Contents
Cover Preface Chapter 1: Topological Design of Graphene
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Topological Design for Engineering Strength, Morphology, and Toughness of Graphene
1.3 Applications of Topologically Designed Graphene
1.4 Fabrication Techniques of Topologically Designed Graphene
1.5 Outlook
References
Chapter 2: Graphene at the Metal–Oxide Interface: A New Approach to Modify the Chemistry of Supported Metals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fabrication of Model Metal/Graphene/Oxide Samples
2.3 Effect of Graphene on the Cobalt–Oxide Support Interaction
2.4 Effect of Graphene on the PtCo-Oxide Support Interaction
2.5 Stability of Graphene
2.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: The Combinatorial Structure of Graphene
3.1 Basic Definitions and Results
3.2 Kekulé Structures
3.3 Internal Defects
3.4 Curvature
References
Chapter 4: Interacting Electrons in Graphene
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Model
4.3 Numerical Implementation
4.4 Fermi Velocity Renormalization
4.5 Optical Response
4.6 Drude Weight
4.7 Precise QMC Study of Graphene Conductivity
4.8 Conclusion
4.9 Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Computational Determination of the Properties of Graphene Nanoribbons
5.1 Computational Material Science
5.2 Graphene
5.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Synthetic Electric Fields Influence the Non-Stationary Processes in Graphene
6.1 Introduction
6.2 New Loss Mechanism in Graphene Nanoresonators Due to the Synthetic Electric Fields Caused by Inherent Out-of-Plane Membrane Corrugations
6.3 Surface Corrugations Influence on Monolayer Graphene Electromagnetic Response
6.4 Radiative Decay Effects Influencing the Local Electromagnetic Response of the Monolayer Graphene with Surface Corrugations in Terahertz Range
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Interaction and Manipulation of Bi Adatoms on Monolayer Epitaxial Graphene
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Long-Range Interactions of Bismuth Growth on MEG
7.3 Low-Dimensional Structures of Bismuth on MEG
7.4 The Energetically Favorable Distribution of Bi Adatoms Using First-Principles Calculations
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Strain Engineering: Electromechanical Properties of Graphene
8.1 The Era of Strain Engineering of Graphene
8.2 Electronic Dispersion of Graphene and Dirac Fermions
8.3 Dirac Fermions in External Magnetic Field and Landau Levels
8.4 Dirac Hamiltonian of Graphene in Strain Field and Pseudomagnetic Field
8.5 The Coupling between Strain Field and Hopping Energy
8.6 The Coupling between Strain Field and Pseudomagnetic Field
8.7 Pseudo Landau Levels and Pseudospin Polarization
8.8 Strain-Induced Pseudomagnetic Field Greater Than 300 T
8.9 Graphene Drumheads and On-Demand Activation of Pseudomagnetic Field
8.10 Strain Engineering of Pseudomagnetic Field: Triaxial Stretching
8.11 Strain Engineering of Pseudomagnetic Field: Uniaxial Stretching
8.12 Strain Engineering towards Topological Insulators and Valleytronics
8.13 Summary
References
Chapter 9: Characteristic Mechanical Responses of Graphene Membranes
9.1 Characteristic Tensile Fracture of Polycrystalline Graphene
9.2 Compressive Mechanical Response of Polycrystalline Graphene
9.3 The GB Orientation Effects on the Tensile Fracture
9.4 Orientation-Dependent Tensile Fracture in Monocrystalline Graphene
9.5 Two-Dimensional Tensile Systems: Nanoindention
References
Chapter 10: Graphene and Its Derivatives as Platforms for MALDI-MS
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS)
10.3 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives for the Analysis of Large Biomolecules
10.4 Application of Graphene and Its Derivatives for the Analysis of Small Molecules
10.5 Graphene Application for Extraction and Separation Prior to Analysis Using MALDI-MS
10.6 Extraction and Separation of Proteins and Peptides Using Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
10.7 Extraction and Separation of Small Molecules Using Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
10.8 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Characterization and Dynamic Manipulation of Graphene by In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy at Atomic Scale
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Development of TEM Technologies
11.3 Characterization of the Intrinsic Properties of Graphene
11.4 Dynamic Manipulation of Graphene
11.5 Outlook and Challenges
References
Chapter 12: Peculiarities of Quasi-Particle Spectra in Graphene Nanostructures
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Electron and Phonon Spectra of Ultrathin Graphene Nanofilms
12.3 Effect of Defects to Electron and Phonon Spectra
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Complex Refractive Index (RI) of Graphene
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Theoretical Predictions of Complex RI of Graphene
13.3 Measurements of Complex RI of Graphene
13.4 Summary
References
Chapter 14: Fractional Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene, a Topological Approach
14.1 Introduction
14.2 CF Model of FQHE in Topology Terms
14.3 Hierarchy of FQHE in Graphene
14.4 Comparison with Experiment
14.5 Conclusion
Appendix 14.6 Degeneracy of LLL in Tight Binding Approximation for Bilayer Graphene
Appendix 14.7 Cyclotron Braid Commensurability for FQHE States in the LLL in Conventional 2DEG
Appendix 14.8 Trial Wave Functions for FQHE States in the LLL in Conventional 2DEG
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15: Graphene Plasmonic: Switching Applications
15.1 Graphene Plasmonic
15.2 Category of Switching Devices
15.3 Graphene Properties
15.4 Research Methods
15.5 Graphene Surface Conductivity Calculation
15.6 Graphene-Based Switching Devices
15.7 Graphene Plasmonic Metasurface-Based Switching Structures
15.8 Future Roadmap
15.9 Closing Thoughts
References
Chapter 16: Theoretical Study and Numerical Modeling of Graphene’s Electromagnetic Response
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Graphene Surface Conductivity
16.3 Electromagnetic Response on Electrically Biased Graphene
16.4 Electromagnetic Response on Magnetically Biased Graphene
16.5 Numerical Modeling of Graphene
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Graphene-Like AN B8−N Compounds on Metals and Semiconductors
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Graphene-Like Compounds on Metals
17.3 Graphene-Like Compounds on Semiconductors
17.4 Adsorption on Graphene-Like Compounds
17.5 Conclusion
Appendix 17.A
Appendix 17.B
Appendix 17.C
References
Chapter 18: Lower Dimensional Materials
18.1 2D Crystals
18.2 Electromagnetism
18.3 The Graphene Test Bed
18.4 Discussion
18.5 Non-Commutative Maxwell’s Equation
18.6 Two Dimensional Structures—A Recap
References
Chapter 19: Nature of Graphene, Its Chemical Structure, Composites, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Green Technology/Methods for Synthesizing Graphene
19.3 Physics and Chemistry of Graphene
19.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 20: Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biomedical Applications of Graphene
20.3 Graphene in Stem Cell Engineering
20.4 Applications of Graphene in Tissue Engineering
20.5 Biocompatibility of Graphene
20.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Index End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Topological defects in single-layer graphene. (a–d) Schematics of topological…Figure 1.2 Unique features in topological design of graphene. (a) Migration of dislocations…Figure 1.3 Atomic structures of GB dislocations and GB energies in graphene. (a–b) Atomic…)Figure 1.4 Mechanical strength of TJ-free graphene with hexagonal GB loops and polycrystalline…)Figure 1.5 Atomic structures and energies of GBs in h-BN. (a) Atomic structures of GBs. The…)Figure 1.6 Atomic structures and energies per unit length of GBs as function of tilting angle…)Figure 1.7 3D curved shapes induced by elementary topological defects in graphene [13]. (a)…Figure 1.8 Sinusoidal graphene and catenoid graphene funnel achieved via topological design…Figure 1.9 A general methodology to design an arbitrary 3D curved graphene structure through…Figure 1.10 Topological defect design in bulk materials with enhanced mechanical properties…Figure 1.11 Interactions between cracks and topological defects in graphene. (a) Dislocation…Figure 1.12 Crack propagation behaviors in sinusoidal graphene and thin rubber sheets. (a) A…Figure 1.13 Topologically designed graphene flake to guide the growth of chirality-specific SWCNTs…Figure 1.14 Lithium adsorption on graphene enhanced by topological defects and curvature [159]…Figure 1.15 Topologically designed graphene enhances the performance of Si anode and supercapacitors…Figure 1.16 Electrical, thermal, thermoelectrical, and flexoelectrical properties of graphene…Figure 1.17 Curvature-dependent interactions between proteins, DNA molecules, and graphene surfaces…Figure 1.18 Curvature-dependent lipid extraction on graphene surfaces [199]. (a) MD simulation…Figure 1.19 Curved graphene grown on substrates with various geometries. (a) Seeded growth of…Figure 1.20 Creating topological defects in graphene via controlled irradiation or thermal excitation…Figure 1.21 Molecular-level fabrications of nanographene flakes and graphene–CNT hybrids…Figure 1.22 Outlooks for topological design of graphene: morphology and curvature; strength and…
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Schematic illustration of (a) transfer of graphene onto ZnO(0001) by wet transfer…Figure 2.2 Characterization of G/ZnO sample prepared by the wet transfer process. (a) SEM image…Figure 2.3 XPS Co 2p3/2 core level spectra of (a) Co/ZnO and (b) Co/G/ZnO upon annealing…)Figure 2.4 Top view of tapping-mode AFM images of (a) fresh Co/ZnO, (b) Co/ZnO after annealing…)Figure 2.5 Evolution of the Co average valence state (Cox+ ) as a function of the…)Figure 2.6 Schematic illustration of the evolution of Co oxidation state and morphology under…Figure 2.7 ARXPS measurement of the oxidation state of supported cobalt (O2 pressure:…)Figure 2.8 Intensity-normalized Co 2p XPS spectra of (a) PtCo/ZnO and (b) PtCo/G/ZnO recorded…)Figure 2.9 (a) Variation of the Co 2p/Pt 4f intensity ratios (RXPS ) for PtCo/ZnO…)Figure 2.10 Co average valence state evolution of PtCo/ZnO and PtCo/G/ZnO samples during the…)Figure 2.11 Pt 4f XPS spectra under various oxidation temperatures in 7 mbar O2 for…)Figure 2.12 SEM images of (a) 3D-ZnO and (b) 3D-G@ZnO. (c) STEM bright field image of PtCo/3D-ZnO,…)Figure 2.13 Co average valence state evolution of PtCo/3D-ZnO and PtCo/3D-G@ZnO during the annealing…)Figure 2.14 Schematic illustration of the graphene defects density on different samples after…Figure 2.15 (a) Raman spectra of graphene transferred on ZnO substrates before and after vacuum…Figure 2.16 Raman spectra recorded at different sample regions for (a) Co/G/ZnO and (b) Co/G/SiO2 …)Figure 2.17 (Top) Characteristic C 1s XPS spectra recorded at various stages of the Co/G/SiO2 …)
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Colorings of a graphene patch.Figure 3.2 Kekulé structures in a graphene patch.Figure 3.3 # peaks = # valleys but no Kekulé structure.Figure 3.4 Kekulé structures in a graphene patch.Figure 3.5 Smallest incompatible pairs of graphene patches.Figure 3.6 Doping patterns.Figure 3.7 Odd faces: one edge color class around the annulus matching.Figure 3.8 An extension for the example in Figure 3.7.Figure 3.9 Curvature and the boundary.Figure 3.10 Curvature 1.Figure 3.11 Curvature 2.Figure 3.12 The left two images have curvature-1; the right two have curvature-2.Figure 3.13 0 curvature and flatness.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Band structure (undoped) along the high symmetry directions in the first Brillouin…Figure 4.2 Left: Universal expression of the renormalised Fermi velocity screening as a function…Figure 4.3 Renormalized Fermi velocity for suspended graphene (α = 2.2 with t…Figure 4.4 Renormalized Fermi velocity at the neutrality point (μ = 0) as a function…Figure 4.5 The renormalized Fermi velocity for suspended (ϵ = 1 and t = …Figure 4.6 Left: The correction to the optical conductivity C(α) of Equation 4.46 compared…Figure 4.7 The optical conductivity for suspended graphene with t = 2.7eV calculated…Figure 4.8 The half-peak width of the resolution function centered around ω =…Figure 4.9 Finite size effects in the full profile σ (ω ) in the case…Figure 4.10 Dependence of optical conductivity σ |ω= 0.7t Figure 4.11 Comparison of σ(ω ) profiles obtained from analytical continuation…Figure 4.12 Comparison of interacting case (suspended graphene) with the results for the free…
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Structure of the C60 molecule calculated by DFT.Figure 5.2 Structure of the pentacene molecule [4].Figure 5.3 Energy gap at the center of the Brillouin zone versus the length of an acene chain…Figure 5.4 Highest occupied energy level and lowest unoccupied level versus the wave vector…Figure 5.5 Illustration of the structure of a graphene sheet.Figure 5.6 Calculation of the dependence of the electronic structure of a graphene sheet on…Figure 5.7 Illustration of the structure of a zigzag (b) and armchair (a) graphene nanoribbon.Figure 5.8 Calculation of the dependence of the energy of the highest occupied orbital and…Figure 5.9 A DFT calculation of the band gap at K = 0 of an armchair graphene nanoribbon versus…Figure 5.10 Plot of the dependence of the calculated band gap versus the number of carbons in…Figure 5.11 Concept of an FET using graphene ribbons [13].Figure 5.12 A DFT calculation of the minimum energy structure of an armchair graphene nanoribbon…Figure 5.13 Calculated minimum energy structure of a boron-doped graphene ribbon [19].Figure 5.14 Calculated minimum energy structure of HO2 bonded to the boron site of…Figure 5.15 Structure of formic acid molecule.Figure 5.16 DDFT-calculated minimum energy structure of formic acid bonded to a boron-doped graphene…Figure 5.17 DFT-calculated minimum energy structure of formic acid less one H atom bonded to…
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Clean MEG surface. (a) Atomically resolved STM image of MEG on 4H-SiC (0001). (b)…Figure 7.2 STM images of Bi adatoms on MEG with (a) 0.0013 ML, (b) 0.0078 ML, and (c) 0.0092…Figure 7.3 (a) Statistical histogram N (r ) of separations between Bi adatoms obtained…Figure 7.4 (a) Linear Bi structures are represented by several colored lines (red, green, and…Figure 7.5 (a) Top- and side-view ball-and-stick representations of MEG/4H-SiC (0001). MEG,…Figure 7.6 STM images of different Bi coverage on 4H-SiC (0001) surface. (a) 0.0013 ML, (b)…Figure 7.7 (a) The atomically resolved MEG image. (b) Room-in FFT of (a) image. (c) The image…Figure 7.8 (a) The three adsorption sites considered: hollow (H ), bridge (B), and top…Figure 7.9 dI/dV spectra of as-grown graphene and Bi adatom in hexagonal array.Figure 7.10 STM images of temperature effect. (a) STM image of 0.039 ML Bi coverage. (b) Annealed…Figure 7.11 Geometric structures of silicon carbide substrate, buffer layer, monolayer graphene,…Figure 7.12 Ground-state energies of bismuth adsorption on different sites above monolayer graphene.Figure 7.13 Geometric structures of hexagonal Bi array by the (a) DFT calculation and (b) STM…Figure 7.14 Geometric structures of Bi NCs by the (a) STM measurement and (b) DFT calculations…Figure 7.15 DOS for hexagonal Bi array by the (a) DFT calculation and (b) STS measurement.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 (a) Graphene lattice in real space showing two sublattices denoted by red square…Figure 8.2 Dirac cone shift at K point before (left, black) and after (right, red) deformation.Figure 8.3 Schematic showing rather uniform pseudomagnetic field on the order of 300 T measured…Figure 8.4 (a) Schematic showing STM tip-induced deformation of graphene drumhead structure,…Figure 8.5 Schematic showing pseudomagnetic field for a regular hexagon graphene stretched by…Figure 8.6 (a) Schematic showing a graphene nanoribbon of varying width under a uniaxial stretch…Figure 8.7 Schematic showing the valley filtering properties of a pseudomagnetic field with…
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 (a) The AC and ZZ directions in graphene; (b) The tensile stress–strain plots…Figure 9.2 The structures of GBs (a–c) in tilted ZZ-oriented graphene membranes (T3 ,…Figure 9.3 The structure of graphene membrane in which two directionally opposite GBs are embedded…Figure 9.4 The stress–strain plots of (a–c) T1 , T2 , and…Figure 9.5 (a–e) The structures of T2 system corresponding to A–E in…Figure 9.6 Characteristic stress-strain plots of (a) T2 system and (b) T3 …Figure 9.7 (left) (a–g) The structural evolution of graphene into MACC during electron…Figure 9.8 (a) The illustrated grapheme–MACC–graphene modules in which the number…Figure 9.9 (a) The electronic band states of undoped and doped MACCs. (b) The illustrated laser…Figure 9.10 In situ synthesis of MACCs. (a–e) A few-layer graphene nanoribbon breaks…Figure 9.11 (a) The graphene–MACC–graphene module formed by mechanical stretching…Figure 9.12 (a, b) The structural variation of monocrystalline graphene under compression at…Figure 9.13 The variation of energy density under compression parallel to GBs for the folded…Figure 9.14 The structures of (a) ZZT1 [(2,1)|(2,1)], (b) ZZT2 [(3,2)|(3,2)],…Figure 9.15 The achievable maximum values of (a) the density and (b) the length of MACC obtained…Figure 9.16 The evolution of the density and the length of MACC during the elongation process…Figure 9.17 (a) The ultimate tensile strain and (b) its corresponding maximum stress as a function…Figure 9.18 The distributions of atomic stresses for (a) ZZT1 and (b) ZZT2 …Figure 9.19 (a) The representative nine tensile orientations selected to investigate the orientation-dependent…Figure 9.20 (a) The tensile strength and (b) the fracture strain of graphene plotted as a function…Figure 9.21 The graphene structures appearing at the fracture stage for the tensile directions…Figure 9.22 (top) The geometric variations of graphene occurring in the uniaxial tensile process…Figure 9.23 The tensile strength and the failure strain of graphene plotted as a function of…Figure 9.24 The tensile stress-strain curves of graphene obtained for a variety of tensile directions,…Figure 9.25 (a) The indentation simulations for the two-dimensional tensile systems in which…Figure 9.26 The underlying fracture mechanism in the indentation of (a) 120ZZ–60AC and…Figure 9.27 The fractured structures of graphene membranes under nanoindentation for (a) 120ZZ-60AC…
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Schematic representation for LDI-MS using graphene and its derivatives as surface.Figure 10.2 Sample preparation and analysis for proteins using graphene-assisted LDI-MS.Figure 10.3 Graphene and its derivatives for matrices or separation.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Overview of the advanced in situ TEM for versatile characterization and manipulation…Figure 11.2 Thickness characterization of graphene. (a)–(c) HRTEM images showing the one,…Figure 11.3 Layer-number determination of graphene by SAED. (a) and (b) are the calculated 3D…Figure 11.4 Characterization of the stacking modes of graphene. (a)–(f) The AA, AB, and…Figure 11.5 TEM characterization of the graphene edge. (a)–(d) The armchair and zigzag…Figure 11.6 Characterization of point defects in graphene. (a)–(b) The vacancy created…Figure 11.7 Grain boundary characterization of graphene. (a) The filtered ADF-STEM image of a…Figure 11.8 Heterostructure characterization of graphene. (a) Lateral heterostructure of graphene…Figure 11.9 In situ fabrication of graphene nanostructures by electron beam irradiation,…Figure 11.10 Characterization of the structure transition of graphene by in situ heating…Figure 11.11 In situ electrical test of graphene. (a) Electron emission of graphene nanoribbon…Figure 11.12 Mechanical property of graphene characterized by in situ AFM-TEM. (a) The…Figure 11.13 Graphene-based liquid cell for in situ TEM study. (a) TEM image of Pt colloidal…
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 (Fragment a): dispersion curves of graphene along high-symmetry directions. Inset:…Figure 12.2 The structure of graphite with the designation of radius vectors for neighbors whose…Figure 12.3 Dispersion curves of graphite along high-symmetrical directions in reciprocal space…Figure 12.4 Structure of bigraphene.Figure 12.5 Dispersion of bigraphene along the high-symmetry directions. Inset: magnified area…Figure 12.6 (Color online) LDOS of atoms pertained to different lattices of bigraphene; the dashed…Figure 12.7 The phonon density of states of bulk graphite and bilayer graphene (part a, curves…Figure 12.8 The crystal lattice of graphite: (a) ABAB stacking; (b) ABC stacking [22].Figure 12.9 The temperature dependence of mean square amplitudes of atomic displacements along…Figure 12.10 The temperature dependences of heat capacity and the contributions to it from different…Figure 12.11 The derivatives with respect to temperature of the heat capacity and the contributions…Figure 12.12 The contributions to the graphene nanotube phonon density of states from atomic displacements…Figure 12.13 The temperature dependences of heat capacity (a) and the derivative of the heat capacity…Figure 12.14 Illustrating the mechanism for the force that compresses the layers in highly anisotropic…Figure 12.15 Temperature dependences of: the mean-square displacement (a); the derivatives of…Figure 12.16 Mean-square displacements of atoms in a single-wall carbon nanotube along different…Figure 12.17 Geometry of the problem, choice of elementary cell (fragment a), and construction…Figure 12.18 Dispersion curves splitting modes εg Figure 12.19 The evolution of electronic LDOS as they move away from the boundary (the corresponding…Figure 12.20 Evolution of electron LDOS at, as the distance from the boundary, when in the system…Figure 12.21 The (fragment a)—contributions to the phonon density of states graphene on…Figure 12.22 The evolution of the distance from the zigzag boundary phonon spectral densities…Figure 12.23 The solution of Equation 12.3 for a carbon substitution impurity with nitrogen (a)…Figure 12.24 The electron densities of graphene states, for different values of interaction with…Figure 12.25 LDOS of the first, second, seventh, and tenth neighbors of an isolated vacancy (fragments…Figure 12.26 LDOS neighbors of the bivacancy, formed by two nearby vacancies. The insets of each…Figure 12.27 LDOS of the neighbors of the bivacancy, formed by two vacancies, which are the second…Figure 12.28 LDOS of the neighbors of the vacancy group formed by four vacancies—some “central”…Figure 12.29 The evolution of electron LDOS neighbors search by moving away from it.Figure 12.30 The step-edge configurations under study.Figure 12.31 Spectral densities generated by displacement along the crystallographic axis c …Figure 12.32 Atomic LDOS for the “armchair” step at the surface of bigraphene…Figure 12.33 Atomic LDOS for the “zig-zag” step at the surface of bigraphene…Figure 12.34 Partial contributions to the phonon density of states of intercalated graphite from…Figure 12.35 The upper fragments are the phonon density of states of intercalated graphite and…Figure 12.36 Partial contributions of vibrations along the axis c in phonon DOS pure (curve…
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 (a) Graphene suspended on a 50 μm aperture hole, absorbing 2.3% of white light…Figure 13.2 (a) The σ bond and the π-electron orbital [15] and (b) the full electronic…Figure 13.3 (a) Complex RI of graphene derived from the universal optical conductivity and the…Figure 13.4 Graphene on Si wafer with two different oxide thicknesses, 300 nm for both (a) and…Figure 13.5 (a) Reflection contrast spectrum of graphene on Si/SiO2 (285 nm) (From Ref. [27],…Figure 13.6 Graphene’s RI as functions of wavelength measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry…Figure 13.7 (a) (Principles of picometrology) A focused Gaussian beam scans across a graphene…Figure 13.8 (a) Simplified schematic of the experimental setup for the simultaneous reflection…Figure 13.9 (a) The SPR reflectance imaging layout, where the far-field reflected light is captured…Figure 13.10 (a) The ATR reflectance measurement layout. (M: beam splitter, H: half-wave plate:…Figure 13.11 (a) A graphene sample laid on a BK7 glass slide coated with 48-nm thick Au film,…Figure 13.12 Reported complex RI values by various methods: reflection spectroscopy [24, 27–28],…
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Example of nonhomotopic trajectories obtained by addition of various braids to 2-particle…Figure 14.2 The geometrical presentation of the braid generator σj (top-left…Figure 14.3 Illustration of the commensurability between the cyclotron orbits (schematically…Figure 14.4 Fitting of cyclotron braid hierarchy for FQHE in monolayer graphene in three first…Figure 14.5 In bilayer system, there are two possible topologically nonequivalent types of three-loop…Figure 14.6 If two-loop orbit is divided among two layers (b), then the size of both loops is…Figure 14.10 For comparison—measurement of resistivity Rxx in conventional…Figure 14.7 When electrons can hop between two sheets of bilayer graphene, the topology of single-loop…Figure 14.8 Longitudinal resistivity Rxx measured in bilayer graphene (encapsulated…Figure 14.9 Resistivity Rxx for bilayer graphene experiment [15] for two first…Figure 14.11 Fan diagram for R(v, B ) in monolayer graphene up to 11 T from experiment [11]…Figure 14.12 Observation of FQHE at T = 0.25 K in bilayer suspended graphene, magnetoresistance…Figure 14.13 Position of sublattices in bilayer graphene and various hopping ways for electrons…Figure 14.14 Comparison of the hierarchy (Equation 14.10) with all measured fractional filling…Figure 14.15 The braid cyclotron subgroups generators for several selected filling fractions (e,…
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 The free space graphene plasmonic structure.Figure 15.2 The schematic of an optical graphene plasmonic switch.Figure 15.3 Upper panel: The insertion loss that is expressed with the ratio of output power…Figure 15.4 The conception of Goos–Hänchen shift.Figure 15.5 The lateral shift through Goos–Hänchen shift.Figure 15.6 The Imbert–Fedorov shift. LGH is attributed to longitudinal shifts…Figure 15.7 The structure of a single graphene sheet.Figure 15.8 The monolayer graphene structure.Figure 15.9 Electronic dispersion in the honeycomb lattice and zoom of the energy bands close…Figure 15.10 The Kretschmann (lower panel) and Otto (upper panel) configurations.Figure 15.11 The plasmonic structure based on noble metal (i.e., gold) for lateral shift.Figure 15.12 The Otto plasmonic setup-based silver for lateral shift.Figure 15.13 The experimental setup for lateral shift based on metal clad structure.Figure 15.14 The prism waveguide for enhancing GH shift.Figure 15.15 The prism plasmonic waveguide for increasing lateral shift.Figure 15.16 The experimental setup for prism waveguide structure.Figure 15.17 The lateral shift in a graphene plasmonic structure.Figure 15.18 The lateral shift.Figure 15.19 The Gaussian beam spectrum.Figure 15.20 The IF shift of incident light beam.Figure 15.21 The schematic of multilayer structure.Figure 15.22 The transfer matrix model of multilayer structure.Figure 15.23 The band structure of monolayer graphene before and after applied external voltage.Figure 15.24 The normal surface conductivity of graphene.Figure 15.25 The chemical potential of graphene as a function of external voltage.Figure 15.26 The imaginary part of surface conductivity of graphene.Figure 15.27 The real part of surface conductivity of graphene.Figure 15.28 The real and imaginary part of GPM as a function of chemical potential.Figure 15.29 The real and imaginary part of graphene surface conductivity as a function of chemical…Figure 15.30 The proposed graphene-containing structure for huge GH shift of TM incident waves.Figure 15.31 The distributed circuit model of the graphene-containing structure for TM polarization.Figure 15.32 Calculated phase of reflected beam as a function of incident angle with various mc.Figure 15.33 The calculated GH shift as a function of incident angle with various μc .Figure 15.34 The real and imaginary parts of surface conductivity as a function of frequency…Figure 15.35 Dispersion diagram of the TM surface modes of a simple graphene-containing structure,…Figure 15.36 The proposed GPM structure for achieving GH and IF shifts. Inset shows the coordinate…Figure 15.37 The spatial GH shift of the proposed structure for the parameter sets of µC …Figure 15.38 The spatial IF shift of the proposed structure for the parameter sets of μc =0.01… Figure 15.39 (a) The spatial GH shift and (b) the angular GH shift.Figure 15.40 (a) The spatial IF shift and (b) the angular IF shift.Figure 15.41 The dispersion diagram of the TM surface modes of a simple graphene-containing structure…
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Graphene is placed on the xz -plane and the bias fields E 0 …Figure 16.2 Energy dispersion diagram in magnetostatically biased graphene and representation…Figure 16.3 Calculation of the dyadic Green function for a graphene layer on the xz -plane…Figure 16.4 Distribution of (a) tangential and (b) normal, to graphene surface, electric field…Figure 16.5 Frequency response of graphene’s surface conductivity when (a) intraband and…Figure 16.6 Normalized, to the free space wavelength, propagation properties of the SPP waves…Figure 16.7 Frequency response of reflection and transmission coefficients of a normally incident…Figure 16.8 Graphene surface conductivity versus the chemical potential at (a) 100 GHz and (b)…Figure 16.9 Normalized, to the free-space wavelength, propagation properties of the SPP waves…Figure 16.10 Normalized, to the free-space wavelength, propagation properties of the SPP waves…Figure 16.11 Normalized, to the free-space wavelength, (a) wavelength and (b) propagation length…Figure 16.12 Normalized, to the free-space wavelength, propagation properties of the SPP waves…Figure 16.13 Normalized, to the free-space wavelength, propagation properties of the SPP waves…Figure 16.14 (a) Elliptically polarized plane wave propagating along y -axis and (b) incident…Figure 16.15 (a) Parallel and (b) perpendicular, to the excitation field, graphene surface conductivity…Figure 16.16 (a) Rotation angle and (b) axial ratio of the transmitted plane wave due to a normally…Figure 16.17 (a) Parallel and (b) perpendicular, to the excitation field, graphene surface conductivity…Figure 16.18 (a) Parallel and (b) perpendicular, to the excitation field, graphene surface conductivity…Figure 16.19 (a) Rotation angle (degrees) and (b) axial ratio (dB) of the transmitted plane wave,…Figure 16.20 Normalized, to the free-space wavelength, propagation properties of magnetoplasmons…Figure 16.21 Graphene location in a Yee cell and its modeling via a surface current density.Figure 16.22 Electric field distribution on the surface of graphene with μ C …Figure 16.23 Confinement of the surface wave onto graphene for (a) μc …Figure 16.24 Wavelength of the surface wave onto graphene for (a) μc …Figure 16.25 Propagation length of the surface wave onto graphene for (a) μc …Figure 16.26 Propagation properties of a graphene surface wave with μc …Figure 16.27 The location of the complex surface current components of graphene.Figure 16.28 (a) Amplitude of the transmission coefficient and (b) phase difference between the…Figure 16.29 (a) Axial ratio and (b) polarization rotation angle of a normally incident plane…Figure 16.30 Propagation properties of surface waves on magnetically biased graphene of μc …
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Schematic of the replacement of (a) atomic lattice adsorbed on a substrate by (b)…Figure 17.2 To the derivation of Equation (17.6): I is for atoms belonging to sublattice A ,…Figure 17.3 Dependence of reduced density of states I 0 from reduced energy…Figure 17.4 Dependence of reduced DOS I (x ) from reduced energy x = Ω/t …Figure 17.5 Reduced DOS I (0) of the flat structure as a function of (a) interaction constant…Figure 17.6 DOS of the buckled structure.Figure 17.7 Ratios η ± vs. buckling factor ϑ.Figure 17.8 Typical cases of the mutual arrangement of energy bands for a layer of the GLC with…Figure 17.9 Dimensionless DOS I (x ) for δ = 1.5 with parameters e …Figure 17.10 Same as in Figure 17.9, but for δ = 0.5.Figure 17.11 To the solution of inequality (17.29). Thin straight lines correspond to the parameters,…Figure 17.12 To the solution of inequality (17.34) for the parameters C = 5; δ …Figure 17.13 Dependences of the conduction band width W+ and the valence band width…
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Space–nonspace interspersed.
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Structure of graphene. Adopted from Ref. [3].Figure 19.2 (a) Chemical structure of GO. (b) Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) image of a…Figure 19.3 N-layered pristine graphene in a redox probe of hexamine-ruthenium (III) chloride…Figure 19.4 (a) Efficacy of small and (b) big graphene oxide in the inhibition of the proliferation…Figure 19.5 Flake size distribution and thickness of atomic force microscopic images of different…Figure 19.6 Graphene–nanoparticle hybrid sensor for hysteresis-based enzyme detection…Figure 19.7 Graphene nanocomposites having GO sheets decorated with gold nanoparticles graphene:…Figure 19.8 Bimetallic nanocomposites of graphene. (a) Stages of production of graphene nanosheet…
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Different applications of graphene in the biomedical area. Reprinted with permission…Figure 20.2 (A) Fluorescent pictures of actin filament of hMSCs stained with RhP and DAPI after…Figure 20.3 Enhanced neural differentiation of hNSCs on graphene films. All scale bars represent…Figure 20.4 (A) Schematic illustration of effect of rGO in MSC spheroids used in the treatment…Figure 20.5 (a) A schematic describing enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs using GO…Figure 20.6 Acute lung injury in mouse models induced by GO nanoparticles. Mice were treated…Figure 20.7 Cell morphology and viability of hMSCs cultured on different substrates. Cells were…
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Intensity ratio, average interdefect distance, and defect density of Co/G/ZnO and…
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Comparison of some experimental and calculated properties of C60 using…
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Adsorption energies and heights of various Bi adsorption sites.Table 7.2 The Bi-Bi interaction energies and total energies of various Bi NCs.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Graphite elastic modulus.Table 12.2 Graphite force constants.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Measured and calculated complex refractive index (RI) values of graphene for λ…
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Comparison of subband arrangement in bilayer graphene, monolayer graphene, and in…Table 14.2 Comparison of filling hierarchy in the LLL level in bilayer graphene for two mutually…Table 14.3 Comparison of energy values obtained by exact diagonalization and by Monte Carlo…
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Gap widths in comparison with the first-principle calculations [7, 8, 11] for free…Table 17.2 Gap widths in comparison with the first-principle calculations [7, 8, 10–12]…Table 17.3 Distances between nearest neighboring atoms a (Å), transition energy…Table 17.4 Distances between nearest neighboring atoms a
Pages
Cover
ii
iii
iv
xv
xvi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
Scrivener Publishing
Publishers at Scrivener
Handbook of Graphene comprises 8 volumes:
Volume 1: Growth, Synthesis, and Functionalization
Edited by Edvige Celasco and Alexander Chaika
ISBN 978-1-119-46855-4
Volume 2: Physics, Chemistry, and Biology
Edited by Tobias Stauber
ISBN 978-1-119-46959-9
Volume 3: Graphene-Like 2D Materials
Edited by Mei Zhang
ISBN 978-1-119-46965-0
Volume 4: Composites
Edited by Cengiz Ozkan
ISBN 978-1-119-46968-1
Volume 5: Energy, Healthcare, and Environmental Applications
Edited by Cengiz Ozkan and Umit Ozkan
ISBN 978-1-119-46971-1
Volume 6: Biosensors and Advanced Sensors
Edited by Barbara Palys
ISBN 978-1-119-46974-2
Volume 7: Biomaterials
Edited by Sulaiman Wadi Harun
ISBN 978-1-119-46977-3
Volume 8: Technology and Innovation
Edited by Sulaiman Wadi Harun
ISBN 978-1-119-46980-3
Volume 2: Physics, Chemistry, and Biology
Edited by
Tobias Stauber
Institute of Materials Science,
Spanish National Research Council,
Madrid, Spain
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Wiley Global Headquarters
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-46959-9
When Andre Geim first presented the “Electric Field Effect in Planar Single-Layer Graphene” at the March meeting of the American Physical Society in 2005, the room was barely filled and his contributed talk of 10 minutes did not receive much attention. This rapidly changed with the observation of the half-integer quantum Hall effect by his and Philip Kim’s group in the same year, promoting graphene and its family of other two-dimensional van der Waals materials to one of the most active current research areas in physics, chemistry, and also biology/medicine. After more than 10 years of worldwide research activity, the Handbook of Graphene, Volume 2, which is dedicated to selected topics in physics, chemistry, and biology, attempts to give an overview of the multitude of different research directions that are currently being taken at the international level.
Pristine graphene is nominally a semimetal, but in practice its electronic properties and structure are often modified, as examined in Chapters 2, 3, and 11. These changes can be due to topological defects (see Chapter 1), chemical adsorption (see Chapter 7), isolated vacancies (see Chapter 12), strain (see Chapter 8), or by confined geometries/nanoribbons (see Chapter 5). Electron–electron interaction can also modify graphene’s properties, as outlined in Chapters 4 and 14, which focus on the Fermi velocity renormalization and optical response as well as the magnetotransport in the extreme quantum limit, respectively. Furthermore, graphene or other two-dimensional structures often need to be described as membrane, as described in Chapters 6, 9, 17, and 18.
Among the possible applications, optoelectronic devices are arguably among the most likely ones, as reviewed and analyzed in Chapters 19 and 13 respectively. Graphene can also host highly confined surface plasmon polaritons with low losses, whose properties are discussed in Chapters 15 and 16. Finally, the use of graphene for the detection of biomolecules as well as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are described in Chapters 10 and 20 respectively.
Science is an international endeavor that needs the interconnectedness and stimuli of a large scientific community. Graphene has managed to attract the interest of numerous researchers from all over the world, which can nicely be exemplified by looking at the various contributors to this book, from countries ranging from Taiwan to India, from Nigeria to Ukraine, from Egypt to the United States, from Iran to Canada, from Korea to Poland, from Russia to France, and from Greece to Spain. May this Handbook of Graphene, Volume 2, help to further increase the connection between scientists from different countries and engage them in the common goal to better understand and exploit the fascinating properties of the ever-growing graphene family.
Tobias Stauber
Madrid, Spain
February 1, 2019
