Reward, and Responsibility: Why the Authorship of Scientific Papers Matters
  1. 39.1 Why Does the Authorship of Scientific Papers Matter?
  2. 39.2 What Is Authorship?
  3. 39.3 What Guidelines on Authorship Are Available?
  4. 39.4 Solutions to Authorship Problems
  5. 39.5 Conclusion
  6. Acknowledgment
  7. References
5. 40 Biomedical Journals: Scientific Quality, Reputation, and Impact Factor
  1. 40.1 Introduction
  2. 40.2 The Journal Impact Factor
  3. 40.3 Alternatives to the Journal Impact Factor
  4. 40.4 Caveats to Interpreting the Journal Impact Factor
  5. 40.5 Conclusions
  6. References
6. 41 Scholarly Open‐Access Publishing
  1. 41.1 Introduction
  2. 41.2 Monitoring Scholarly Open‐Access Publishing
  3. 41.3 Predatory Publishers
  4. 41.4 Discovering Open‐Access Publications
  5. 41.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Publishing in Open‐Access Journals
  6. 41.6 The Future of Open‐Access Publishing
  7. 41.7 Why Open‐Access Publications Are Gaining in Appreciation
  8. 41.8 How to Recognize Predatory Journals
  9. References
7. 42 How to Find a Suitable Journal for Your Manuscript
  1. 42.1 Introduction
  2. 42.2 Initially Deciding on Which Journal to Publish
  3. 42.3 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Suitable Journal
  4. 42.4 Recommended Approach
  5. 42.5 Contacting the Editorial Office
  6. 42.6 Acceptable Format for Manuscripts
  7. 42.7 Handling a Negative Editorial Decision
  8. 42.8 The Possible Outcomes of Submitting to an Unsuitable Journal
  9. References
8. 43 Scientific Peer Review
  1. 43.1 Introduction
  2. 43.2 History of Peer Review
  3. 43.3 Process
  4. 43.4 Criticism
  5. References
9. 44 How to Reply to Editors and Reviewers
  1. 44.1 You Receive the Decision Letter…
  2. 44.2 Context
  3. 44.3 Types of Decision Letters and How to Answer
  4. 44.4 After You Resubmitted
  5. 44.5 Conclusion
  6. References
10. 45 Causes of Manuscript Rejection and How to Handle a Rejected Manuscript
  1. 45.1 Introduction
  2. 45.2 Dealing with the Common Causes of Rejection
  3. 45.3 Summary
  4. 45.4 Conclusions
  5. References
11. 46 Resources and Databases
  1. 46.1 Reference Search Using Textbooks
  2. 46.2 Reference Search Using Websites
  3. 46.3 Other Sources
  4. Further Reading
12. 47 Research: A Construct Defined by Context
  1. 47.1 Introduction
  2. 47.2 Research Literacy: A Mindset and Skillset for Self‐Critical Systematic Inquiry
  3. 47.3 Defining and Planning the Research Context: The Research Proposal
  4. 47.4 Evaluating Research Resources: Self‐Reflective Research Practice
  5. 47.5 Meaning and Context: A Self‐Critical Perspective
  6. References
13. 48 Critical Evaluation of the Clinical Literature
  1. 48.1 Introduction
  2. 48.2 Critical Appraisal of a Scientific Article
  3. 48.3 Is the Study Valid?
  4. 48.4 What Are the Results? Assessing and Analyzing Results of a Study
  5. 48.5 Are the Results Useful? From Research to Clinical Practice
  6. 48.6 The Research World
  7. References
Section VIII: Technical Writing
1. 49 Writing for Your Audience
  1. 49.1 Introduction
  2. 49.2 Who Is Your Audience?
  3. 49.3 Where Is Your Audience?
  4. 49.4 How Does Your Audience Inform Your Writing Style?
2. 50 Principles of Writing a Good Scholarly Paper
  1. 50.1 What Is a Good Paper?
  2. 50.2 Order of Writing
  3. 50.3 Draft, Draft, and Redraft
  4. 50.4 Conclusions
  5. Further Reading
3. 51 Tips for Scientific Writing
  1. 51.1 Professional Publications
  2. 51.2 Manuscripts Require Repeated Revision Before They Are Submitted for Publication
  3. 51.3 Establish the Right Mindset before You Write
  4. 51.4 Remember Who Your Readers Are
  5. 51.5 How to Convey Your Findings
  6. 51.6 Keeping “Discussion” Sections under Control
4. 52 Perspectives of a Medical Editor
  1. 52.1 Everyone Needs an Editor
  2. 52.2 When Planning Your Foray into Academic Writing, Keep It Simple
  3. 52.3 Learn to Use a Good Reference Software Program
  4. 52.4 Become Your Own Line Editor
  5. 52.5 Minimize Acronyms
  6. 52.6 Beware of Predatory Journals
  7. 52.7 Check Your Numbers – Then Check Them Again
  8. 52.8 Fully Involve Your Co‐authors
  9. 52.9 Observe the Copyright Laws
  10. 52.10 Once Your Accepted Article Is in Production, Check Your Proof Carefully
  11. References
5. 53 The Art of Organizing Your Research Content
  1. 53.1 The Art of Organizing Your Research Content
  2. 53.2 The Outline
  3. 53.3 Organization by Section
  4. 53.4 How to Approach Content Organization
  5. References
6. 54 Economy of Writing: How to Write Technical Content
  1. 54.1 Planning
  2. 54.2 The Process
  3. 54.3 General Writing Issues
  4. 54.4 Epilogue
7. 55 Writing an Effective Title and Abstract
  1. 55.1 An Effective Title
  2. 55.2 Preparation of the Abstract
  3. 55.3 Features of a Quality Abstract
  4. 55.4 Editing of the Abstract
  5. Further Reading
8. 56 Writing the Results Section
  1. 56.1 Introduction
  2. 56.2 Content
  3. 56.3 Language, Style, and Organization
  4. 56.4 Accuracy of Findings and Presentation of Data
  5. 56.5 Use of Tables and Illustrative Materials
  6. References
9. 57 Writing the Discussion Section for Original Research Articles
  1. 57.1 Introduction
  2. 57.2 Purpose of a Discussion Section
  3. 57.3 What and How to Discuss
  4. References
10. 58 Reporting a Clinical Trial
  1. 58.1 Evidence‐Based Medicine
  2. 58.2 Quality of Clinical Trials
  3. 58.3 Writing Your Manuscript
  4. References
11. 59 Publishing a Case Report
  1. 59.1 Introduction
  2. 59.2 Clinicians Are Rich Sources for Unique Medical and Surgical Cases
  3. 59.3 The Importance of Publishing Case Reports
  4. 59.4 When Should a Case Report Be Written?
  5. 59.5 If You Publish Your Case Report, Who Will Be Interested in Reading It?
  6. 59.6 Do You Have Sufficient Material for a Case Report?
  7. 59.7 Choosing the Right Journal
  8. 59.8 Ethical Considerations: Patient and Institution
  9. 59.9 From Case Studies to Large‐Scale Clinical Studies
  10. References
12. 60 Writing Editorials
  1. 60.1 What Is an Editorial?
  2. 60.2 Who Can Write an Editorial?
  3. 60.3 Contents of a Typical Editorial
  4. 60.4 Key Point for Writing Editorials
  5. References
13. 61 Writing a Letter to the Editor
  1. 61.1 What Is a Letter to the Editor?
  2. 61.2 How to Approach Writing a Letter to the Editor
  3. 61.3 What Happens When Your Letter Has Been Accepted?
  4. Further Reading
14. 62 Writing a Book Review
  1. 62.1 Introduction
  2. 62.2 Strategy for Crafting Book Reviews
  3. 62.3 Negative and Positive Book Reviews
  4. 62.4 Editorial Guidance
  5. 62.5 Checklist for Writing a Book Review
  6. References
15. 63 Use of Illustrations and Figures to Enhance Scientific Presentations and Publications
  1. 63.1 Introduction
  2. 63.2 What Is Medical Illustration?
  3. 63.3 Types of Illustrations
  4. 63.4 Illustrations and Research Design
  5. 63.5 Sourcing Illustrations
  6. 63.6 Collaborations
  7. 63.7 Conclusion
  8. Further Reading
16. 64 How to Prepare Supplemental Materials for Scientific Publications
  1. 64.1 Introduction
  2. 64.2 Definition of Supplemental Materials
  3. 64.3 How to Decide What Is Supplementary
  4. 64.4 Types of Supplemental Materials and How to Prepare Them
  5. 64.5 Online Storage and Access
  6. 64.6 Conclusions
  7. References
17. 65 Reference‐Management Software
  1. 65.1 Introduction
  2. 65.2 Situational Example
  3. 65.3 What Is on the Market?
  4. 65.4 What to Expect from an RMS
  5. 65.5 Working in Collaboration and Sharing
  6. 65.6 In‐Computer versus Cloud
  7. 65.7 All Is Well? What Does the Future Hold?
  8. References
  9. Further Reading
Section IX: Biostatistics
1. 66 Basic Statistical Analysis for Original Studies
  1. 66.1 Introduction
  2. 66.2 Measures of Central Tendencies
  3. 66.3 Types of Data
  4. 66.4 Distribution of Data
  5. 66.5 Transformation (Normalization) of Data
  6. 66.6 Measures of Variability
  7. 66.7 P‐Value and its Importance
  8. 66.8 Outliers
  9. 66.9 Various Statistical Tests and their Uses
  10. 66.10 Nonparametric Tests
  11. 66.11 Statistical Power
  12. 66.12 Determination of Sample Size
  13. 66.13 Establishing a Statistical Relationship
  14. 66.14 Interpretation of Interactions
  15. 66.15 Determination of Statistical Causality
  16. 66.16 Adjustment of Covariates in Clinical Trials
  17. 66.17 Statistical Software Packages
  18. Acknowledgments
  19. References
  20. Further Reading
2. 67 An Overview of Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
  1. 67.1 Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses
  2. 67.2 Structure of a Meta‐Analysis
  3. 67.3 Role of Meta‐Analysis in Evidence‐Based Medicine
  4. 67.4 Critical Appraisal Sheet for Systematic Reviews
  5. References
3. 68 An Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
  1. 68.1 Introduction
  2. 68.2 Step One: Frame a Study Question
  3. 68.3 Step Two: Search the Literature and Conduct Initial Screening
  4. 68.4 Step Three: Conduct Risk of Bias Appraisal of Full Texts
  5. 68.5 Step Four: Abstract Data from Individual Studies
  6. 68.6 Step Five: Assess Whether the Studies Are Homogeneous
  7. 68.7 Step Six: Conduct Fixed Effects or Random Effects Meta‐analysis and Perform Sensitivity Analyses
  8. 68.8 Conclusion
  9. References
4. 69 Missing Values: How to Treat Them Appropriately
  1. 69.1 Introduction
  2. 69.2 Types of Missingness
  3. 69.3 Linear Regression Models
  4. 69.4 Modern Approaches to the Problem of Missing Data
  5. References
Section X: Academic Networking
1. 70 Essentials of Interviewing for Prospective Medical Students and Residents
  1. 70.1 The Importance of a Great Interview
  2. 70.2 General Interview Skills
  3. 70.3 Conversational Ability
  4. 70.4 Advocating for Oneself
  5. 70.5 A Note on Honesty
  6. 70.6 Explaining Weaknesses on an Application
  7. 70.7 Preparation: A Means of Reducing Anxiety
  8. 70.8 Put Your Best Foot Forward: Attire and Behavior
  9. 70.9 Interview Expenses
  10. 70.10 Scheduling the Interview
  11. 70.11 Learn about the Program
  12. 70.12 Pre‐Interview Contact
  13. 70.13 The Interview Day
  14. 70.14 Post‐Interview Contact
  15. 70.15 Key Questions to Ask and Be Asked
  16. Further Reading
2. 71 Professional and Academic Societies and Meetings
  1. 71.1 Academic Societies
  2. 71.2 Professional Societies
  3. 71.3 Career Benefits
  4. 71.4 Getting Started
  5. 71.5 Conclusions
  6. References
3. 72 Getting the Most from Attending a Professional Meeting
  1. 72.1 Introduction
  2. 72.2 Choosing a Meeting
  3. 72.3 Budgeting for Travel and Housing
  4. 72.4 Surveying the Sessions
  5. 72.5 Visiting Vendors/Publishers
  6. 72.6 Presenting Your Work or Research
  7. 72.7 Getting Involved
  8. 72.8 Follow‐Up and Follow‐Through
  9. References
4. 73 Finding Research Opportunities as a Medical Student
  1. 73.1 Why Pursue Research as a Medical Student?
  2. 73.2 A Disclaimer: What Benefit Does Research Bring to the Medical Student?
  3. 73.3 Background for the Student‐Researcher
  4. 73.4 How to Find Research Opportunities as a Medical Student
  5. 73.5 Conclusions
  6. Acknowledgment
  7. References
5. 74 A Guide to Writing a Curriculum Vitae
  1. 74.1 Introduction
  2. 74.2 What Should Be Included in the CV?
  3. 74.3 Cover Page
  4. 74.4 Personal Data
  5. 74.5 Education
  6. 74.6 Professional Experience
  7. 74.7 Awards and Grants
  8. 74.8 Publications
  9. 74.9 Additional Categories
  10. 74.10 Formatting/Layout
  11. 74.11 Conclusion
  12. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Levels of creativity.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Steps for creating a mind map.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Job satisfaction by discipline and sector.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Karl Popper's pluralist concept of three interacting worlds o...
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 List of h‐type indices and their descriptions.
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Tactics for personal branding for physicians.
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Red flags in basic and clinical research.
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 The Netherlands Code of Conduct for Scientific Practice: pri...
Chapter 19
1. Table 19.1 COPE's minimum set of standards for journals.
2. Table 19.2 EASE's recommendations for authors.
3. Table 19.3 Examples of plagiarism detection tools.
Chapter 22
1. Table 22.1 Eighteen protected health information identifiers under HIPA...
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1 Regulations and guidelines for non‐US institutions seeking a...
2. Table 23.2 Selected resources containing recommendations and regulations for p...
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Foundation types.
2. Table 24.2 Major funding sources.^a
3. Table 24.3 Career timeline and relevant grant mechanisms.^a
4. Table 24.4 T32 and F32 funding mechanisms.
5. Table 24.5 Funding cycle.
6. Table 24.6 Additional tools and resources.
7. Table 24.7 Example of an essential documents binder table of contents.
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 NIH writing tips.
Chapter 26
1. Table 26.1 Types of observational study designs.
Chapter 27
1. Table 27.1 Checklist for retrospective studies.
Chapter 28
1. Table 28.1 Categorization by size of controlled clinical trials.
2. Table 28.2 Key features in the trial design.
3. Table 28.3 General features of an informed consent.
4. Table 28.4 Proposal of an informed consent structure.
5. Table 28.5 Definition of roles.
6. Table 28.6 Tasks to be performed when starting a clinical trial.
7. Table 28.7 Classification of data loss and recommendations for obtainin...
Chapter 29
1. Table 29.1 Nine categories of animal use in science and research.
2. Table 29.2 Binary classification and formulas for calculating predictiv...
Chapter 32
1. Table 32.1 The most commonly used databases in healthcare systematic re...
Chapter 37
1. Table 37.1 Types of scientific articles.
Chapter 39
1. Table 39.1 Authorship guidelines.
2. Table 39.2 Practical hints on avoiding authorship problems.
Chapter 40
1. Table 40.1 Journal impact factor and alternative metrics.
Chapter 41
1. Table 41.2 Characteristics of predatory journals and publishers (a trun...
Chapter 42
1. Table 42.1 Recourse for locating the scholarly biomedical journals.
2. Table 42.2 Journal metrics.
3. Table 42.3 Recommended approach for submitting manuscripts.
Chapter 44
1. Table 44.1 Basic principles to replying to decision letters.
Chapter 45
1. Table 45.1 Checklist for resubmitting the revised manuscript.
Chapter 46
1. Table 46.1 Comparison of each major medical database.
Chapter 48
1. Table 48.1 Grading of scientific evidence.
Chapter 52
1. Table 52.1 Examples of line editing. This table shows actual phrases an...
Chapter 53
1. Table 53.1 Typical order of the sections of a research paper.
Chapter 56
1. Table 56.1 2007 STROBE statement checklist for reporting observational ...
2. Table 56.2 International guidelines for reporting results of animal stu...
Chapter 58
1. Table 58.1 The CONSORT 2010 checklist of information (to be included wh...
2. Table 58.2 Clinical trial registries.
Chapter 59
1. Table 59.1 Case report self‐evaluation checklist.
2. Table 59.2 The main types of observational and treatment studies.
Chapter 62
1. Table 62.1 Strategy for crafting book reviews (based on Lee et al. 2010...
2. Table 62.2 Items important in book review (1 is the most important; 2 a...
3. Table 62.3 The statements and phrases with hidden connotations.
4. Table 62.4 Perspectives of select journals on book reviews.
5. Table 62.5 Checklist for writing a book review.
Chapter 64
1. Table 64.1 List of formats that can be used in direct placement into po...
Chapter 65
1. Table 65.1 Some individual reference management software and their feat...
Chapter 66
1. Table 66.1 A 2 × 2 contingency table.
2. Table 66.2 Common statistical tests used for analysis of data depending...
Chapter 68
1. Table 68.1 Explanation of PICO.
2. Table 68.2 Use of Boolean operators for searching mindfulness meditatio...
3. Table 68.3 A crosstab showing abstraction of data elements for studies ...
Chapter 69
1. Table 69.2 SPSS analysis of the EM‐imputed dataset.
Chapter 70
1. Table 70.1 Common interview questions.
2. Table 70.2 Common questions to ask an interviewer.
Chapter 73
1. Table 7.1 Rankings of the importance of Academic Selection Criteria fro...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 La Jolla, oil on canvas, 2014, by Anthony V. D'Antoni.
2. Figure 4.2 Mind map of a textbook chapter on the assessment and treatment ...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 The Dunning‐Kruger effect. (a): The unbiased relationship betwe...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Three elements of career satisfaction.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Personal branding process.
2. Figure 15.2 Elements of a positioning.
3. Figure 15.3 The SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and t...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 A direct relationship exists between journal impact factor and...
2. Figure 17.2 The spectrum of scientific misconduct.
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 COPE guideline: What to do if you suspect plagiarism: Suspecte...
2. Figure 19.2 COPE guideline: What to do if you suspect plagiarism: Suspecte...
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Grant life cycle.
Chapter 26
1. Figure 26.1 Case‐control study design.
2. Figure 26.2 Prospective cohort study design.
Chapter 27
1. Figure 27.1 Research question in the retrospective studies. The ultimate s...
Chapter 28
1. Figure 28.1 Categorization by study design: schematic representation of pa...
2. Figure 28.2 Organizational diagram of clinical trial staff.
Chapter 29
1. Figure 29.1 Pathway comparisons between the human burns, trauma, and endot...
2. Figure 29.2 Variation in bioavailability among species..
3. Figure 29.3 Importance of initial conditions.
4. Figure 29.4 Drug development in the future..
Chapter 31
1. Figure 31.1 Proportional increase in the articles from Web of Science and ...
2. Figure 31.2 Types of literature review. Reviews can (i) be on the short (m...
3. Figure 31.3 Conceptual diagram of the present chapter. Writing a literatur...
4. Figure 31.4 Interactions between research, readership, literature reviews,...
Chapter 32
1. Figure 32.1 Number of Medline‐listed randomized controlled trials publishe...
Chapter 33
1. Figure 33.1 Algorithm outlining the creation of clinical practice guidelin...
Chapter 42
1. Figure 42.1 Journal categories based on the intended audience.
Chapter 46
1. Figure 46.1 Use of controlled vocabulary. MeSH is the National Library of ...
2. Figure 46.2 Boolean logic.
Chapter 48
1. Figure 48.1 Cornerstones of evidence‐based medicine (EBM).
2. Figure 48.2 Peer‐review process.
Chapter 54
1. Figure 54.1 This was a color graph of an acceleration time history based o...
2. Figure 54.2 The same graph as in Figure 54.1 with the same vibrant colors....
3. Figure 54.3 Although this color image is being reduced to grayscale for th...
4. Figure 54.4 The first thing to do is go to the Image menu | Image rotation...
5. Figure 54.5 Now select the main image layer again. In order to square up t...
6. Figure 54.6 The last two things will be to crop the image and to resize it...
7. Figure 54.7 The radiograph on the right was labeled with “Patient x” in Ph...
Chapter 58
1. Figure 58.1 The synthesis of clinical expertise, available evidence and pa...
2. Figure 58.2 Flow chart template of patient inclusion, follow‐up, and analy...
3. Figure 58.3 Example of the different framing of the same results. The righ...
Chapter 65
1. Figure 65.1 Mendeley desktop user interface.
2. Figure 65.2 Endnote user interface. Researchers may import citations autom...
3. Figure 65.3 An RMS interface becomes a database on its own, as researchers...
4. Figure 65.4 RMSs integrate with word processors. Here, you can see “Add‐In...
5. Figure 65.5 Zotero is a Firefox extension. Once downloaded, a few RMSs rem...
6. Figure 65.6 Example of an RMS's native search box where you may search and...
Chapter 66
1. Figure 66.1 Diagram showing normal distribution curve with negative and po...
2. Figure 66.2 Correlation plots showing positive or direct (b and d) and neg...
Chapter 67
1. Figure 67.1 Example of a forest plot from a quantitative systematic review...
Chapter 68
1. Figure 68.1 Steps of conducting meta‐analysis.
2. Figure 68.2 PRISMA Chart: the preferred reporting items for systematic rev...
3. Figure 68.3 Forest plot.
4. Figure 68.4 Funnel plot.
5. Figure 68.5 Meta regression.
Chapter 73
1. Figure 73.1 How to find research opportunities as a medical student.

List of Contributors

Paul S. Agutter
Theoretical Medicine and Biology Group
Glossop, Derbyshire
United Kingdom

Katherine G. Akers
Shiffman Medical Library
Wayne State University
Detroit, MI
USA

Eyyub S. M. Al‐Beyati
School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy
Ankara University
Ankara
Turkey

and

School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery
Ankara University
Ankara
Turkey

Naomi Andall
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Rebecca Andall
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Nihal Apaydin
Department of Anatomy and Brain Research Center, Faculty of Medicine
Ankara University
Ankara
Tur

Anastasia A. Arynchyna
Department of Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA

Arindam Basu
School of Health Sciences
University of Canterbury
Christchurch
New Zealand

Jeffrey Beall
Retired from Jeffrey Beall Auraria Library
University of Colorado Denver
Denver, CO
USA

Frederic J. Bertino
Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta, GA
USA

and

Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Bharti Bhusnurmath
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Shivayogi Bhusnurmath
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Anand N. Bosmia
Department of Psychiatry, LSU Health Sciences Center
Shreveport, LA
USA

Philip R. Brauer
Department of Clinical Anatomy
Kansas City University of Medicine & Biosciences
Kansas City, MO
USA

Sandra M. Buerger
Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Boston University, College of General Studies
Boston, MA
USA

Gernot Buerger
Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Boston University, College of General Studies
Boston, MA
USA

Tracy E. Bunting‐Early
Bunting Medical Communications
Newark, DE
USA

Jacopo Buti
School of Dentistry
The University of Manchester
Manchester
UK

Marcoen J.T.F. Cabbolet
Department of Philosophy
Free University of Brussels
Brussels
Belgium

Loretta Cacace
Division of Anatomy, Department of Radiology
Weill Cornell Medicine
New York, NY
USA

Stephen W. Carmichael
Department of Anatomy, Mayo Clinic, Emeritus Center
Rochester, MN
USA

Ayhan Cömert
School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy
Ankara University
Ankara
Turkey

Arthur C. Croft
Spine Research Institute of San Diego
San Diego, CA
USA

Mariana Cuceu
Program on Medicine and Religion
The University of Chicago
Chicago, IL
USA

and

Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy
Iasi
Romania

Marcel Cuceu
Romanian Catholic Byzantine Diocese of Saint George
Canton, OH
USA

Anthony V. D'Antoni
Division of Anatomy, Department of Radiology
Weill Cornell Medicine
New York, NY
USA

Ganesh N. Dakhale
Department of Pharmacology
Government Medical College
Nagpur, Maharashtra
India

Michael Dieter
College of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Health Information Sciences
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL
USA

Jamie Dow
Department of Neurosurgery
Vanderbilt University Medical School
Nashville, TN
USA

Leslie A. Duncan
Dartmouth College
Hanover, NH
USA

Jean Anderson Eloy
Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Newark, NJ
USA

Edzard Ernst
Department of Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School
University of Exeter
Exeter
UK

Joseph Fernandez
Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery
Houston, TX
USA

Adam J. Folbe
Department of Neurological Surgery
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Newark, NJ
USA

Jerzy Gielecki
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Juan Guillermo Gormaz
Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
University of Chile
Santiago
Chile

Maria J. Grant
Liverpool John Moores University
Liverpool
UK

Ray Greek
Americans for Medical Advancement
Goleta, CA
USA

Christoph J. Griessenauer
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA

Department of Neurosurgery
Geisinger,
Danville, PA
USA

and

Research Institute of Neurointervention
Paracelsus Medical University
Salzburg
Austria

James Hartley
School of Psychology
Keele University, Staffordshire
UK

Daniel Hasson
Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
University of Chile
Santiago
Chile

Mark P. Henderson
Theoretical Medicine and Biology Group
Glossop, Derbyshire
UK

Philipp Hendrix
Department of Neurosurgery,
Saarland University Hospital
Homburg, Saar
Germany

Sachin K. Hiware
Department of Pharmacology
Government Medical College
Nagpur, Maharashtra
India

Barbara J. Hoogenboom
Department of Physical Therapy
Grand Valley State University
Grand Rapids, MI
USA

David C. Howell
Department of Psychological Sciences
University of Vermont
Burlington, VT
USA

R. Peter Iafrate
Health Center IRB
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL
USA

Beatrice Gabriela Ioan
Faculty of Medicine
University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”
Romania

Talal A. Kaiser
Department of Internal Medicine
University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Hartford, CT
USA

Kyle E. Karches
Internal Medicine Residency Program
The University of Chicago Medicine
Chicago, IL
USA

Marion Karl
Lure Animations
Reno, NV
USA

John R.W. Kestle
Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA

Sung Deuk Kim
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Kristin L. Kraus
Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA

José Florencio F. Lapeña
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Philippine General Hospital
University of the Philippines Manila
Manila
Philippines

Matías Libuy
Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
University of Chile
Santiago
Chile

Marios Loukas
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Thomas F. Lüscher
Heart Division
Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College
London
UK

and

Center for Molecular Cardiology
University Zürich
Zürich
Switzerland

and

European Heart Journal Editorial Office
Zurich Heart House
Zürich
Switzerland

Mohini S. Mahatme
Department of Pharmacology
Government Medical College
Nagpur, Maharashtra
India

Chrisovalantis Malesios
Department of Environment
University of the Aegean Mytilene
Greece

James M. Markert
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA

Izet Masic
Faculty of Medicine
University of Sarajevo
Sarajevo
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Petru Matusz
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

S. Jane Millward‐Sadler
Newcastle University
Manchester
UK

Haley J. Moon
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Fort Wayne, IN
USA

Dan O'Brien
Rhazes Publishing
Birmingham, AL
USA

Aasim I. Padela
MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics
The University of Chicago
USA

John Panaretos
Department of Statistics
Athens University of Economics and Business
Athens
Greece

Toral R. Patel
Department of Cardiology
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA
USA

Daxa M. Patel
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA

Sanjay Patel
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Marco Pautasso
Forest Pathology and Dendrology
Institute for Integrative Biology
ETH Zurich, Zurich
Switzerland

and

Animal and Plant Health Unit
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
Parma
Italy

Wilfred C.G. Peh
Department of Diagnostic Radiology
Khoo Teck Puat Hospital
Singapore
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
The National University of Singapore
Singapore

Matusz Petru
Department of Anatomical Sciences
St. George's University School of Medicine
Grenada
West Indies

Sonali A. Pimpalkhute
Department of Pharmacology
Government Medical College
Nagpur, Maharashtra
India

Paul Posadzki
The Centre for Public Health
Liverpool John Moores University
Liverpool
UK

Sarah B. Putney
Administrative Compliance, Internal Audit Division
Emory University
Atlanta, GA
USA

Vijay M. Ravindra
Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA

Jay K. Riva‐Cambrin
Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children's Hospital
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
USA

Michelle K. Roach
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, TN
USA

Ramón Rodrigo
Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine
University of Chile
Santiago
Chile

Priyanka Shah
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Newark, NJ
USA

Chevis Shannon
Department of Neurosurgery
Vanderbilt University Medical School
Nashville, TN
USA

Mohammadali M. Shoja
Division of General Surgery
University of Illinois at Chicago Metropolitan Group Hospitals
Chicago, IL
USA

George K. Simon
Character Development
Forensic, and Clinical Psychology
Little Rock, AR
USA

Walavan Sivakumar

Cristinel Stefanescu
Faculty of Medicine
University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”
Romania

Peter F. Svider
Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Detroit, MI
USA

Paul Tremblay
Sidney Druskin Memorial Library
New York College of Podiatric Medicine
New York, NY
USA

R. Shane Tubbs
Seattle Science Foundation
Seattle, WA
USA

Avinash V. Turankar
Department of Pharmacology
Government Medical College
Nagpur, Maharashtra
India

Dirk T. Ubbink
Department of Surgery
Amsterdam University's Academic Medical Center
Amsterdam
The Netherlands

Paige E. Vargo
Department of Internal Medicine
Northeast Ohio Medical University
Rootstown, OH
USA

Joel A. Vilensky
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Fort Wayne, IN
USA

Elizabeth Wager
SideView
Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire
UK

Thomas P. Walker
Holy Spirit Library
Cabrini University
Radnor, PA
USA

Beverly C. Walters
Department of Neurosurgery
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, AL
USA

Peter J. Ward
West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine
Lewisburg, WV
USA

Koichi Watanabe
Department of Anatomy
Kurume University School of Medicine
Fukuoka
Japan

Bradley K. Weiner
Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston Methodist Hospital
The Methodist Hospital Research Institute
Houston, TX
USA

Bulent Yalcin
Department of Anatomy, Gulhane Medical Faculty
University of Health Sciences
Ankara
Turkey

Marilyn Michael Yurk
Department of Neurological Surgery
Indiana University School of Medicine
Indianapolis, IN
USA

Faizan Zaheer
School of Dentistry
The University of Manchester
Manchester
UK

Genevieve Pinto Zipp
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Graduate Programs in Health Sciences
Seton Hall University
South Orange, NJ
USA

A Guide to the Scientific Career

Virtues, Communication, Research, and AcademicWriting

Copyright

List of Contributors