Polity
Copyright © Bandana Purkayastha and Farhan Navid Yousaf 2019
The right of Bandana Purkayastha and Farhan Navid Yousaf to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published in 2019 by Polity Press
Polity Press
65 Bridge Street
Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK
Polity Press
101 Station Landing
Suite 300
Medford, MA 02155, USA
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-2130-2
ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-2131-9 (pb)
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Purkayastha, Bandana, 1956- author. | Yousaf, Farhan Navid, author.
Title: Human trafficking: trade for sex, labor, and organs / Bandana Purkayastha, Farhan Yousaf.
Description: Medford, MA : polity, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018013002 (print) | LCCN 2018022967 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509521340 (Epub) | ISBN 9781509521302 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509521319 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: Human trafficking. | Human trafficking victims. | Organ trafficking. | Organ trafficking victims.
Classification: LCC HQ281 (ebook) | LCC HQ281 .P87 2018 (print) | DDC 364.1551–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018013002
Typeset in 10.5 on 12 pt Sabon
by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Elcograf S.p.A.
The publisher has used its best endeavors to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.
For further information on Polity, visit our website:
politybooks.com
There are many reports and scholarly collections on trafficking today. Many are easily available via simple web searches. So why did we decide to write another book? We were primarily motivated by the experiences of victims of trafficking for sex, labor, and organs. We learned how people can be trafficked repeatedly at different stages of their lives. This led us to think of a trafficking continuum, instead of following policies and remedies that tend to think of discrete forms of trafficking. As we delved into the subject, and examined efforts around the world, it was clear that many of the efforts were focused on helping victims after trafficking. The root causes – structural inequalities, wars and conflicts, the rapidly expanding political terrain in which migrants encounter new barriers to accessing rights – were rarely addressed. At the same time, without adequate resources for the future, shelters and camps can become the sites for trafficking and/or human smuggling. Thus, we are at a juncture when we are likely to witness ever-growing numbers of people who are vulnerable to trafficking, while our efforts to punish (the perpetrators) and rescue and rehabilitate (the victims) are unlikely to prevent the creation of new victims. Drawing on the scholarly and policy accounts of cases around the world, we wanted to emphasize trafficking from the point of view of human security, where people are enmeshed in a global-to-local world of policies, laws, efforts, practices, and interactions, as they attempt to build lives of human dignity.
We would like to thank Jonathan Skerrett of Polity Press, our acquisitions editor, without whose encouragement this book would not have been completed. A sincere thanks to Cia Waring for reading through the document and asking us to clarify many ideas. Fiona Sewell was an amazing copyeditor. And we thank our family members for their constant support as we worked nights and weekends to coordinate our efforts across a 10-hour time divide.
| AIWA | Asian Immigrant Workers Advocates |
| ATIP | Anti-Trafficking in Persons |
| CAST | Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking |
| CATW | Coalition Against Trafficking in Women |
| EU | European Union |
| GAATW | Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women |
| GSI | Global Slavery Index |
| HRW | Human Rights Watch |
| ICE | US Immigration and Customs Enforcement |
| ILO | International Labour Organization |
| INGOs | international non-governmental organizations |
| IOM | International Organization for Migration |
| MOM | Ministry of Manpower |
| MSE | multiple systems estimation |
| NGOs | non-governmental organizations |
| NOWCRJ | New Orleans Workers’ Center for Racial Justice |
| OHCHR | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |
| PACHTO | Prevention and Control of Human Trafficking Ordinance |
| SAARC | South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation |
| SLBFE | Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment |
| SPLC | Southern Poverty Law Center |
| TIP | Trafficking in Persons [annual US Department of State report] |
| TVPA | Trafficking Victims Protection Act |
| UAE | United Arab Emirates |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| UN | United Nations |
| UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |
| UNODC | United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |
| US | United States |
| USD | United States dollar |
| VAWA | Violence Against Women Act |
| WHO | World Health Organization |