1.Chisholm SW, Olson RJ, Zettler ER, Goericke R, Waterbury JB, Welschmeyer NA. 1988. A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone. Nature 334:340–343.
2.Biller SJ, Coe A, Chisholm SW. 2016. Torn apart and reunited: impact of a heterotroph on the transcriptome of Prochlorococcus. ISME J 10:2831–2843.
3.Committee on Women Faculty at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1999. A Study on the Status of Women Faculty in Science at MIT. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. http://web.mit.edu/fnl/women/women.pdf.
4.Rocap G, Larimer FW, Lamerdin J, Malfatti S, Chain P, Ahlgren NA, Arellano A, Coleman M, Hauser L, Hess WR, Johnson ZI, Land M, Lindell D, Post AF, Regala W, Shah M, Shaw SL, Steglich C, Sullivan MB, Ting CS, Tolonen A, Webb EA, Zinser ER, Chisholm SW. 2003. Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation. Nature 424:1042–1047.
5.Biller SJ, Berube PM, Lindell D, Chisholm SW. 2015. Prochlorococcus: the structure and function of collective diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol 13:13–27.
6.Sullivan MB, Waterbury JB, Chisholm SW. 2003. Cyanophages infecting the oceanic cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. Nature 424:1047–1051.
7.Wanucha G. 2014. Women in marine science seize the day. Oceans at MIT. http://oceans.mit.edu/news/featured-stories/women-marine-science. Accessed 10 January 2018.
1.Dayhoff MO, Schwartz RM, Orcutt BC. 1978. Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, vol 5, p 345–352. National Biomedical Research Foundation, Washington, DC.
2.Wikipedia contributors. 2017. Bioinformatics, on Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics. Accessed 25 August 2017.
3.Da Cruz F. 2013. Columbia University computing history. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/watsonlab.html. Accessed 25 August 2017.
4.Wikipedia contributors. 2017. Operations research, on Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_research. Accessed 25 August 2017.
5.Brannigan V. 7 March 2013. Grandma got STEM: Margaret and Ruth Dayhoff. https://ggstem.wordpress.com/2013/03/07/margaret-ruth-dayhoff/. Accessed 25 August 2017.
6.Wikipedia contributors. 2017. Robert Ledley, on Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ledley. Accessed 25 August 2017.
7.Dayhoff MO, Ledley RS. 1962. Comprotein: a computer program to aid primary protein structure determination. Proceedings of the FJCC. AFIPS, Santa Monica, CA.
8.Dayhoff MO, Eck RV, Lippincott ER, Sagan C. 1967. Venus: atmospheric evolution. Science 155:556–558.
9.Strasser BJ. 2010. Collecting, comparing, and computing sequences: the making of Margaret O. Dayhoff’s Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, 1954–1965. J Hist Biol 43:623–660.
10.Dayhoff MO, Eck RV, Chang MA, Sochard MR. 1965. Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure. National Biomedical Research Foundation, Silver Spring, MD.
11.Strasser BJ. 2006. Collecting and experimenting: the moral economies of biological research, 1960s–1980s. Preprints of the Max-Planck Institute for the History of Science 310:105–123.
12.Wilson EO. 1994. Naturalist. Island Press, Washington, DC.
1.Baldani JI, Baldani VLD, Reis VM. 2001. Johanna Döbereiner: fifty years dedicated to the biological nitrogen fixation research area. Johanna Döbereiner Memorial Lecture, p 2–4. In Finan TM, O’Brian MR, Layzell DB, Vessey JK, Newton W (ed), Nitrogen Fixation: Global Perspective. Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on Nitrogen Fixation. CABI Publishing, New York, NY.
2.The Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Deceased academicians. http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/deceased.html. Accessed 14 November 2017.
3.Schield AL. 2011. Dedication to Jürgen Döbereiner, p xv–xvi. In Riet-Correa F, Fister J, Schield AL, Wierenga T (ed), Poisoning by Plants, Mycotoxins and Related Toxins. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
4.Franco A, Boddey R. 1997. Dr. Johanna Döbereiner: a brief biography. Soil Biol Biochem 29:IX–XI.
5.Shurtleff W, Aoyahi A. 2004. History of Soy in Latin America. Soyfoods Center, Lafayette, CA. http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/latin_america1.php. Accessed 14 November 2017.
6.Baldani JI, Baldani VLD. 2005. History on the biological nitrogen fixation research in graminaceous plants: special emphasis on the Brazilian experience. An Acad Bras Cienc 77:549–579.
7.American Society of Plant Biologists. Women pioneers in plant biology. http://aspb.org/wipb-pioneer-biographies/. Accessed 14 November 2017.
1.Downs DM, Roth JR. 1987. A novel P22 prophage in Salmonella typhimurium. Genetics 117:367–380.
2.Downs DM, Ernst DC. 2015. From microbiology to cancer biology: the Rid protein family prevents cellular damage caused by endogenously generated reactive nitrogen species. Mol Microbiol 96:211–219.
3.Koenigsknecht MJ, Downs DM. 2010. Thiamine biosynthesis can be used to dissect metabolic integration. Trends Microbiol 18:240–247.
4.Downs DM. 2006. Understanding microbial metabolism. Annu Rev Microbiol 60:533–559.
5.Boyd JM, Pierik AJ, Netz DJ, Lill R, Downs DM. 2008. Bacterial ApbC can bind and effectively transfer iron-sulfur clusters. Biochemistry 47:8195–8202.
6.Skovran E, Downs DM. 2003. Lack of the ApbC or ApbE protein results in a defect in Fe-S cluster metabolism in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Bacteriol 185:98–106.
7.Beck BJ, Downs DM. 1998. The apbE gene encodes a lipoprotein involved in thiamine synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 180:885–891.
8.Gralnick J, Downs D. 2001. Protection from superoxide damage associated with an increased level of the YggX protein in Salmonella enterica. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:8030–8035.
9.Boyd JM, Drevland RM, Downs DM, Graham DE. 2009. Archaeal ApbC/Nbp35 homologs function as iron-sulfur cluster carrier proteins. J Bacteriol 191:1490–1497.
10.Lambrecht JA, Downs DM. 2013. Anthranilate phosphoribosyl transferase (TrpD) generates phosphoribosylamine for thiamine synthesis from enamines and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. ACS Chem Biol 8:242–248.
11.Flynn JM, Christopherson MR, Downs DM. 2013. Decreased coenzyme A levels in ridA mutant strains of Salmonella enterica result from inactivated serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Mol Microbiol 89:751–759.
12.Martinez-Gomez NC, Downs DM. 2008. ThiC is an [Fe-S] cluster protein that requires AdoMet to generate the 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine moiety in thiamin synthesis. Biochemistry 47:9054–9056.
13.Martinez-Gomez NC, Palmer LD, Vivas E, Roach PL, Downs DM. 2011. The rhodanese domain of ThiI is both necessary and sufficient for synthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamine in Salmonella enterica. J Bacteriol 193:4582–4587.
14.Bazurto JV, Downs DM. 2016. Metabolic network structure and function in bacteria goes beyond conserved enzyme components. Microb Cell 3:260–262.
1.Saal H. 18 July 1971. Who ever heard of a German ballet company? New York Times, New York, NY. https://nyti.ms/1GSTT3L.
2.Azvolinsky A. 1 July 2015. Sold on symbiosis. The Scientist, Ontario, Canada. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/43337/title/Sold-on-Symbiosis/
1.Schrenk MO, Edwards KJ, Goodman RM, Hamers RJ, Banfield JF. 1998. Distribution of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans: implications for generation of acid mine drainage. Science 279:1519–1522.
2.Edwards KJ, Valley JW. 1998. Oxygen isotope diffusion and zoning in diopside: the importance of water fugacity during cooling. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:2265–2277.
3.Edwards KJ, Schrenk MO, Hamers R, Banfield JF. 1998. Microbial oxidation of pyrite: experiments using microorganisms from an extreme acidic environment. Am Mineral 83:1444–1453.
4.Edwards KJ, Goebel BM, Rodgers TM, Schrenk MO, Gihring TM, Cardona MM, McGuire MM, Hamers RJ, Pace NR, Banfield JF. 1999. Geomicrobiology of pyrite (FeS2) dissolution: case study at Iron Mountain, California. Geomicrobiol J 16:155–179.
5.Edwards KJ, Gihring TM, Banfield JF. 1999. Seasonal variations in microbial populations and environmental conditions in an extreme acid mine drainage environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3627–3632.
6.Edwards KJ, Bond PL, Gihring TM, Banfield JF. 2000. An archaeal iron-oxidizing extreme acidophile important in acid mine drainage. Science 287:1796–1799.
7.Bach W, Edwards KJ, Hayes JM, Sievert S, Huber JA, Sogin ML. 2006. Energy in the dark: fuel for life in the deep ocean and beyond. Eos (Washington DC) 87:14.
8.Bach W, Edwards KJ. 2003. Iron and sulfide oxidation within the basaltic ocean crust: implications for chemolithoautotrophic microbial biomass production. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67:3871–3887.
9.Andrews S. Spring/summer 2010. The power and promise of the ocean. USC College Magazine. University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
10.Gold T. 1992. The deep, hot biosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:6045–6049.
11.Gold T. 1999. The Deep Hot Biosphere. Springer, New York, NY.
12.Colman DR, Poudel S, Stamps BW, Boyd ES, Spear JR. 2017. The deep, hot biosphere: twenty-five years of retrospection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:6895–6903.
13.Spear JR, Walker JJ, McCollom TM, Pace NR. 2005. Hydrogen and bioenergetics in the Yellowstone geothermal ecosystem. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:2555–2560.
14.Edwards KJ, Wheat CG, Orcutt BN, Hulme S, Becker K, Jannasch H, Haddad A, Pettigrew T, Rhinehart W, Grigar K, Bach W, Kirkwood W, Klaus A. 2012. Design and deployment of borehole observatories and experiments during iodp expedition 336, mid-Atlantic ridge flank at North Pond. Proc IODP 336:Tokyo (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Inc).
15.Oki Productions, C-DEBI. 2014. North Pond: The Search for Intraterrestrials. https://vimeo.com/117447690.
16.Belloc H. 1897. More Beasts for Worse Children: The Microbe. Duckworth and Company, London, United Kingdom.
1.Evans AC. 1963/1969. Memoirs. ASM Corporate Archives and Collections at Library at University of Maryland, Baltimore County. UMBC, Baltimore, MD.
2.Rogers LA, Clark WM, Evans AC. 1916. Colon bacteria and Streptococci and their significance in milk. Am J Public Health (N Y) 6:374–380.
3.Bruce D. 1889. Observations on Malta fever. Br Med J 1(1481):1101–1105.
4.Evans AC. 1918. Further studies on Bacterium abortus and related bacteria I: the pathogenicity of Bacterium lipolyticus for guinea-pigs. J Infect Dis 22:576–579.
5.Evans AC. 1918. Further studies on Bacterium abortus and related bacteria II: a comparison of Bacterium abortus with Bacterium bronchisepticus and with the organism which causes Malta fever. J Infect Dis 22:580–593.
6.Evans AC. 1918. Further studies on Bacterium abortus and related bacteria III: Bacterium abortus and related bacteria in cow’s milk. J Infect Dis 23:354–372.
7.de Kruif P. 1926. The Microbe Hunters. Harcourt, Brace and Co, New York, NY.
8.de Kruif P. 1929. Before you drink a glass of milk. Ladies Home J 9:8–9.
9.Hardy AV, Jordan CF, Borts IH, Campbell-Hardy GE. 1931. Undulant fever with special reference to a study of Brucella infection in Iowa. Natl Inst Health Bull 45:158.
10.Evans AC. 1961. Chronic brucellosis: the unreliability of diagnostic tests. J Am Med Womens Assoc 16:942–945.
11.Burns VL. 1993. Gentle Hunter. Enterprise Press, Englewood, NJ.
12.de Kruif P. 1932. Men Against Death. Harcourt, Brace and Co, New York, NY.
13.O’Hern EM. 1985. Profıles of Pioneer Women Scientists. Acropolis Books, Washington, DC.
1.Firestone MK, Tiedje JM. 1979. Temporal change in nitrous oxide and dinitrogen from denitrification following onset of anaerobiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 38:673–679.
2.Firestone MK, Firestone RB, Tiedje JM. 1979. Nitric oxide as an intermediate in denitrification: evidence from nitrogen-13 isotope exchange. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 91:10–16.
3.Firestone MK, Firestone RB, Tiedje JM. 1980. Nitrous oxide from soil denitrification: factors controlling its biological production. Science 208:749–751.
4.Firestone MK, Tiedje JM. 1975. Biodegradation of metal-nitrilotriacetate complexes by a Pseudomonas species: mechanism of reaction. Appl Microbiol 29:758–764.
5.Kieft TL, Soroker E, Firestone MK. 1987. Microbial biomass response to a rapid increase in water potential when dry soil is wetted. Soil Biol Biochem 19:119–126.
6.Schimel JP, Firestone MK. 1989. Nitrogen incorporation and flow through a coniferous forest soil profile. Soil Sci Soc Am J 53:779–784.
7.Hunt JR, Holden PA, Firestone MK. 1995. Coupling transport and biodegradation of VOCs in surface and subsurface soils. Environ Health Perspect 103:75.
8.Norton JM, Smith JL, Firestone MK. 1990. Carbon flow in the rhizosphere of ponderosa pine seedlings. Soil Biol Biochem 22:449–455.
9.Killham K, Firestone M, McColl J. 1983. Acid rain and soil microbial activity: effects and their mechanisms. J Environ Qual 12:133–137.
10.Schimel JP, Firestone MK, Killham KS. 1984. Identification of heterotrophic nitrification in a Sierran forest soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:802–806.
11.Davidson E, Hart SC, Shanks CA, Firestone MK. 1991. Measuring gross nitrogen mineralization, and nitrification by 15 N isotopic pool dilution in intact soil cores. Eur J Soil Sci 42:335–349.
12.Firestone MK, Davidson EA. 1989. Microbiological basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil, p 7–21. In Andreae MO, Schimel DS (ed), Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
13.Hart SC, Stark JM, Davison EA, Firestone MK. 1994. Nitrogen mineralization, immobilization and nitrification, p 985–1017. In Weaver RW, Angle S, Bottomley P, Bezdiecek D, Smith S, Tabatabai A, Wollum A, Mickelson SH, Bigham JM (ed), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Microbiological and Biochemical Properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
1.Uglow JS (ed). 1998. Dictionary of Women’s Biography, 3rd ed, p 205–206. Northeastern University Press, Boston, MA.
2.Maurois A. 1959. The Life of Sir Alexander Fleming: Discoverer of Penicillin. E P Dutton & Co, Inc, New York, NY. (Translated from the French by Gerard Hopkins.)
3.Hoffman R. 2001. Ben May: the quiet philanthropist, p 288–295. In Hoffman R (ed), Back Home: Journeys Through Mobile. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL.
4.May JR, Voureka AE, Fleming A. 1947. Some problems in the titration of streptomycin. BMJ 1:627–630.
5.Voureka A. 1948. Sensitization of penicillin-resistant bacteria. Lancet i:62–65.
6.Voureka A, Hughes WH. 1949. Frequency of penicillin-resistant staphylococci. BMJ 1:395.
7.Voureka A, Fleming A. 1949. Staining of flagella. J Gen Microbiol 3:xxiii.
8.Fleming A, Voureka A, Kramer IR, Hughes WH. 1950. The morphology and motility of Proteus vulgaris and other organisms cultured in the presence of penicillin. J Gen Microbiol 4:257–269.
9.Voureka A. 1951. Bacterial variants in patients treated with chloramphenicol. Lancet i:27–28.
10.Voureka A. 1951. Production of bacterial variants in vitro with chloramphenicol and specific antiserum. Lancet i:29–31.
11.Voureka A. 1952. Induced variations in a penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. J Gen Microbiol 6:352–360.
12.Voureka A, Ogilvie AC. 1952. Toxin production in two strains of Staphylococcus and their variants. J Gen Microbiol 7:48–53.
13.Brown K. 2004. Penicillin Man: Alexander Fleming and the Antibiotic Revolution. Sutton Publishers, Phoenix Mill, United Kingdom.
14.Fleming A. 1973. A Piece of Truth. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
1.Ghedin E. 7 March 2012. Genomics and neglected tropical diseases: the view from my half of the human race. The NIH Catalyst. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
2.Rouvalis C. Winter 2012. The genius of Pitt. Pittsburgh Quarterly. https://pittsburghquarterly.com/pq-health-science/pq-technology/item/494-the-genius-of-pitt.html.
3.Berriman M, Ghedin E, Hertz-Fowler C, Blandin G, Renauld H, Bartholomeu DC, Lennard NJ, Caler E, Hamlin NE, Haas B, Böhme U, Hannick L, Aslett MA, Shallom J, Marcello L, Hou L, Wickstead B, Alsmark UC, Arrowsmith C, Atkin RJ, Barron AJ, Bringaud F, Brooks K, Carrington M, Cherevach I, Chillingworth TJ, Churcher C, Clark LN, Corton CH, Cronin A, Davies RM, Doggett J, Djikeng A, Feldblyum T, Field MC, Fraser A, Goodhead I, Hance Z, Harper D, Harris BR, Hauser H, Hostetler J, Ivens A, Jagels K, Johnson D, Johnson J, Jones K, Kerhornou AX, Koo H, Larke N, et al. 2005. The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. Science 309:416–422.
4.Shetty P. 2012. Elodie Ghedin: intrepid gene hunter. Lancet 379:113.
5.Ghedin E. 2013–2017. Omics-based predictive modeling of age-dependent outcome to influenza infection. NIH project number 5U01AI111598-06.
6.Read AF. 2012–2016. Genomic analyses of the canonical cases of virulence evolution: myxomatosis in AU. NIH project number 4R01AI093804-05.
7.Poon LL, Song T, Rosenfeld R, Lin X, Rogers MB, Zhou B, Sebra R, Halpin RA, Guan Y, Twaddle A, DePasse JV, Stockwell TB, Wentworth DE, Holmes EC, Greenbaum B, Peiris JS, Cowling BJ, Ghedin E. 2016. Quantifying influenza virus diversity and transmission in humans. Nat Genet 48:195–200.
8.Devitt J. 4 January 2016. Scientists find minor flu strains pack bigger punch. New York University, New York, NY. https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2016/january/scientists-find-minor-flu-strains-pack-bigger-punch.html.
1.Pinsent J. 1954. The need for selenite and molybdate in the formation of formic dehydrogenase by members of the coli-aerogenes group of bacteria. Biochem J 57:10–16.
2.Gibson J, Pfennig N, Waterbury JB. 1984. Chloroherpeton thalassium gen. nov. et spec. nov., a non-filamentous, flexing and gliding green sulfur bacterium. Arch Microbiol 138:96–101.
1.Lederberg J. 1960. Exobiology: approaches to life beyond the earth. Science 132:393–400.
2.Des Marais DJ, Nuth JA III, Allamandola LJ, Boss AP, Farmer JD, Hoehler TM, Jakosky BM, Meadows VS, Pohorille A, Runnegar B, Spormann AM. 2008. The NASA astrobiology roadmap. Astrobiology 8:715–730.
3.Summons RE, Sessions AL, Allwood AC, Barton HA, Beaty DW, Blakkolb B, Canham J, Clark BC, Dworkin JP, Lin Y, Mathies R, Milkovich SM, Steele A. 2014. Planning considerations related to the organic contamination of Martian samples and implications for the Mars 2020 Rover. Astrobiology 14:969–1027.
4.Goldschmidt MC, Fung DY, Grant R, White J, Brown T. 1991. New aniline blue dye medium for rapid identification and isolation of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 29:1095–1099.
5.Goldschmidt MC, Lockhart BM. 1971. Simplified rapid procedure for determination of agmatine and other guanidino-containing compounds. Anal Chem 43:1475–1479.
6.Goldschmidt MC, Lockhart BM. 1971. Rapid methods for determining decarboxylase activity: arginine decarboxylase. Appl Microbiol 22:350–357.
7.Goldschmidt MC, Lockhart BM, Perry K. 1971. Rapid methods for determining decarboxylase activity: ornithine and lysine decarboxylases. Appl Microbiol 22:344–349.
8.Goldschmidt MC, Williams RP. 1968. Thiamine-induced formation of the monopyrrole moiety of prodigiosin. J Bacteriol 96:609–616.
9.Wheeler TG, Goldschmidt MC. 1975. Determination of bacterial cell concentrations by electrical measurements. J Clin Microbiol 1:25–29.
10.Hyde B. 1998. Rita Colwell: sea change at the NSF. Curr Biol 8:R404.
11.Wolfe AJ. 2002. Germs in space. Joshua Lederberg, exobiology, and the public imagination, 1958–1964. Isis 93:183–205.
12.Space Science Board. 1961. Policy Positions on Man’s Role in the National Space Program and Support of Basic Research for Space Science. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
13.Mangus S, Larsen W. 2004. Lunar Receiving Laboratory Project History. Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA.
14.NASA. 1965. NASA 1965 Summer Conference on Lunar Exploration and Science. NASA, Falmouth, MA.
15.McLane JC Jr, King EA Jr, Flory DA, Richardson KA, Dawson JP, Kemmerer WW, Wooley BC. 1967. Lunar receiving laboratory. Science 155:525–529.
16.Campbell BO, Goldschmidt MC, Lipscomb HS, Knight JV, Melnick JL. 1967. Comprehensive Biological Protocol for the Lunar Sample Receiving Laboratory Manned Spacecraft Center. Baylor Medical College, Houston, TX. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19680021536.pdf
1.Wassarman KM, Repoila F, Rosenow C, Storz G, Gottesman S. 2001. Identification of novel small RNAs using comparative genomics and microarrays. Genes Dev 15:1637–1651.
1.Wikipedia contributors. 2017. History of California 1900 to present, on Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_California_1900_to_present.
2.Cordes F. 2013. Interview with Carlyn J. Halde, Ph.D. (from childhood to Ph.D.), Oral History Program. The Society of Woman Geographers. http://www.iswg.org/resources/oral-histories.
3.Halde C. 1964. Percutaneous Cryptococcus neoformans inoculation without infection. Arch Dermatol 89:545.
4.American Civil Liberties Union, Northern California. Legacy donors. Carlyn Jean Halde. https://www.aclunc.org/donate/legacy-donors.
5.Halde C, Newcomer VD, Wright ET, Sternberg TH. 1957. An evaluation of amphotericin B in vitro and in vivo in mice against Coccidioides immitis and Candida albicans, and preliminary observations concerning the administration of amphotericin B to man. J Invest Dermatol 28:217–231.
6.Malo J, Luraschi-Monjagatta C, Wolk DM, Thompson R, Hage CA, Knox KS. 2014. Update on the diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Ann Am Thor Soc 11:243–253.
7.Maertens JA. 2004. History of the development of azole derivatives. Clin Microbiol Infect 10:1–10.
8.Elliott ID, Halde C, Shapiro J. 1977. Keratitis and endophthalmitis caused by Petriellidium boydii. Am J Ophthalmol 83:16–18.
9.McGinnis MR, Ajello L, Beneke ES, Drouhet E, Goodman NL, Halde CJ, Haley LD, Kane JL, Land GA, Padhye AA, Pincus DH, Rinaldi MG, Rogers AL, Salkin IF, Schell WA, Weitzman I. 1984. Taxonomic and nomenclatural evaluation of the genera Candida and Torulopsis. J Clin Microbiol 20:813–814.
10.Mcginnis MR, Rinaldi MG, Halde C, Hilger AE. 1975. Mycotic flora of the interdigital spaces of the human foot: a preliminary investigation. Mycopathologia 55:47–52.
11.Waldorf AR, Halde C, Vedros NA. 1982. Murine model of pulmonary mucormycosis in cortisone-treated mice. Sabouraudia 20:217–224.
12.Halde C, Fraher MA. 1966. Cryptococcus neoformans in pigeon feces in San Francisco. Calif Med 104:188–190.
13.Halde C. 1987. Basic Mycology for the Clinician. Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc, New York, NY.
14.Halde C, Valesco M, Flores M. 1992. The need for a mycoses reporting system. Curr Top Med Mycol 4:259–265.
15.Breathe California Golden Gate. 30 July 2014. In memory of Carlyn Halde. Breathe California donor profile. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfxCPRYI38E.
16.Project Concern International. Honoring Dr. Carlyn Halde. https://www.pciglobal.org/honoring-dr-carlyn-halde-gg/.
17.Medical Mycology Society of the Americas. The Carlyn Halde Latin American Student Travel Award. http://www.mycologicalsociety.org/carlyn_halde_latin_american_student_travel_award.
18.International Society of Human and Animal Mycoses. Carlyn Halde Fund. https://www.isham.org/membership/carlyn-halde-fund.
19.International Society of Human and Animal Mycoses. Carlyn Halde. https://www.isham.org/about-isham/mycological-heroes/carlyn-halde.
20.Shoupe M. 17 July 2009. Wet. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qbkYHFd7Ww.
21.Northern California Branch, American Society for Microbiology. http://www.asmbranches.org/brcano/.
1.Handelsman J, Pfund C, Lauffer SM, Pribbenow CM. 2005. Entering Mentoring: A Seminar To Train a New Generation of Scientists. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, Madison, WI.
2.National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine. 1997. Adviser, Teacher, Role Model, Friend: On Being a Mentor to Students in Science and Engineering. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
3.Handelsman J, Rondon MR, Brady SF, Clardy J, Goodman RM. 1998. Molecular biological access to the chemistry of unknown soil microbes: a new frontier for natural products. Chem Biol 5:R245–R249.
4.Rondon MR, Goodman RM, Handelsman J. 1999. The Earth’s bounty: assessing and accessing soil microbial diversity. Trends Biotechnol 17:403–409.
5.Béjà O, Aravind L, Koonin EV, Suzuki MT, Hadd A, Nguyen LP, Jovanovich SB, Gates CM, Feldman RA, Spudich JL, Spudich EN, DeLong EF. 2000. Bacterial rhodopsin: evidence for a new type of phototrophy in the sea. Science 289:1902–1906.
6.Tyson GW, Chapman J, Hugenholtz P, Allen EE, Ram RJ, Richardson PM, Solovyev VV, Rubin EM, Rokhsar DS, Banfield JF. 2004. Community structure and metabolism through reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment. Nature 428:37–43.
7.Schloss PD, Handelsman J. 2007. The last word: books as a statistical metaphor for microbial communities. Annu Rev Microbiol 61:23–34.
8.Handelsman J, Cantor N, Carnes M, Denton D, Fine E, Grosz B, Hinshaw V, Marrett C, Rosser S, Shalala D, Sheridan J. 2005. Careers in science. More women in science. Science 309:1190–1191.
9.American Society for Microbiology. 2017. Women in microbiology—Jo Handelsman. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNNGR0ERX_M. Accessed 25 September 2017.
10.Handelsman J, Miller S, Pfund C. 2007. Scientific Teaching. WH Freeman & Company, New York, NY.
11.Handelsman J, Ebert-May D, Beichner R, Bruns P, Chang A, DeHaan R, Gentile J, Lauffer S, Stewart J, Tilghman SM, Wood WB. 2004. Scientific teaching. Science 304:521–522.
12.Pfund C, Maidl Pribbenow C, Branchaw J, Miller Lauffer S, Handelsman J. 2006. The merits of training mentors. Science 311:473–474.
13.Martin MO. 2011. Bacterial ice nucleation protein. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pH-afIrfUbQ. Accessed 26 September 2017.
14.Carnes M, Geller S, Fine E, Sheridan J, Handelsman J. 2005. NIH Director’s Pioneer Awards: could the selection process be biased against women? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 14:684–691.
15.Moss-Racusin CA, Dovidio JF, Brescoll VL, Graham MJ, Handelsman J. 2012. Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male students. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:16474–16479.
16.Casadevall A, Handelsman J. 2014. The presence of female conveners correlates with a higher proportion of female speakers at scientific symposia. mBio 5:e00846-13.
17.Alivisatos AP, Blaser MJ, Brodie EL, Chun M, Dangl JL, Donohue TJ, Dorrestein PC, Gilbert JA, Green JL, Jansson JK, Knight R, Maxon ME, McFall-Ngai MJ, Miller JF, Pollard KS, Ruby EG, Taha SA, Unified Microbiome Initiative Consortium. 2015. A unified initiative to harness Earth’s microbiomes. Science 350:507–508.
18.Schloss P. 2015. Nurturing the microbiome field. Science 350:1044.
1.Harwood CS, Canale-Parola E. 1981. Branched-chain amino acid fermentation by a marine spirochete: strategy for starvation survival. J Bacteriol 148:109–116.
2.Harwood CS, Canale-Parola E. 1981. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate-yielding pathways of branched-chain amino acid fermentation by a marine spirochete. J Bacteriol 148:117–123.
3.Harwood CS, Canale-Parola E. 1982. Properties of acetate kinase isozymes and a branched-chain fatty acid kinase from a spirochete. J Bacteriol 152:246–254.
4.Harwood CS, Jannasch HW, Canale-Parola E. 1982. Anaerobic spirochete from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Appl Environ Microbiol 44:234–237.
5.Harwood CS, Canale-Parola E. 1983. Spirochaeta isovalercia sp. nov., a marine anaerobe that forms branched-chain fatty acids as fermentation products. Int J Syst Bacteriol 33:573–579.
6.Harwood CS, Rivelli M, Ornston LN. 1984. Aromatic acids are chemoattractants for Pseudomonas putida. J Bacteriol 160:622–628.
7.Harwood CS, Ornston LN. 1984. TOL plasmid can prevent induction of chemotactic responses to aromatic acids. J Bacteriol 160:797–800.
8.Harwood CS, Parales RE, Dispensa M. 1990. Chemotaxis of Pseudomonas putida toward chlorinated benzoates. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1501–1503.
9.Harwood CS, Nichols NN, Kim M-K, Ditty JL, Parales RE. 1994. Identification of the pcaRKF gene cluster from Pseudomonas putida: involvement in chemotaxis, biodegradation, and transport of 4-hydroxybenzoate. J Bacteriol 176:6479–6488.
10.Grimm AC, Harwood CS. 1997. Chemotaxis of Pseudomonas spp. to the polyaromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4111–4115.
11.Grimm AC, Harwood CS. 1999. NahY, a catabolic plasmid-encoded receptor required for chemotaxis of Pseudomonas putida to the aromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene. J Bacteriol 181:3310–3316.
12.Parales RE, Ditty JL, Harwood CS. 2000. Toluene-degrading bacteria are chemotactic towards the environmental pollutants benzene, toluene, and trichloroethylene. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:4098–4104.
13.Hawkins AC, Harwood CS. 2002. Chemotaxis of Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:968–972.
14.Ditty JL, Grimm AC, Harwood CS. 1998. Identification of a chemotaxis gene region from Pseudomonas putida. FEMS Microbiol Lett 159:267–273.
15.Ditty JL, Harwood CS. 1999. Conserved cytoplasmic loops are important for both the transport and chemotaxis functions of PcaK, a protein from Pseudomonas putida with 12 membrane-spanning regions. J Bacteriol 181:5068–5074.
16.Nichols NN, Harwood CS. 2000. An aerotaxis transducer gene from Pseudomonas putida. FEMS Microbiol Lett 182:177–183.
17.Ferrández A, Hawkins AC, Summerfield DT, Harwood CS. 2002. Cluster II che genes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are required for an optimal chemotactic response. J Bacteriol 184:4374–4383.
18.Ditty JL, Harwood CS. 2002. Charged amino acids conserved in the aromatic acid/H+ symporter family of permeases are required for 4-hydroxybenzoate transport by PcaK from Pseudomonas putida. J Bacteriol 184:1444–1448.
19.Hickman JW, Tifrea DF, Harwood CS. 2005. A chemosensory system that regulates biofilm formation through modulation of cyclic diguanylate levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:14422–14427.
20.Güvener ZT, Harwood CS. 2007. Subcellular location characteristics of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa GGDEF protein, WspR, indicate that it produces cyclic-di-GMP in response to growth on surfaces. Mol Microbiol 66:1459–1473.
21.Hickman JW, Harwood CS. 2008. Identification of FleQ from Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a c-di-GMP-responsive transcription factor. Mol Microbiol 69:376–389.
22.Baraquet C, Murakami K, Parsek MR, Harwood CS. 2012. The FleQ protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa functions as both a repressor and an activator to control gene expression from the pel operon promoter in response to c-di-GMP. Nucleic Acids Res 40:7207–7218.
23.O’Connor JR, Kuwada NJ, Huangyutitham V, Wiggins PA, Harwood CS. 2012. Surface sensing and lateral subcellular localization of WspA, the receptor in a chemosensory-like system leading to c-di-GMP production. Mol Microbiol 86:720–729.
24.Huangyutitham V, Güvener ZT, Harwood CS. 2013. Subcellular clustering of the phosphorylated WspR response regulator protein stimulates its diguanylate cyclase activity. mBio 4:e00242-13.
25.Irie Y, Borlee BR, O’Connor JR, Hill PJ, Harwood CS, Wozniak DJ, Parsek MR. 2012. Self-produced exopolysaccharide is a signal that stimulates biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:20632–20636.
26.Baraquet C, Harwood CS. 2013. C-di-GMP represses bacterial flagella synthesis by interacting with the Walker A motif of the enhancer binding protein FleQ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:18478–18483.
27.Baraquet C, Harwood CS. 2015. A FleQ DNA binding consensus sequence revealed by studies of FleQ-dependent regulation of biofilm gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 198:178–186.
28.Matsuyama BY, Krasteva PV, Baraquet C, Harwood CS, Sondermann H, Navarro MV. 2016. Mechanistic insights into c-di-GMP-dependent control of the biofilm regulator FleQ from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:E209–E218.
29.Geissler JF, Harwood CS, Gibson J. 1988. Purification and properties of benzoate-coenzyme A ligase, a Rhodopseudomonas palustris enzyme involved in the anaerobic degradation of benzoate. J Bacteriol 170:1709–1714.
30.Merkel SM, Eberhard AE, Gibson J, Harwood CS. 1989. Involvement of coenzyme A thioesters in anaerobic metabolism of 4-hydroxybenzoate by Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Bacteriol 171:1–7.
31.Gibson J, Dispensa M, Fogg GC, Evans DT, Harwood CS. 1994. 4-Hydroxybenzoate-coenzyme A ligase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris: purification, gene sequence, and role in anaerobic degradation. J Bacteriol 176:634–641.
32.Kim M-K, Harwood CS. 1991. Regulation of benzoate-CoA ligase in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. FEMS Microbiol Lett 83:199–204.
33.Dispensa M, Thomas CT, Kim M-K, Perrotta JA, Gibson J, Harwood CS. 1992. Anaerobic growth of Rhodopseudomonas palustris on 4-hydroxybenzoate is dependent on AadR, a member of the cyclic AMP receptor protein family of transcriptional regulators. J Bacteriol 174:5803–5813.
34.Perrotta JA, Harwood CS. 1994. Anaerobic metabolism of cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, a proposed intermediate of benzoate degradation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1775–1782.
35.Egland PG, Pelletier DA, Dispensa M, Gibson J, Harwood CS. 1997. A cluster of bacterial genes for anaerobic benzene ring biodegradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:6484–6489.
36.Gibson J, Dispensa M, Harwood CS. 1997. 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase (dehydroxylating) is required for anaerobic degradation of 4-hydroxybenzoate by Rhodopseudomonas palustris and shares features with molybdenum-containing hydroxylases. J Bacteriol 179:301–309.
37.Egland PG, Gibson J, Harwood CS. 1995. Benzoate-coenzyme A ligase, encoded by badA, is one of three ligases able to catalyze benzoyl-coenzyme A formation during anaerobic growth of Rhodopseudomonas palustris on benzoate. J Bacteriol 177:6545–6551.
38.Egland PG, Harwood CS. 1999. BadR, a new MarR family member, regulates anaerobic benzoate degradation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris in concert with AadR, an Fnr family member. J Bacteriol 181:2102–2109.
39.Pelletier DA, Harwood CS. 1998. 2-Ketocyclohexanecarboxyl coenzyme A hydrolase, the ring cleavage enzyme required for anaerobic benzoate degradation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Bacteriol 180:2330–2336.
40.Egland PG, Harwood CS. 2000. HbaR, a 4-hydroxybenzoate sensor and FNR-CRP superfamily member, regulates anaerobic 4-hydroxybenzoate degradation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Bacteriol 182:100–106.
41.Pelletier DA, Harwood CS. 2000. 2-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, an enzyme characteristic of the anaerobic benzoate degradation pathway used by Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Bacteriol 182:2753–2760.
42.Harrison FH, Harwood CS. 2005. The pimFABCDE operon from Rhodopseudomonas palustris mediates dicarboxylic acid degradation and participates in anaerobic benzoate degradation. Microbiology 151:727–736.
43.Peres CM, Harwood CS. 2006. BadM is a transcriptional repressor and one of three regulators that control benzoyl coenzyme A reductase gene expression in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Bacteriol 188:8662–8665.
44.Crosby HA, Heiniger EK, Harwood CS, Escalante-Semerana JC. 2010. Reversible N-lysine acetylation regulates the activity of acyl-CoA synthetases involved in anaerobic benzoate catabolism in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Mol Microbiol 75:1007–1020.
45.Larimer FW, Chain P, Hauser L, Lamerdin J, Malfatti S, Do L, Land ML, Pelletier DA, Beatty JT, Lang AS, Tabita FR, Gibson JL, Hanson TE, Bobst C, Torres JL, Peres C, Harrison FH, Gibson J, Harwood CS. 2004. Complete genome sequence of the metabolically versatile photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Nat Biotechnol 22:55–61.
46.Oda Y, Larimer FW, Chain PS, Malfatti S, Shin MV, Vergez LM, Hauser L, Land ML, Braatsch S, Beatty JT, Pelletier DA, Schaefer AL, Harwood CS. 2008. Multiple genome sequences reveal adaptations of a phototrophic bacterium to sediment microenvironments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:18543–18548.
47.Oda Y, Samanta SK, Rey F, Wu L, Liu X-D, Yan T-F, Zhou J, Harwood CS. 2005. Functional genomic analysis of three nitrogenase isozymes in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Bacteriol 187:7784–7794.
48.Rey FE, Oda Y, Harwood CS. 2006. Regulation of uptake hydrogenase and effects of hydrogen utilization on gene expression in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Bacteriol 188:6143–6152.
49.Rey FE, Heiniger EK, Harwood CS. 2007. Redirection of metabolism for biological hydrogen production. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:1665–1671.
50.Gosse JL, Engel BJ, Rey FE, Harwood CS, Scriven LE, Flickinger MC. 2007. Hydrogen production by photoreactive nanoporous latex coatings of nongrowing Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009. Biotechnol Prog 23:124–130.
51.Huang JJ, Heiniger EK, McKinlay JB, Harwood CS. 2010. Production of hydrogen gas from light and the inorganic electron donor thiosulfate by Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:7717–7722.
52.Gosse JL, Engel BJ, Hui JC, Harwood CS, Flickinger MC. 2010. Progress toward a biomimetic leaf: 4,000 h of hydrogen production by coating-stabilized nongrowing photosynthetic Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Biotechnol Prog 26:907–918.
53.Heiniger EK, Oda Y, Samanta SK, Harwood CS. 2012. How posttranslational modification of nitrogenase is circumvented in Rhodopseudomonas palustris strains that produce hydrogen gas constitutively. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:1023–1032.
54.Adessi A, McKinlay JB, Harwood CS, DePhilippis R. 2012. A Rhodopseudomonas palustris nifA* mutant produces H2 from NH4+-containing vegetable wastes. Int J Hydrogen Energy 37:15893–15900.
55.McKinlay JB, Oda Y, Rühl M, Posto AL, Sauer U, Harwood CS. 2014. Non-growing Rhodopseudomonas palustris increases the hydrogen gas yield from acetate by shifting from the glyoxylate shunt to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. J Biol Chem 289:1960–1970.
56.Schaefer AL, Greenberg EP, Oliver CM, Oda Y, Huang JJ, Bittan-Banin G, Peres CM, Schmidt S, Juhaszova K, Sufrin JR, Harwood CS. 2008. A new class of homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals. Nature 454:595–599.
57.Hirakawa H, Oda Y, Phattarasukol S, Armour CD, Castle JC, Raymond CK, Lappala CR, Schaefer AL, Harwood CS, Greenberg EP. 2011. Activity of the Rhodopseudomonas palustris p-coumaroyl-homoserine lactone-responsive transcription factor RpaR. J Bacteriol 193:2598–2607.
58.Lindemann A, Pessi G, Schaefer AL, Mattmann ME, Christensen QH, Kessler A, Hennecke H, Blackwell HE, Greenberg EP, Harwood CS. 2011. Quorum sensing in the soybean root-nodulating bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum: identification of isovaleryl-homoserine lactone, an unusual branched-chain signal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:16750–16770.
59.Ahlgren NA, Harwood CS, Schaefer AL, Giraud E, Greenberg EP. 2011. Aryl-homoserine lactone quorum sensing in stem-nodulating photosynthetic bradyrhizobia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:7183–7188.
60.Hirakawa H, Harwood CS, Pechter KB, Schaefer AL, Greenberg EP. 2012. Antisense RNA that affects Rhodopseudomonas palustris quorum-sensing signal receptor expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:12141–12146.
61.Schaefer AL, Lappala CR, Morlen RP, Pelletier DA, Lu TY, Lankford PK, Harwood CS, Greenberg EP. 2013. LuxR- and luxI-type quorum-sensing circuits are prevalent in members of the Populus deltoides microbiome. Appl Environ Microbiol 79:5745–5752.
62.Schaefer AL, Oda Y, Coutinho BG, Pelletier DA, Weiburg J, Venturi V, Greenberg EP, Harwood CS. 2016. A LuxR homolog in a cottonwood tree endophyte that activates gene expression in response to a plant signal or specific peptides. mBio 7:e01101-16.
63.Alvarez-Ortega C, Harwood CS. 2007. Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to low oxygen indicate that growth in the cystic fibrosis lung is by aerobic respiration. Mol Microbiol 65:153–165.
64.Starkey M, Hickman JH, Ma L, Zhang N, De Long S, Hinz A, Palacios S, Manoil C, Kirisits MJ, Starner TD, Wozniak DJ, Harwood CS, Parsek MR. 2009. Pseudomonas aeruginosa rugose small-colony variants have adaptations that likely promote persistence in the cystic fibrosis lung. J Bacteriol 191:3492–3503.
1.Johnson-Thompson M, Rosenthal LJ. 1979. Effect of azacytidine on simian virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 16:667–673.
2.Johnson-Thompson M, Rosenthal LJ. 1979. Inhibition of SV40 replication by 5-azacytidine: effect on DNA synthesis and conformation. Virology 93:605–608.
3.Johnson-Thompson M, Halpern JB, Jackson WM, George J. 1984. Vacuum UV laser induced scission of simian virus 40 DNA. Photochem Photobiol 39:17–24.
4.Johnson-Thompson M, Albury D. 1988. Azapyrimidine analogues: inhibition of viral DNA synthesis and protein synthesis in SV40 infected BSC-1 cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 24:1114–1120.
5.Johnson-Thompson MC, Guthrie J. 2000. Ongoing research to identify environmental risk factors in breast carcinoma. Cancer 88:1224–1229.
6.Newman LA, Pollock RE, Johnson-Thompson MC. 2003. Increasing the pool of academically oriented African-American medical and surgical oncologists. Cancer 97:329–334.
7.The History Makers. ScienceMakers. Marian Johnson-Thompson. http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/marian-johnson-thompson. Accessed 22 March 2017.
8.Matyas ML. 1997. Marian Johnson-Thompson, molecular virologist, 1946–present, p 241–256. In Matyas ML, Haley-Oliphant AE (ed), Women Life Scientists: Past, Present, and Future—Connecting Role Models to the Classroom Curriculum. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD.
9.Johnson-Thompson M, Sullivan C, Olden K. 1996. NIEHS/AACR Task Force on the Advancement of Minorities in Science: vision for a model program. Cancer Res 56:3380–3386.
10.ASM Committee on Microbiological Issues Impacting Minorities (CMIIM). The Minority Microbiology Mentor. https://www.asm.org/index.php/publicpolicy-2/135-policy/documents/newsletters/minority-microbiology-mentor-newsletter. Accessed 16 January 2018.
11.Johnson-Thompson MC, Jay J. 1997. Ethnic diversity in ASM: the early history of African-American microbiologists. ASM News 63:77–82.
12.Johnson-Thompson M. 2007. Revisiting the contributions of African American scientists to ASM. Microbe 2:82–87.
1.Baxter BK, Gunde-Cimerman N, Oren A. 2014. Salty sisters: the women of halophiles. Front Microbiol 5:192.
2.Litchfield CD, Colwell RR, Prescott JM. 1969. Numerical taxonomy of heterotrophic bacteria growing in association with continuous-culture Chlorella sorokiniana. Appl Microbiol 18:1044–1049.
3.Litchfield C. 1974. Non-equivalence of proteins from marine and conventional sources for the cultivation of marine bacteria, p 354–362. In Colwell RR, Morita RY (ed), Effect of the Ocean Environment on Microbial Activities; Proceedings. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD.
4.Litchfield CD. 1976. Marine Microbiology. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, New York, NY; distributed by Halsted Press, Stroudsburg, PA.
5.Litchfield CD, Devanas MA, Zindulis J, Carty CE, Nakas JP, Martin EL. 1979. Application of the 14C organic mineralization technique to marine sediments, p 128–147. In Litchfield CD, Seyfried PL (ed), Methodology for Biomass Determinations and Microbial Activities in Sediments. ASTM STP 673. American Society for Testing Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
6.Vreeland RH, Litchfield CD, Martin EL, Elliot E. 1980. Halomonas elongata, a new genus and species of extremely salt-tolerant bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 30:485–495.
7.Litchfield CD. 1991. Red—the magic color for solar salt production, p 403–412. In Hocquet J-C, Palme R (ed), Das Salz in der Rechts-und Handelsgeschichte. Berenkamp, Hall in Tirol, Austria.
8.Litchfield CD. 1979. Microbial Contributions to Organic Mineralization in the Waters and Sediments of the New York Bight: Final Report for 1977–78, NOAA-MESA-New York Bight Studies. Center for Coastal and Environmental Studies—Marine Sciences Division, Rutgers, the State University, New Brunswick, NJ.
9.Litchfield CD. 1982. Benthic and planktonic bacteria. In SINC Compendium Report. http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/litchfield.html. Accessed 10 October 2017.
10.Malone TC, Chervin MB, Garside C, Litchfield CD, Stepien JC, Thomas JP. 1982. Synoptic Investigation of Nutrient Cycling in the Coastal Plume of the Hudson and Raritan Rivers: Plankton Dynamics. Hudson River Environmental Society, Inc, New York, NY.
11.Litchfield CD. 1990. In Situ Bioremediation at the Victoria West Landfill (Final Report). http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/litchfield.html.
12.George Mason University Libraries. 2016. Carol D. Litchfield Microbiology Collection. Collection C0047, Special Collections and Archives. http://sca.gmu.edu/finding_aids/litchfield.html.
13.Litchfield CD. 2004. Evolution of extremophiles from laboratory oddities to their practical applications: a selective review of the patent literature. SIM News 54:245–253.
14.Litchfield CD. 2005. Thirty years and counting: bioremediation in its prime? Bioscience 55:273–279.
15.Litchfield CD. 2011. Potential for industrial products from the halophilic Archaea. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38:1635–1647.
16.Arahal DR, Vreeland RH, Litchfield CD, Mormile MR, Tindall BJ, Oren A, Bejar V, Quesada E, Ventosa A. 2007. Recommended minimal standards for describing new taxa of the family Halomonadaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:2436–2446.
17.Litchfield CD, Irby A, Kis-Papo T, Oren A. 2000. Comparisons of the polar lipid and pigment profiles of two solar salterns located in Newark, California, USA, and Eilat, Israel. Extremophiles 4:259–265.
18.Litchfield CD. 1998. Survival strategies for microorganisms in hypersaline environments and their relevance to life on early Mars. Meteorit Planet Sci 33:813–819.
19.Litchfield CD, Gillevet PM. 2002. Microbial diversity and complexity in hypersaline environments: a preliminary assessment. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 28:48–55.
20.Litchfield CD, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. 2006. Characterization of natural communities of halophilic microorganisms. Methods Microbiol 35:513–533.
21.Litchfield CD. 2004. Microbial molecular and physiological diversity in hypersaline environments, p 49–61. In Ventosa A (ed), Halophilic Microorganisms. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
22.Litchfield CD, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM. 2005. The microbial diversity of a solar saltern on San Francisco Bay, p 59–69. In Gunde-Cimerman N, Oren A, Plemenitaš A (ed), Adaptation to Life at High Salt Concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
23.Pesenti PT, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM, Sánchez-Porro C, Ventosa A, Litchfield CD. 2008. Halorubrum californiense sp. nov., an extreme archaeal halophile isolated from a crystallizer pond at a solar salt plant in California, USA. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2710–2715.
24.Almeida-Dalmet S, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM, Litchfield CD, Baxter BK. 2015. Temporal study of the microbial diversity of the North Arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, U.S. Microorganisms 3:310–326.
25.Baxter BK, Litchfield CD, Sowers K, Griffith JD, DasSarma PA, DasSarma S. 2005. Microbial diversity of great salt lake, p 9–25. In Gunde-Cimerman N, Oren A, Plemenitaš A (ed), Adaptation to Life at High Salt Concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
26.Litchfield CD, Irby A, Kis-Papo T, Oren A. 2001. Comparative metabolic diversity in two solar salterns. Hydrobiologia 466:73–80.
27.Litchfield CD, Oren A. 2001. Polar lipids as biomarkers for the study of the microbial community structure of solar salterns in different geographic locations. Hydrobiologia 466:81–89.
28.Litchfield CD, Palme R, Piasecki P (ed). 2001. Le monde du sel. Melanges offerts a Jean-Claude Hocquet. Berenkamp, Hall in Tirol, Austria.
29.Hagley Museum and Library. 19 August 2016. Introducing the Carol Litchfield Collection on the History of Salt. http://www.hagley.org/librarynews/introducing-carol-litchfield-collection-history-salt.
30.Eternal Reefs. 2016. The Eternal Reefs Story. http://eternalreefs.com/the-eternal-reefs-story/.
31.Mou YZ, Qiu XX, Zhao ML, Cui HL, Oh D, Dyall-Smith ML. 2012. Halohasta litorea gen. nov. sp. nov., and Halohasta litchfieldiae sp. nov., isolated from the Daliang aquaculture farm, China and from Deep Lake, Antarctica, respectively. Extremophiles 16:895–901.
1.Harvey JOM. 2000. The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the Mid-Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis, New York, NY.
2.Warren W. 1999. Black Women Scientists in the United States. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.
3.Moore RE. 1955. Distribution of blood factors, ABO, MN and Rh in a group of American Negroes. Am J Phys Anthropol 13:121–128.
4.Moore RE. 1957. Occurrence of Rh antigen V in a group of American Negroes. J Am Med Assoc 163:544–545.
5.Anonymous. 5 August 1994. Microbiologist Ruth Moore dies at 91. Washington Post, Washington, DC. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1994/08/05/microbiologist-ruth-moore-dies-at-91/385c5dee-20a6-46b0-ad2b-bb95cd02075b/.
6.Howard University. 1949. The Bison: 1949, vol 118. Howard University, Washington, DC.
7.Congress. 2005. Congressional Record: Proceedings and debates of the 109th Congress, First Session, vol 151, p 7786–7787. US Government, Washington, DC.
8.Rossiter MW. 1995. , . The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
9.Haynes DM. 2014. Always the exception: women and women of color scientists in historical perspective. Peer Rev 16:25.