Contents
Cover Preface Chapter 1: Graphite in Metallic Materials Growths, Structures, and Defects of Spheroidal Graphite in Ductile Iron
1.1 Graphite in Cast Irons
1.2 Growth of Spheroidal Graphite in Ductile Iron
1.3 Structure of Graphite
1.4 Crystallographic Defects in Graphite
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2: Graphene—Synthesis and Quality Optimization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Characterization of CVD Imperfections
2.3 Optimizing CVD Conditions for Enhanced Graphene Quality
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Methods of Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Fluorographenes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Chemical Modification of Graphene—Fluorographene
3.3 Stable Phases of Fluorographene—CF, C2 F, and C4 F
3.4 Synthesis Methods of Fluorographene
3.5 Atomic and Electronic Structure of Fluorographene
3.6 Quantum-Chemical Modeling of the Fluorographene Formation Processes
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Graphene–SiC Reinforced Hybrid Composite Foam: Response to High Strain Rate Deformation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Experimental Methods
4.3 Results
4.4 Discussion
4.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Atomic Structure and Electronic Properties of Few-Layer Graphene on SiC(001)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Graphene on β-SiC/Si Wafers
5.3 Atomic and Electronic Structure of Few-Layer Graphene Synthesized on β-SiC/Si(001)
5.4 Growth of Few-Layer Graphene on SiC(001)/Si(001) Wafers in UHV
5.5 Self-Aligned Graphene Nanoribbons Synthesized on Vicinal SiC(001) Surfaces: Atomic Structure and Transport Properties
5.6 Magnetic Properties of Graphene/SiC(001)
5.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Features and Prospects for Epitaxial Graphene on SiC
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Growth Mechanism of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC
6.3 Structural Features of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC
6.4 Electronic Structure and Properties of Graphene on SiC
6.5 Prospects for Graphene on SiC
6.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7: Graphitic Carbon/Graphene on Si(111) via Direct Deposition of Solid-State Carbon Atoms: Growth Mechanism and Film Characterization
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electron Beam Evaporation Technique
7.3 Experimental Setup
7.4 Growth Mechanism
7.5 Film Characterization
7.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Chemical Reactivity and Variation in Electronic Properties of Graphene on Ni(111) and Reduced Graphene Oxide
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Reactivity of Graphene toward CO
8.3 Some Applicative Aspects of Graphene
8.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Chlorophyll and Graphene: A New Paradigm of Biomimetic Symphony
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis of Graphene/Chlorophyll Nanohybrid and Applications
9.3 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 10: Graphene Structures: From Preparations to Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Synthesis
10.3 Technological Applications of Graphene
References
Chapter 11: Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Structures: Production Methods, Properties, and Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preparation of Graphene
11.3 Preparation Methods of 3D Graphene Architectures
11.4 3D Graphene Structures
11.5 Applications of 3D Graphene Architectures
11.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: Electrochemistry of Graphene Materials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Electrochemical Related Properties
12.3 Fabrication and Modification
12.4 Electrochemical Applications
12.5 Summary and Perspectives
References
Chapter 13: Hydrogen Functionalized Graphene Nanostructure Material for Spintronic Application
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Experimental Details
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.4 Role of Hydrogen for the Magnetism Behavior in Graphene: A Theoretical Idea
13.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
Chapter 14: The Impact of Uniaxial Strain and Defect Pattern on Magnetoelectronic and Transport Properties of Graphene
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Honeycomb-Lattice-Based Superstructures: Statistical Thermodynamic Approach, Low-Temperature Stability, and Ordering Kinetics
14.3 Kubo–Greenwood-Formalism-Based Modeling in the Presence of Structural Imperfections
14.4 Strain and Defect Responses in Electronic States and Transport
14.5 Fingerprints of External Magnetic Field in the Electronic Spectrum
14.6 Defect-Driven Charge Carrier (Spin) Localization
14.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15: Exploiting Graphene as an Efficient Catalytic Template for Organic Transformations: Synthesis, Characterization and Activity Evaluation of Graphene-Based Catalysts
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16: Exfoliated Graphene-Based 2D Materials: Synthesis and Catalytic Behaviors
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Synthesis of Graphene-Based Materials
16.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Functionalization of Graphene with Molecules and/or Nanoparticles for Advanced Applications
17.1 Graphene-Based Materials and Applications
17.2 Energy Engineering
17.3 Sensors and Biosensors
17.4 Biomedical Engineering
17.5 Bioremediation (Water Treatment)
17.6 Catalysis Engineering
17.7 Material Engineering
17.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 18: Carbon Allotropes, Between Diamond and Graphite: How to Create Semiconductor Properties in Graphene and Related Structures
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Semiempirical Tight-Binding Model for the Carbon Allotropes “Between Diamond and Graphite”
18.3 Anisotropy of Conductivity in Bilayer Graphene with Relatively Shifted Layers
18.4 Energy Spectrum and Electrical Conductivity of Graphene with a Nitrogen Impurity
18.5 Energy Spectrum of Graphene with Adsorbed Potassium Atoms
18.6 Conclusions
References
Appendix
Index End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Examples of common graphite morphologies (as highlighted by arrows) in the cast…Figure 1.2 Growth stages of spheroidal graphite particle in ductile irons [14]…Figure 1.3 A schematic illustrating the flake graphite growth. Reconstructed after referenc…Figure 1.4 Experimental cooling curves of the sequential quenched ductile iron samples.Figure 1.5 As-polished microstructures (a, b, c, d, e, f) of ductile iron samples quenched…Figure 1.6 Nital etched microstructures (a, b, c, d, e, f) of ductile iron samples quenched…Figure 1.7 Multiple graphite nodules engulfed by a single austenite dendrite, as highlighte…Figure 1.8 Graphite nodule size distributions in ductile iron quenched at (a) 5 seconds, (b…Figure 1.9 Evolutions of graphite area fraction (a), average graphite diameter (b), and nod…Figure 1.10 Liquid fraction decreased during solidification of ductile iron. The triangle co…Figure 1.11 Austenite shell thickness increased concurrently with graphite diameter during t…Figure 1.12 Independent formation of graphite and austenite (a) and graphite partially encap…Figure 1.13 Examples of spheroidal graphite particles without complete austenite shells: (a)…Figure 1.14 One graphite nodule started becoming encapsulated by austenite (a), and a graphi…Figure 1.15 Schematic diagram of the carbon concentrations at various interfaces predicted b…Figure 1.16 Carbon concentration profile near an austenite–liquid interface (far from…Figure 1.17 Secondary electron microscopy images of graphite particles extracted using deep…Figure 1.18 A magnified image of the region outlined by the dotted box in…Figure 1.19 A conical substructure (indicated by the arrow) protruding longer than the other…Figure 1.20 TEM bright field image of the center area of a graphite nodule. The nucleus is a…Figure 1.21 Selected area diffraction pattern collected near the center of a graphite nodule…Figure 1.22 TEM bright field image of a graphite nodule retained at later growth stage (a)…Figure 1.23 Selected area diffraction pattern collected at a boundary between two blocky sub…Figure 1.24 High-resolution image of the graphite in a subgrain at the surface of the sphero…Figure 1.25 Schematics for atom arrangements in the 2H graphite (a, b, and c) and in the 3R…Figure 1.26 Simulated SAD patterns along the…Figure 1.27 Schematic for the graphite lattice with a total dislocation of…Figure 1.28 A twining boundary with a…Figure 1.29 A twining boundary with a (2111) invariant plane and a 20°48′ tilt…Figure 1.30 (a) A twining boundary of 23°54′ tilt (about the…Figure 1.31 Partial dislocations…Figure 1.32 Partial dislocations in alternating basal planes produced a region of 3R structu…Figure 1.33 Schematics for (a) a basal slip, (b) a vacancy loop, and (c) an interstitial pri…Figure 1.34 A stacking fault in the graphite lattice, indicated by the arrow in the high-res…Figure 1.35 Schematics for several possible c -axis rotation faults in graphite. Recon…Figure 1.36 c -Axis rotation faults induced different local stacking sequence changes…Figure 1.37 (a) A carbon pentagon defect and (b) a carbon heptagon defect in graphite. The g… Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Graphene growth from different sites (a–d) and typical Raman spectra of C…Figure 2.2 Different types of graphene lattice defects. Reprinted by permission from Yazyev…Figure 2.3 (a) Schematic of etching in cases of complete and broken lattices; (b) optical m…Figure 2.4 CVD experimental setup (a) (Reprinted by permission from Li et al. [21],…Figure 2.5 (a) Schematic of promoter-enhanced CVD experiment. Ni foil is attached upstream…Figure 2.6 Two-step growth for enhanced coverage. Reproduced from Hsieh et al. [94]…Figure 2.7 (a) Illustration of confined growth, (b) growth rate variations with gap distanc…Figure 2.8 Stacking of alternating graphite and copper foil for improved scalability. Adapt…Figure 2.9 Vertical (a–d) and horizontal (e–g) variations of Raman features,…Figure 2.10 AFM pictures (a), AFM height analysis (b), and grain density–roughness re…Figure 2.11 EBSD images of Cu domains before and during conventional/uncapped (a) and capped…Figure 2.12 Large single-crystalline copper (111) formed by temperature gradient: schematics… Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Various steps involved in the investigation of[1]. PMMA—poly(methyl metha…Figure 3.2 (a) Calculated binding energy per F atom compared to the F2 gas state…Figure 3.3 (a) c-AFM current map of a device made with fluorinated CVD graphene on quartz.…Figure 3.4 Reproduced from Ref. [64] with permission from American Chemical Society, copyri…Figure 3.5 Preparation process of fluorographene via fluorographite. Reproduced from Ref. […Figure 3.6 Molecular models of the simultaneous fluorination and reduction process. For cla…Figure 3.7 Illustration for the preparation process of FG: (1) intercalation and reaction o…Figure 3.8 A sketch illustrating the additional splitting of initial flakes and their fract…Figure 3.9 The atomic structures (darker atoms are closer; red dashed lines mark the unit c…Figure 3.10 Dependence of the formation energy per adsorbed fluorine atom on the number of F…Figure 3.11 H2 OFHF– associate: (a) configuration 1, (b) configu…Figure 3.12 A fragment of the ordered graphene cluster with adsorbed H2 OFHF…Figure 3.13 A fragment of the fluorographene C96 H24 F23 clus…Figure 3.14 A fragment of the C97 H24 graphene cluster containing grain…Figure 3.15 A C96 H24 F23 cluster fragment with an adsorbed H… Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Hybrid Al foam sample. (a) Cast block; (b) polished sample showing one of the fa…Figure 4.2 A schematic diagram of Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus.Figure 4.3 (a) SHPB apparatus used in the present investigation as viewed from transmitter…Figure 4.4 Higher magnification micrograph of as-received graphene.Figure 4.5 SEM micrograph of Al foam pores and distribution of SiC particles.Figure 4.6 (a–g) Stress–strain diagram of Al alloy hybrid composite foam (rel…Figure 4.7 (a–g) Energy absorption as a function of strain rate of Al foam (RD: 0.23…Figure 4.8 A typical stress–strain curve showing three regions: (i) initial elastic…Figure 4.9 Effect of relative density on (a) plateau stress and (b) energy absorption of Al… Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 (a) Honeycomb structure of graphene. The unit cell is shown along with the unit…Figure 5.2 Raman (left panel) and C 1s core-level photoemission spectra (right panel) taken…Figure 5.3 Large-area STM images of SiC(001)-c(2×2) (a) and graphene/SiC(001) (b, c,…Figure 5.4 (a) 20 µm BF LEEM micrograph, recorded with an electron energy of 3.4 eV,…Figure 5.5 (a,b) 19.5 × 13 nm2 atomically resolved STM images of graphene…Figure 5.6 (a) 13.4 × 13.4 nm2 STM image of trilayer graphene on SiC(001)…Figure 5.7 ARPES characterization of graphene grown on SiC(001). (a) Effective surface Bril…Figure 5.8 (a–c) ARPES characterization of graphene grown on β-SiC(001). (a)…Figure 5.9 (a–g) In situ core-level PES studies of SiC/Si(001) during sample…Figure 5.10 (a–c) µ-LEED, reflectivity spectra, ARPES constant energy maps, an…Figure 5.11 (a) DF-LEEM taken from the 1 ML graphene/SiC(001) system. (b,c) Corresponding ph…Figure 5.12 (a) A schematic model showing the nonrotated graphene lattice on top of the SiC(…Figure 5.13 (a) Schematics of graphene synthesis on β-SiC/Si(100) substrates. APD bou…Figure 5.14 (a) STM image of the vicinal SiC(001)3×2 surface (U = –2.3…Figure 5.15 Electrical measurements demonstrating the opening of a transport gap in trilayer…Figure 5.16 I–V measurements with the current applied along the NBs. (a) Schem…Figure 5.17 (a) Optical image of the graphene Hall-bar device. (b) MR curve measured at 10 K…Figure 5.18 (a) Schematic drawing of the model used. (b) MR of graphene containing a single… Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Structure of graphene on SiC. (a) HRTEM image of monolayer graphene on SiC (0001…Figure 6.2 (a) Structure of the 6√3×6√3R30° buffer layer on top…Figure 6.3 HRTEM images of graphene on Si-terminated SiC (0001), showing snapshots in the g…Figure 6.4 Schematic diagram of graphene growth on Si-face. (a) Preferential decomposition…Figure 6.5 HRTEM images showing graphene growth on C-terminated SiC (000…Figure 6.6 Growth mechanism of graphene on C-face. (a) Si sublimation not only at the step…Figure 6.7 HRTEM images showing the stacking sequence of graphene. (a) Four graphene and th…Figure 6.8 (a) AFM image of 6H-SiC (0001) after hydrogen etching treatment. The step height…Figure 6.9 Raman spectra of graphene on SiC. (a) Raw spectrum of monolayer graphene on the…Figure 6.10 Relation between the step bunching and graphene growth phenomena. (a) Temperatur…Figure 6.11 (a) Electronic band structure of graphene. ARPES spectra and the structural mode…Figure 6.12 Sheet resistance, mobility, and the carrier density of graphene on different SiC…Figure 6.13 Mobility vs. carrier concentration of graphene samples on different SiC substrat…Figure 6.14 Mobility vs. carrier concentration of graphene on SiC. Plots are from the litera… Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Flow diagram of physical vapor deposition.Figure 7.2 Geometry of carbon evaporation.Figure 7.3 Main components of our e-beam evaporator.Figure 7.4 (a) A simulation process for carbon evaporation from the graphite rod form. (Sou…Figure 7.5 AES spectra of untreated silicon (dark cyan) and after Ar+ sputtering…Figure 7.6 (a) LEED pattern at 57 eV, (b) STM image of Si(111) surface on an area of 200…Figure 7.7 Si and C sources in the UHV chamber.Figure 7.8 A growth process for graphene formation on Si(111) 7 × 7 substrate where…Figure 7.9 (a) AES spectra around the CKLL transition of the four samples as wel…Figure 7.10 Raman measurements of the studied samples; the different spectra have been verti…Figure 7.11 STM images of samples #2, #3, and #4. (a) Large-scale (400 × 400 nm2… Figure 7.12 A growth process for graphene formation on Si(111) 7 × 7 substrate where…Figure 7.13 RHEED patterns of the respective samples under various growth times on Si(111).Figure 7.14 (a) Differentiated AES spectra around the CKLL transition after carbo…Figure 7.15 (a) Raman measurements recorded at λ = 514 nm (Elaser = 2.41 e…Figure 7.16 SEM images taken from all studied samples showing the surface morphology of (a)…Figure 7.17 (a) Large scale of STM image on sample #3: 2×2 µm2 with…Figure 7.18 Schematic of atomic arrangements of graphene and 3C-SiC/Si(111) in real space. I…Figure 7.19 Direct deposition of carbon atoms on 3C-SiC/Si(111) where Si and C stand for sil…Figure 7.20 RHEED patterns of the respective samples under various growth times on Si(111).Figure 7.21 (a) AES spectra around the CKLL transition of the five different samp…Figure 7.22 (a) Raman measurements recorded at λ = 514 nm (Elaser = 2.41 e…Figure 7.23 Maps of I 2D /IG (left), ID …Figure 7.24 (a) HR-SEM images showing the surface morphology and (b) a zoom-in on the square…Figure 7.25 STM images of sample #5 (a) 4×4 µm2 …Figure 7.26 (a) Schematic diagram and (b) growth process for graphene formation on Si(111) 7…Figure 7.27 (a) AES spectra around the SiLVV and CKLL transitions of t…Figure 7.28 (a) C 1s and (b) Si 2p XPS spectra of samples #1 to #7 (HOPG, Si face of…Figure 7.29 Model used for the calculation of number of graphene layers on 3C-SiC/Si(111) su…Figure 7.30 (a) Raman measurements recorded at λ = 514 nm (Elaser = 2.41 e…Figure 7.31 (a) SEM image of sample #2 and its STM images; (b) 200×200 nm2 …Figure 7.32 Schematic diagram of the local concentration and diffusion flux through a unit a…Figure 7.33 (a) Dependence of the diffusion coefficient D on the growth temperature…Figure 7.34 Schematic diagram of interface between Si(111) substrate and 3C-SiC buffer layer…Figure 7.35 LEED patterns at 57 eV of the Si(111) substrate (a), after ~19-nm-thick 3…Figure 7.36 (a) XPS depth profile of concentration of Si atoms CSi in SiC…Figure 7.37 Fit of Equation (7.28) to measured Si concentration profile for determining the… Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 (a) Illustration of the correlation of grapheme–metal separation with the…Figure 8.2 HREEL spectra normalized to the elastic peak intensity after CO exposure. The sp…Figure 8.3 HREEL spectra showing the CO-substrate vibration (left) and the (CO) frequency s…Figure 8.4 (a) STM image of graphene’s clean surface G/Ni(111). Image size: 11.3 …Figure 8.5 Schematic different configurations of graphene: top-fcc (a); bridge-top (b); and…Figure 8.6 HREEL spectra recorded at LT after 40 L CO dosed on G/Ni(111) prepared following…Figure 8.7 XPS spectra of (a) of C 1s region of all preparations. (b and c) Example of the…Figure 8.8 Histograms of XPS fitting procedure indicating the total amount of carbon, relat…Figure 8.9 Histograms of XPS fitting procedure of Figure 8.6a. (a) Relative amount of (top-…Figure 8.10 HREEL spectra of 823 KDD1 and 823 K DD2 (C-depleted) after 1- and 40-L CO exposu…Figure 8.11 HREEL spectra recorded in-specular on G on Ni(111). In each panel, the spectra a…Figure 8.12 HREEL spectra recorded in-specular on G on polycrystalline Cu. The spectra are n…Figure 8.13 (a) XPS spectra of the C 1s line after ion bombardment and before CO exposure. T…Figure 8.14 (a) HREEL spectra recorded in-specular after annealing the CO covered G* layer f…Figure 8.15 Schematic view of the two-step functionalization reaction.Figure 8.16 ATR spectra of GO and UV modified GO with BP and PEGMA at 30, 90, 180 min.Figure 8.17 First derivative TGA curves of GO and UV modified samples at 30, 90, and 180 min…Figure 8.18 XPS spectra of C1s of GO (a), GO after 5 min of UV irradiation (b), GO after 5 m…Figure 8.19 Bright field TEM images of (a) GO, (b) GO reduced in the presence of BP, (c) RGO…Figure 8.20 FESEM images of (a) pristine GO, (b) GO reduced with BP, and (c) RGO grafted wit…Figure 8.21 FESEM image of Pt electrodes on the RGO/PEGMA (after 90 min of UV irradiation).Figure 8.22 (a) Dispersibility of GO (left), RGO-BP (middle), and RGO functionalized with PE…Figure 8.23 Pictures of (a) GO/PEGDA/water ink, (b), inkjet nozzle printing GO/PEGDA/water i…Figure 8.24 XPS spectra of (a) pristine GO and (b) GOx sample irradiated for 2 min with UV l…Figure 8.25 Analysis of XPS C1s peak value deconvolution of S1–S5 and GO sample. The…Figure 8.26 Picture of inkjet printed test of different thickness of GOp ink tracks realized…Figure 8.27 FESEM image showing the microstructure of an inkjet printed track of GOi suspens…Figure 8.28 Raw I–V characteristics of (blue trace) pure PEGDA, (dark) and GOp thick…Figure 8.29 Resistivity of GOp inkjet printed (blue solid arrow) and thick film (TF) samples…Figure 8.30 Morphology of rGO sheets with an initial oxygen concentration of 20% (a) and 33%… Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Photosynthetic antenna complexes with Photosystems I and II. The relationship be…Figure 9.2 (a) Diagram of a chlorophyll-a molecule (taken from https://encyclopedia2.thefre…Figure 9.3 (a) Band structure of single layer graphene sheet. (b, d) Doping activity of sin…Figure 9.4 (a) Graphene/chlorophyll nanohybrid. (b) n-Doping effect due to chlorophyll func…Figure 9.5 The schematics of the procedure to measure the thickness of the (a) few layer gr…Figure 9.6 (a) Photocurrent as a function of source–drain voltage for samples C (50…Figure 9.7 Electron transfer activity with respect to current density vs concentration…Figure 9.8 Cartoon depiction of the electron-transfer process for the biohybrid electrode s…Figure 9.9 Schematic depiction of PSI orientations on a π-system graphene–PSI…Figure 9.10 Graphite exfoliation via noncovalent surface functionalization through π-…Figure 9.11 (A) Graphite exfoliation via noncovalent surface functionalization through…Figure 9.12 TEM and SAED with increasing Chl-a concentration (from a–d) and graphite…Figure 9.13 Raman spectra of nanohybrid with increasing CHL-a concentration from (a) to (c),…Figure 9.14 (a) Monolayer deposition. A monolayer is not picked up by the substrate during t…Figure 9.15 (A) (a) STM topography of CHL-a/graphene LB film (scan area 1.6×1.6…Figure 9.16 Intracellular uptake of G-BPMppa composite. Fluorescence inverted microscopic im…Figure 9.17 (A) Schematic representation of CHL-a assisted photo reduction process of GO (B)…Figure 9.18 (A) and (B) Cyclic voltammetry profiles of electrochemical reduction and oxidati…Figure 9.19 Image showing the CHL-a molecular adsorption on (a) exfoliated graphene and (b)…Figure 9.20 (i) (a) STM topography of the Photo-G/CHL-a LB film (scan area 1.6 × 1.6… Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Allotropes of carbon. (a) Graphene, (b) graphite, (c) carbon nanotube, (d) fulle…Figure 10.2 LEEM images from selected sample areas for EG on Si-face (a) and C-face 3C-SiC (… Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Schematic representation of the methods used for the synthesis of graphene, whic…Figure 11.2 (a) Diagram illustrating the fracture and fragmentation of GO sheets during soni…Figure 11.3 (a–d) Microstructures of sponge graphenes frozen at different temperature…Figure 11.4 Schematic illustration of the self-assembly of GO sheets using electrochemical d…Figure 11.5 Schematic illustrations of the fabrication procedure of graphene-based hollow sp…Figure 11.6 Schematic illustration of the synthesis procedures of the nanoporous graphene fo…Figure 11.7 Schematic illustration of fabrication of 3D graphene-based spheres using core-sh…Figure 11.8 Synthesis of 3D graphene foam (GF) and integration with poly(dimethyl siloxane)…Figure 11.9 (a) TEM image of rGO/PANI hollow spheres via layer-by-layer assembly meth…Figure 11.10 Photographs of (a) Ni foam before and after the growth of graphene, and (b)…Figure 11.11 Comparison of 3D graphene networks obtained by using two different templates of…Figure 11.12 (a) Typical Raman spectra of 3D graphene network grown with different temperatur…Figure 11.13 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication procedure of 3D macroporous MnO…Figure 11.14 (a) Schematic representation of the fabrication process for the 3D hierarchical…Figure 11.15 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation steps, and (b) TEM image of graphe…Figure 11.16 (a) Representative cyclic voltammograms of the TiO2 spheres embedded…Figure 11.17 (a) Schematic illustration of the interface between 3D graphene/PANI monolith el… Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Two-dimensional graphene acted “building block” for zero-dimension…Figure 12.2 (a) A schematic illustration of the preparation of the ternary hybrid materials…Figure 12.3 Scale-up preparation of graphene paper and formation process of graphene–…Figure 12.4 (a) Scheme illustration for the formation of Sn quantum sheets confined in graph…Figure 12.5 (a) Schematic of the synthesis of graphene-encapsulated Si microparticle (SiMP@G…Figure 12.6 Capacitance of MnO2 /rGO and rGO papers at different applied currents…Figure 12.7 Long-term stability tests of (a) standard 20 wt% Pt/C and (b) Pt/Ni(OH)…Figure 12.8 (a) CV curves for the first five cycles at a scanning rate of 0.05 mV…Figure 12.9 (a, b) LSV curves, (c, d) Tafel slopes, and (e, f) stability test in 0.5 M H…Figure 12.10 (a) Faradaic efficiencies for producing formic acid at each given potential for…Figure 12.11 (a) Production rate of NH3 with different catalysts at –0.2 V… Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 SEM images of (a) pristine and (b) hydrogenated FLGs (FLGs:H@50°C) showin…Figure 13.2 (a) Raman spectra of pristine and FLGs hydrogenated at different temperatures…Figure 13.3 XANES spectra of pristine and FLG:H samples. The top inset shows the increase in…Figure 13.4 XANES fitting curve for the estimation of C–H content. Green shaded part…Figure 13.5 Band gap determination from normalized C K-edge XAS and Kα XES spe…Figure 13.6 Magnetic hysteresis loops obtained for FLG and FLG:H samples at 300 and 40 K, re…Figure 13.7 Temperature dependence of magnetization (M-T).Figure 13.8 atomic force microscopy images of pristine (a–c) and hydrogenated FLGs [(…Figure 13.9 Magnetic force microscopy images of pristine (a–c) and hydrogenated FLGs…Figure 13.10 (a) The graphene lattice with rhombus unit cell (dashed box) consisting of two d…Figure 13.11 (a) Ideal graphene, (b) graphene with one atom vacancy, (c) graphene with one su…Figure 13.12 The adatom distorts the graphene structure perpendicular to the plane of the gra… Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 (a) Honeycomb crystal lattice of graphene [13]. Here, ABCD is a primitive…Figure 14.2 Primitive unit cells of graphene-based substitutional superstructures of stoichi…Figure 14.3 Primitive unit cells of interstitial superstructures with stoichiometries 1/3…Figure 14.4 The low-temperature stability regions (in terms of ratios of mixing energies…Figure 14.5 The same as in previous figure, but including interactions of all atoms in CA …Figure 14.6 Ranges for values of the mixing (ordering) energy ratios w II /…Figure 14.7 Ranges for values of the mixing (ordering) energy ratios w II /…Figure 14.8 The time evolution of the LRO parameters in the graphene-based systems for the t…Figure 14.9 Intralayer…Figure 14.10 Typical configurations of adatom–graphene system: top (left) and perspect…Figure 14.11 Scattering potential for K adatoms in graphene with (a) fixed adsorption height…Figure 14.12 Density of states (in units of…Figure 14.13 DOS for zigzag strained (0% ≤ ε ≤ 27.5%) single- (main pane…Figure 14.14 The same as in the previous figure, but for a fixed zigzag strain (ε = 27…Figure 14.15 (a, b) DOS for graphene monolayer with 3.125% of ordered resonant impurities (O-…Figure 14.16 (a, b) Charge carrier conductivity σ (14.17) and (c, d) mobility µ…Figure 14.17 Time evolution of diffusivity within the energy range E ∊ [–…Figure 14.18 Conductivity vs. the electron density for 3.125% of random, correlated, and orde…Figure 14.19 Electron-density-dependent conductivity [46] for different adsorption heights,…Figure 14.20 (a) Calculated conductivity [46] as a function of charge carrier density for var…Figure 14.21 Graphene lattice (fragment) in a perpendicular magnetic field B .Figure 14.22 Emergence of Landau levels on the density of states (in units of reciprocal hopp…Figure 14.23 Density of electronic states in graphene subjected to both external mechanical a…Figure 14.24 (a, b) Distributions of scattering potentials and (c, d) density of states for d…Figure 14.25 (a, b) Scattering-potential distributions and (c, d) density of states for (a, c…Figure 14.26 The same as in the previous figure, but for scattering potential (14.24) simulat…Figure 14.27 Scanning electron microscopy image of a reduced graphene oxide layer (dark area)…Figure 14.28 EPR spectra of RGO sample in different surroundings at 10 K. The inset shows the…Figure 14.29 EPR spectra of GO sample immersed in various media, recorded at 10 K (a) and roo…Figure 14.30 EPR spectra of pure RGO (a), RGO + D2O (b), pure GO (c), and GO saturated with h… Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Published research in the topics: graphene, catalysis, and graphene + catalysis… Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 General structure of GO showing its functional groups.Figure 16.2 Schema of graphene varying by the number of layers.Figure 16.3 A general representation of interaction and interlayer force of graphene.Figure 16.4 Mechanisms for removing the interlayer forces.Figure 16.5 General procedure of chemical oxidation method for synthesis of graphene oxide a…Figure 16.6 X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) pristine graphite, (b) exfoliated GO, (c) elec…Figure 16.7 Cross-sectional TEM images of graphene synthesized (a) on sapphire and (b) on Si…Figure 16.8 Comparison of D and 2D bands in terms of layers exfoliation. (Reprinted by permi…Figure 16.9 Schematic explanation of key-forces in exfoliation of graphite with ball-mill me…Figure 16.10 (a) Chemical structure of 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid (PCA). (b–d) A PCA with…Figure 16.11 Exfoliation of graphite flakes with ionic liquid assisting by ultrasonic irradia…Figure 16.12 Representation of an exfoliated graphene composite synthesis using a copolymer.…Figure 16.13 Exfoliation of graphite to graphene by assisting tannic acid. (Reprinted by perm…Figure 16.14 Exfoliation by oxalic acid. (Reprinted by permission from Ref. [75]).Figure 16.15 Exfoliation of graphite into graphene sheets by assisting inorganic salts. (Repr…Figure 16.16 Direct biomolecular exfoliation of graphite (oxide) materials to graphene (oxide…Figure 16.17 Exfoliation of graphite with HFBI. (Reprinted by permission from Ref. [79]).Figure 16.18 Schematic of the exfoliation of graphite under shear forces using BSA as a dispe…Figure 16.19 (a) Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) structure. (b) Atomic force microcopy micrograph…Figure 16.20 Schematic of anionic and cationic electrochemical exfoliation. (Reprinted by per…Figure 16.21 Schematic of two approaches in electrolytic exfoliation of graphite. (Reprinted…Figure 16.22 Scheme of plasma-electrochemically exfoliated graphene sheets formation. (Reprin…Figure 16.23 Pillaring GO with carbon nanotube. (Reprinted by permission from Ref. [94]).Figure 16.24 Catalytic activity of Pd/GO in the presence of exfoliating agents P123 as a poly…Figure 16.25 Single pot synthesis of amide through direct oxidation of alcohol catalyzed by e…Figure 16.26 (a) Rearrangements of oximes to amides and cascade amidation. (b) Effect of surf…Figure 16.27 Catalytic activity of rGO-SO3 H under sonication. (Reprinted by permis…Figure 16.28 Oxidative behavior of GO under sonication. (Reprinted by permission from ref. [1… Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Galvanometric charge–discharge curves of (a) ACA-RGO, (b) RGO, and (c) GO…Figure 17.2 Graphene-coupled sandwich-like 2D porous polymer based on covalent triazine-base…Figure 17.3 Strategy for the design and generation of nanoarchitectures based on porous grap…Figure 17.4 Schematic representation of the covalent functionalization and photoisomerizatio…Figure 17.5 Approach of covalent graphene modification to produce selective electrochemical…Figure 17.6 (a) Schematic image of a flexible respiratory frequency transducer and the photo…Figure 17.7 Porous scaffolds consisting of starch and starch-functionalized nGO (S/SNGO). Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Typical spectral dependence of the normalized absorption coefficient. Lines 1 an…Figure 18.2 Typical spectral dependence of the imaginary part of permittivity. The presented…Figure 18.3 Model of CH4-x molecular cluster: (a) the two connected diamond-like…Figure 18.4 Experimental data (points) and theory (lines) on the modification of Eg …Figure 18.5 Theory (line (8.15)) and experimental dots for thin graphite-like carbon films w…Figure 18.6 Bernal packing in BLG (a) with no relative shift of the graphene layers and (b)…Figure 18.7 Arrangement of atoms A1,2 and B1,2 in two BLG planes in th…Figure 18.8 General view of the “lower” doublet of the two BLG doublets.Figure 18.9 Modifications of the positions of contact points between the conduction and vale…Figure 18.10 Band spectra of undeformed BLG (solid curves) and BLG with the layers shifted al…Figure 18.11 The same as in Figure 18.10, but for the shift along the axis y. Reprinted with…Figure 18.12 The same as in Figure 18.10, but for the shift along the direction at 45°…Figure 18.13 Numeration of minima in deformed BLG.Figure 18.14 Electron energy spectrum of pure graphene. Reprinted with permission from PMM.Figure 18.15 Density of electron states g(ε) of graphene with an impurity of 1% nitrog…Figure 18.16 Densities of electron states g(ε) of nitrogen doped graphene: (1) 1, (2)…Figure 18.17 Dependence of the components of the conductivity tensor on the concentration of…Figure 18.18 Dependences of the total and 2s and 2p partial components of the imaginary part…Figure 18.19 Dependences of the total and 2s and 2p partial components of the density of elec…Figure 18.20 Dependences of the 2s and 2p partial components of the σxx com…Figure 18.21 Dependence of the electron energy ε on the wave vector k in graphene with…Figure 18.A1 Structure of molecular clusters CHx
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Chemical composition (wt.%) of the hypereutectic ductile iron studied.Table 1.2 Carbon concentrations at various interfaces, calculated using Factsage 7.0 and F…Table 1.3 Examples of changing stacking sequences by introducing partial dislocations to t… Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Values of peak stress, plateau stress, plateau strain, energy absorption, and de…Table 4.2 Yield and plateau stress of closed cell Al foam at high strain rate. Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Fitting parameters of the resistance analysis shown in… Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Values of D (cf. Figure 7.9b…Table 7.2 Expected (G e G m Table 7.3 Summary of the ratio…Table 7.4 ID /I G I2D /I …Table 7.5 Summary of main parameters among four different studied models.Table 7.6 The flux and atomic percentage of diffusing Si across different thicknesses of S… Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Different growth condition of pristine graphene. Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Specific capacitance of various graphene-based composites and pristine graphene.Table 10.2 Pollutants detected by graphene-based systems and their limit of detection. For…Table 10.3 Representative biological molecules sensed with graphene-based composites. The l…Table 10.4 Fluorescence graphene-based composites for sensing applications. In some cases,…Table 10.5 Cut-off frequency and gate length of some transistors. Terahertz frequencies wer… Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Summary of various graphene noncovalent composite materials for electrochemical… Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Magnetization parameters of FLGs and FLGs:H. Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Parameters for spherically symmetric interatomic interactions, where…Table 14.2 Energy parameters for spherically symmetric interatomic interactions, where…Table 14.3 Comparison of analytically and numerically obtained electron energy spectrum,… Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Organic transformations catalyzed by GO, rGO, and nonmetal GNCs.Table 15.2 Organic transformations catalyzed by GNCs carrying metal complexes.Table 15.3 Organic transformations catalyzed by GNCs carrying non-noble metal nanoparticles…Table 15.4 Organic transformations catalyzed by GNCs carrying noble metal nanoparticles. Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Main characteristics of graphene, GO, and RGO. Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Calculations of energy gap (E g Table 18.2 Estimation of fractional hybridization value pz -sx p …Table 18.3 Estimation of fractional hybridization value pz -sx p …Table 18.4 Effective masses (in terms of free electron mass units) in BLG obtained in the a…Table 18.A1 Calculated values of energy gap (E g
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Scrivener Publishing
Publishers at Scrivener
Handbook of Graphene comprises 8 volumes:
Volume 1: Growth, Synthesis, and Functionalization Edited by Edvige Celasco and Alexander Chaika ISBN 978-1-119-46855-4
Volume 2: Physics, Chemistry, and Biology Edited by Tobias Stauber ISBN 978-1-119-46959-9
Volume 3: Graphene-Like 2D Materials Edited by Mei Zhang ISBN 978-1-119-46965-0
Volume 4: Composites Edited by Cengiz Ozkan ISBN 978-1-119-46968-1
Volume 5: Energy, Healthcare, and Environmental Applications Edited by Cengiz Ozkan and Umit Ozkan ISBN 978-1-119-46971-1
Volume 6: Biosensors and Advanced Sensors Edited by Barbara Palys ISBN 978-1-119-46974-2
Volume 7: Biomaterials Edited by Sulaiman Wadi Harun ISBN 978-1-119-46977-3
Volume 8: Technology and Innovation Edited by Sulaiman Wadi Harun ISBN 978-1-119-46980-3
Volume 1: Growth, Synthesis, and Functionalization
Edited by
Edvige Celasco
Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Italy
and
Alexander N. Chaika
Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-46855-4
Graphene-based materials represent one of the most appealing areas of research of the last decade because of their extraordinary properties and huge potential for various technological applications. Although only a few pioneering reports on graphene produced by chemical vapor deposition were published in 2009, they have been cited more than 20,000 times during the last 10 years, indicating their astonishing impact on many different fields of research. However, in order to obtain successful applications and conduct fundamental studies of the unique 2D characteristics of graphene-based structures, reliable synthesis, modification, and functionalization methods are extremely important. Therefore, Handbook of Graphene, Volume 1, essentially focuses on graphene growth, synthesis, and functionalization in order to realize optimized graphene-based nanostructures, which can be utilized for various applications. This handbook provides detailed and up-to-date overviews of the synthesis and functionalization of graphene on various substrates (metallic and semiconducting), their properties, and possible application methods. In particular, the chapters cover
Optimization of graphene growth and challenges for synthesis of high-quality graphene and graphite in metallic materials;
Exfoliation of graphene sheets obtained by sonication, ball milling, and use of polymers and surfactants;
Structure, electronic properties, functionalization methods, and prospects of epitaxial graphene grown on hexagonal and cubic silicon carbide substrates;
Growth of graphene on Si(111) wafers via direct deposition of solid-state carbon atom and characterization of graphene-on-silicon films;
Chemical reactivity and modification of electronical properties of graphene grown on Ni(111);
Enhancement of the cell wall strength and stability of foam structure utilizing graphene;
Influence of applied strain and magnetic field on the electronic and transport properties of graphene with different kinds of defects;
Application of hydrogen functionalized graphene in spintronic nanodevices;
Electrochemistry and catalytic properties of graphene-based materials;
Functionalization of graphene with molecules and/or nanoparticles for advanced applications such as flexible electronics, biological systems, ink-jet applications, and coatings;
Graphene-based composite materials devoted to electrochemical applications such as supercapacitors, lithium ion batteries, and electrode material;
Carbon allotropes between diamond and graphite, which allow creating semiconductor properties in graphene and related structures.
The 18 chapters of this handbook represent deep and very stimulating contributions to the processes of growth, synthesis, and functionalization of graphene for several potential applications.
This book is intended for students and active researchers in the field of graphene who are currently investigating the fundamental properties of this amazing low-dimensional material and its applications in micro- and nanotechnologies. It is also necessary reading for entrepreneurs and industrialists because it discusses a variety of possible applications of graphene and different ways of improving the quality of synthesized graphene.
In conclusion, we would like to thank all the authors whose expertise in their respective fields has contributed to this book and express our sincere appreciation to the International Association of Advanced Materials.
Edvige Celasco
Genoa, Italy
Alexander Chaika
Chernogolovka, Russia February 2, 2019
