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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

ISBN: 9781119631552
ISSN: 1042-1122

Cover design by Wiley

CONTENTS

Cover

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

PLENARY SESSION

CHALLENGES AND PROGRESS IN UNDERSTANDING GLASS MELTING
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. A MULTISCALE CHALLENGE
4. VISUAL OBSERVATIONS
5. WEIGHT LOSS AND ENERGY FLOW
6. PHASE EVOLUTION
7. TOMOGRAPHY
8. PROPERTIES OF THE BATCH PILE
9. THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF COMPUTER MODELING
10. CONCLUSIONS
11. REFERENCES
CULLET SUPPLY ISSUES AND TECHNOLOGIES
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. THE CULLET CHAIN OF CUSTODY
4. CULLET SORTING
5. CULLET PROCESSING
6. TOWARD GREATER CULLET RECYCLING
7. ALTERNATIVE CULLET MARKETS
8. SUMMARY
9. REFERENCES
GLASS SURFACE MODIFICATIONS FOR NEW PRODUCTS IN THE 21^ST CENTURY
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. POWER GENERATION – THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTIC DEVICES
4. LARGE AREA SOLID-STATE LIGHTING – ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
5. CONCLUSIONS
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
7. REFERENCES
8. DISCLAIMER
FLAT GLASS MANUFACTURING BEFORE FLOAT
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. WINDOW GLASS: HAND-BLOWN CYLINDER GLASS
4. WINDOW GLASS: MACHINE-DRAWN CYLINDER GLASS
5. WINDOW GLASS: VERTICALLY-DRAWN SHEET GLASS COLBURN SHEET GLASS PROCESS
6. VERTICALLY-DRAWN SHEET GLASS (FOURCAULT)
7. VERTICALLY-DRAWN SHEET GLASS (PENNVERNON)
8. PLATE GLASS CAST FROM POTS
9. CONTINUOUS ROLLED PLATE GLASS
10. TWIN GRINDING OF PLATE GLASS
TOWARDS THE PATH FOR DE-CARBONIZATION-UNDERSTANDING LEGISLATIVE CHALLENGES
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. WHY DOES IT MATTER
4. ABATEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF GLASS CONTAINER MANUFACTURING
6. EVOLUTION VERSUS REVOLUTION
7. GLASS AND THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
8. POTENTIAL OBSTACLES TO OVERCOME FOR DE-CARBONIZATION
9. FUTURE OUTLOOK AND CONNECTIVITY
10. REFERENCES
DRY SORBENT INJECTION SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION AND COST REDUCTION POTENTIAL THROUGH DATA ANALYSIS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. HOW TO PERFORM DSI DATA ANALYSIS
4. BENEFITS OF DSI DATA ANALYSIS
5. ANALYTICAL TOOLS THAT ASSIST DSI DATA ANALYSIS
6. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY
7. ABBREVIATIONS
8. REFERENCES

MELTING AND COMBUSTION

MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL AND MONITORING OF THE BATCH COVERAGE AND SHAPE, AND ITS EFFECTS UPON THE CROWN TEMPERATURE. CAN THIS BE CORRELATED TO THE OVERALL GLASS QUALITY AND STABILITY IN A GLASS FURNACE?
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY, GLASS QUALITY AND NO_x EMISSIONS IN OXY-FUEL GLASS FURNACES THROUGH ADVANCED OXYGEN STAGING
1. ABSTRACT
2. OXIDIZER STAGING BACKGROUND AND PRINCIPLES
3. PRACTICAL CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF STAGING
4. DRIVERS FOR EXPANDING THE ROLE OF OXYGEN STAGING
5. SECONDARY FOAM OVERVIEW
6. EXTENDING OXYGEN STAGING LIMITS AND ATTACKING FOAM: THE CLEANFIRE® HRx™ BURNER
7. HIGHLIGHTS OF COMMERCIAL DEMONSTRATIONS
8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCES
STAGED, OXY-FUEL WIDE FLAME BURNERS TO MITIGATE REFRACTORY PORT FOULING AND FOAMING IN GLASS FURNACES
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. WFB TECHNOLOGY
4. WFB GENERATION III
5. XD BURNER
6. FOAM MITIGATION USING PRAXAIR’S WIDE FLAME BURNERS
7. CONCLUSIONS
8. REFERENCES
INDUSTRY 3.9 THERMAL IMAGING USING THE NEAR INFRARED BORESCOPE (NIR-B)
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. THERMAL IMAGES VS. ACTUAL TEMPERATURE
4. TRUE THERMAL RADIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND EMISSIVITY
5. END-FIRED CONTAINER FURNACE CASE STUDY – DAY 1 – 3-HOUR DEMONSTRATION
6. REMOTE THERMAL ANALYSIS OF 3 HOURS OF DATA
7. REMOTE COMBUSTION ANALYSIS OF 3 HOURS OF DATA
8. OBSERVATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FROM 3-HOUR DEMONSTRATIONS
9. PHASE 2
10. SUMMARY OF CASE STUDY
11. POTENTIAL USE OF NIR-B FOR AUTOMATIC REVERSAL CONTROL
12. INDUSTRY 3.9
13. REFERENCES

REFRACTORIES

INNOREG: GOING BEYOND A WELL-KNOWN SOLUTION FOR THERMAL REGENERATORS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. NEWLY DEVELOPED INNOVATIVE CHECKER BRICKS
4. MATHEMATICAL MODEL R21
5. R21 IN-HOUSE COMPUTER REGENERATOR MODEL
6. USE OF THE R21 REGENERATOR MODEL
7. SELECTED RESULTS
8. REVERSAL TIME
9. CHECKER WORK HEIGHT
10. GAS VELOCITY
11. RESULTS FOR NEW SHAPES
12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
13. REFERENCES
ADVANCED POST MORTEM STUDY, FROM DIGITAL SURVEY TO MICRO SCALE ANALYSIS
1. ABSTRACT
2. OVERVIEW
3. CONCLUSION
DIGITALLY MAPPING THE FUTURE OF GLASS FURNACES WITH LASERS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EVOLUTION OF LASER TECHNOLOGY
4. CASE STUDY | USE OF LASERS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE STEEL APPLICATIONS
5. BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE (BOF) APPLICATION
6. LADLE APPLICATION
7. CASE STUDY | APPLICATIONS IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY
8. FUTURE APPLICATIONS IN GLASS TO CONSIDER
9. POST CONSTRUCTION | AS-BUILT VERSUS AS-DESIGNED
10. IN-USE MONITORING | ITERATIVE SCANNING OF IN-USE LINING
11. END OF CAMPAIGN INSPECTION | USED LINING VS AS-BUILT
12. CONVERTING THE DATA INTO DOLLARS ESTIMATE REPAIR SCOPE
13. PROVIDE INTELLIGENT DECISION MAKING FOR REPAIR SCHEDULE
14. SOPHISTICATED ZONING DESIGNS
15. SAFETY: CATCH THE UNCATCHABLE
16. CONCLUSION
17. REFERENCES
SORG 340S+® FOREHEARTHS - IMPROVEMENTS AND OPERATIONAL DATA
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. GLASS CONDITIONING BASICS
4. THE EVOLUTION OF THE 340 SYSTEM
5. DEVELOPMENT
6. REDUCE INVESTMENT COSTS
7. IMPROVE CONSTRUCTABILITY
8. MAINTENANCE COSTS
9. OPTIONS
10. OPERATING RESULTS
11. EMHART METHOD:
12. RELIABILTY
13. CONCLUSIONS
ENERGY RECOVERY WITH A NEW TYPE OF TIN BATH COOLER
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. OVERHEAD WATER COOLERS
4. NEW TYPE OF OVERHEAD COOLER
5. INDUSTRIAL TESTS
6. END SECTION
7. HEAD SECTION
8. RADIATION FIELD AND ROOF TEMPERATURE
9. COMPARISON OF WATER COOLERS AND THE NEW AIR COOLER
10. HEAT RECOVERY
11. CONCLUSION
12. REFERENCES
CHEMICAL STRENGTHENING OF SILICATE GLASSES: DANGEROUS AND BENEFICIAL IMPURITIES
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
6. REFERENCES

ENVIRONMENT

OPERATING EXPERIENCE WITH THE OPTIMELT™ HEAT RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY ON A TABLEWARE GLASS FURNACE
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. OPTIMELT INSTALLATION ON THE TABLEWARE FURNACE AT LIBBEY LEERDAM
4. GENERAL PROJECT EXPERIENCE
5. HEAT RECOVERY PERFORMANCE
6. EMISSION PERFORMANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERENCES
CONTINUOUSLY MEASURING CO AND O₂ TO OPTIMIZE THE COMBUSTION PROCESS
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. OPTIMAL COMBUSTION CONTROL
4. SENSOR DEVELOPTMENT
5. INSTALLATIONS
MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR RESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA: ENGINEERING CONTROLS VS. PERSONAL PROTECTION
1. ABSTRACT
2. WHAT IS RESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA?
3. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF SILICA
4. THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF RESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA
5. UNDERSTANDING THE NEW SILICA STANDARD FOR GENERAL INDUSTRY
6. HAZARD RECOGNITION: MEASURING CURRENT EXPOSURE LEVELS
7. HAZARD REDUCTION: REDUCING SILICA EXPOSURE
8. ENGINEERING CONTROL OPTIONS FOR RESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA
9. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
10. CREATING A CULTURE OF CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
11. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
FUTURE OF GLASS MELTING IN A WORLD WITH STRINGENT REDUCTIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE
1. ABSTRACT
2. INTRODUCTION
3. DISCUSSION
4. CONCLUSION
END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1 Schematic of heat and mass behavior inside a furnace
Figure 2 Effect of adding cullet as either fine powder or as briquettes on melting behav....
Figure 3 High temperature image showing the difference in foaming behavior of a base cas....
Figure 4 CO₂ evolution for a batch melted as coarse (base) batch, fine batch, and fine ...
Figure 5 Differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetry coupled to a mass spectromet....
Figure 6 XRD spectra for Batches A and B described in Deng et al. Batches were heated up....
Figure 7 In-situ tomography observation of melting of a soda-lime-silicate glass. The to....
Figure 8 Viscosity during heating at 10°C min⁻¹ of (A) powder batches and (B) briquette...
Figure 9 From the micro to the macro scale. Linking the impact of individual raw materia....

Chapter 2

Figure 1 An Example of the Glass Sorting Process
Figure 2 Representative Optical Sorting of Cullet by Color

Chapter 3

Figure 1 Schematic cross section of thin film photovoltaic devices showing the layers an....
Figure 2 Cross section transmission microscope image of fluorine doped tin oxide TCO lay....
Figure 3 Normalized profile of 2-D Fourier transforms of the surface of multiple FTO fil....
Figure 4 Scattering intensity (high intensity in the lower left region) as a function of....
Figure 5 Schematic cross section of a solid-state lighting OLED device showing the layer....
Figure 6 Finite difference solver results for optical mode confinement in the TCO (left)....
Figure 7 FDTD calculated OLED enhancement factor response as a function of wavelength an....
Figure 8 OLED devices fabricated on glass substrates showing the enhancement of light ex....

Chapter 4

Figure 1 1877 Illustration of Crystal Plate Glass Company factory at Crystal City, Misso....
Figure 2 Flat Glass Manufacturing Timeline
Figure 3 ~1919 Hand-blowing Cylinder Glass probably Mt. Vernon, Ohio
Figure 4 ~1919 Hand-blowing Cylinder Glass probably Mt. Vernon, Ohio
Figure 5 1917 Worker holding trimmed Glass Cylinder at Pilkington Brothers, St. Helens, ....
Figure 6 1916 Flattened Cylinder Glass after Annealing, Saint-Gobain, Aniche, France
Figure 7 Illustration from K. M. Wilson’s drawing in Glass in New England, an Old Sturb...
Figure 8 1919 Starting a Glass Draw on Lubbers Cylinder Glass Machine
Figure 9 1919 Drawing and Lowering Cylinders, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
Figure 10 1919 Dividing the Cylinders, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., probably Mt. Vernon, O....
Figure 11 1923 Cylinder Glass Factory, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Mt. Vernon, Ohio
Figure 12 Diagram of Libbey-Owens Sheet Glass Process
Figure 13 Diagram of Fourcault Vertically-Drawn Sheet Glass Process
Figure 14 1947 View Window of Drawing Kiln, Chambers-McKee Window Glass Co., Jeannette, P....
Figure 15 Diagrams of Pennvernon Vertically-Drawn Sheet Glass Process
Figure 16 1932 Illustration of Pennvernon Sheet Glass
Figure 17 1948 Worker at Drawing Kiln, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., probably Clarksburg, W....
Figure 18 1947 Workers at Glass Cut-off, Chambers-McKee Window Glass Co., Jeannette, Pa.
Figure 19 1926 Workers loading Batch into Pots, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Crystal City,....
Figure 20 1920 Workers Operate Electric Teeming Crane to Move Pot, Pittsburgh Plate Glass....
Figure 21 1914 Casting Plate Glass, Saint-Gobain, Chantereine, France
Figure 22 1927 Laying-up Plate Glass on Grinding Table, Saint-Gobain, Pisa, Italy
Figure 23 1949 Ribbon of Hot Glass – Continuous Plate Glass, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
Figure 24 1943 Rough Plate Glass Conveyor, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Crystal City, Miss....
Figure 25 1940 Plate Glass Grinding Line, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
Figure 26 1959 Twin Grinding Line, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Cumberland, Maryland
Figure 27 1958 Twin Grinding Line, Libbey-Owens-Ford Co., Rossford, Ohio

Chapter 6

Figure 1 General Schematic of Typical DSI System¹
Figure 2 DSI Parametric HCl Trial Performed at an Industrial Facility
Figure 3 DSI Parametric Trial Data Fit to Excel Exponential Trendline
Figure 4 DSI Trial Data from Industrial Facility Comparing HCl Removal Efficacy between ....
Figure 5 Full Scale DSI Data Comparing 2^nd Generation EHLS vs. Standard Hydrated Lime²...
Figure 6 DSI Performance Curves Comparing Standard Injection Lances and Improved Mixing ....
Figure 7 DSI Data Analysis Used to Quantify DSI Performance Impacts Associated with Vari....
Figure 8 3^rd Generation EHLS DSI Performance as a Function of Unit Operating Load
Figure 9 DSI Performance Curves for BH Filter Optimization at an EGU Site.⁵ BH Filter C...
Figure 10 SO₂ Removal vs. NSR for Standard Hydrated Lime and 3^rd Generation EHLS at an...
Figure 11 Example of TCO Analysis between 3^rd Generation EHLS and Standard Hydrated Lime...
Figure 12 Sorbent Dispersion Optimization as Viewed by an In-Duct Camera⁷
Figure 13 Illustration of FTIR Placement at EGU Site for Inlet/Outlet Monitoring⁷
Figure 14 Observed H₂O Impacts on SO₂ Removal Efficacy via Simultaneous Inlet and Outl...
Figure 15 Avaliable Ca(OH)₂ in Waste Stream During Full Scale Dry Scrubbing Trial⁹
Figure 16 TCLP Results from Industrial Facility Comparing SBC and 3^rd Generation EHLS11...

Chapter 7

Figure 1 Expert System ES 4.0™ [1]
Figure 2 The Future of Travel by Industry 4.0 and the Use of Cameras [3]
Figure 3 Levels of Instrumentation Control
Figure 4 The Expert System with Model Predictive Control Correlated with Historical Data....
Figure 5 Models from Model Predictive Control (MPC)
Figure 6 Operator Control
Figure 7 MPC Control
Figure 8 Histogram of the Furnace Temperature Stability
Figure 9 A Temperature Reduction for Energy Savings
Figure 10 Statistical Comparison
Figure 11 Manual Control on the Left of the Image, and MPC Control to the Right
Figure 12 NO_x Emissions with a set point under automatic control on 600 mg/nm³
Figure 13 Cameras for Visual, Near and Medium wave Infrared, and Species Imaging [4]
Figure 14 The A-SENS Camera and Water-Cooled Jacket Assembly
Figure 15 Cameras in Advanced MPC Process Control
Figure 16 A Composite Visual Image of the Furnace Converted into a Digital Bird’s Eye Vie....
Figure 17 A Visual Camera Image Converted to Batch Pile Locations within the Furnace Melt....
Figure 18 Location for a Critical Batch Free Location in Front of the Furnace
Figure 19 Correlation of Batch in the Critical Zone to the Crown Temperature
Figure 20 A-Sens NIR Camera Image with Temperature Identification [6]
Figure 21 Example of Glass Defect Correlation to Batch Position and Crown Temperature
Figure 22 Batch Length Adjusted by MPC Control
Figure 23 Historical Trends of the Batch Pile Movements
Figure 24 Adjustment of the Combustion Settings to Control the Batch Position

Chapter 8

Figure 1 Graph showing radiation spectra for oxy-fuel flames without oxygen staging and ....
Figure 2 Illustration of principal of directional radiation created by staging oxygen be....
Figure 3 Illustration of primary oxygen shield between developing flame and walls of pre....
Figure 4 Illustration of oxygen depletion within pre-combustor and subsequent block over....
Figure 5 Ratio of downward vs upward flame radiation versus staging percentage from labo....
Figure 6 Illustration of the deleterious consequences of surface foam in a glass melting....
Figure 7 Photo of Cleanfire® HR_x burner from burner block hot face.
Figure 8 Photo of Cleanfire® HR_x burner from back of burner showing oxygen staging co...
Figure 9 Photo of laboratory measurements of CO concentration below an oxy-fuel flame wi....
Figure 10 Results of laboratory measurements of CO concentration 2 ft below an oxy- fuel ....
Figure 11 Photos showing side views of HR_i (left) and HRx (right) burners with emphasi...
Figure 12 Clearing of secondary foam with HRx burner in Foam Control mode at 400 TPD ambe....
Figure 13 Clearing of foam around bubblers with HR_x burners at 290 TPD flint container...

Chapter 9

Figure 1 Conceptual schematic of Praxair’s WFB (3)
Figure 2 WFB Gen III
Figure 3 A WFB Gen III burner operating in a commercial furnace
Figure 4 WFB Gen II and WFB Gen III firing at 6 MMBtu/hr (1758 kW).
Figure 5 Pictures of a WFB Gen II block right after installation (A) and after some time....
Figure 6 Gas flow patterns in a conventional WFB (left) and in the XD WFB (right)
Figure 7 XD burner showing no signs of buildup after 7 + months of continuous operation ....
Figure 8 Glass surface showing no flame reflection on the left (before WFB Gen III burne....

Chapter 10

Figure 1 NOx Data in terms of Percent Limit ad Dry Oxygen
Figure 2 Thermal image in Black & White Mode with range manually set to 1400-1600. Lower....
Figure 3 Thermal image with 20°C Isotherms. Adding isotherms enhances thermal difference....
Figure 4 Thermal image at the end of Left to Right firing, with 25°C Isotherms on the ta....
Figure 5 Thermal image at the end of Right to Left firing, configured with 2*Zoom and 10....
Figure 6 Thermal image at the end of Right to Left firing, configured with 3 Times Zoom.....
Figure 7 Thermal image configured with 1.5*Zoom in NOx mode, and temperature range manua....
Figure 8 Thermal image configured with 1.5*Zoom in NOx mode, and temperature range manua....
Figure 9 Thermal image configured with 1.5*Zoom in NOx mode, and temperature range manua....

Chapter 11

Figure 1 Fluted-Vented TLW Chimney Block
Figure 2 Wide Flue Size LCP checker brick system in lower checker pack
Figure 3 Searching for the optimum height of a checker work
Figure 4 Obtaining analytically the optimum gas velocity in a checker pack

Chapter 12

Figure 1 Scanning points
Figure 2 3D scan results
Figure 3 Corrosion profiles from the scanner
Figure 4 Microstructures of cold and hot face refractories
Figure 5 Microprobe data

Chapter 13

Figure 1 IMS 1400TX Laser Measurement System
Figure 2 Sectional elevation view of BOF refractory lining
Figure 3 Mobile Laser Scanning Unit
Figure 4 Sectional elevation view of refractory lining and an illustration of laser data....
Figure 5 Ladle refractory lining life measured in “Heats” per lining
Figure 6 Raw scan showing target area with measurement of exterior surface
Figure 7 Raw scan showing interior breast wall measurement
Figure 8 Volumetric determination of worn refractory through use of laser mapping
Figure 9 Simple versus sophisticated zoning pattern based on specific wear patterns in a....

Chapter 14

Figure 1 Glass conditioning basics
Figure 2 Fans: before and after
Figure 3 Cooling concept
Figure 4 Comparison dual and single piece superstructure sections
Figure 5 Top electrodes for forehearths
Figure 6 Example UVA green
Figure 7 Example amber glass

Chapter 15

Figure 1 Glass ribbon heat fluxes in cooling of a 800 tpd float glass line
Figure 2 OPEX of industrial water cooling (Intratec)
Figure 3 Advanced condensation on a cooler starting to detach
Figure 4 Top view of tin bath with ribbon stretching and overhead coolers
Figure 5 Change of surface temperature and heat flux with growing thickness of the conde....
Figure 6 Atmosphere temperatures around a water cooler; ribbon direction left to right (....
Figure 7 Variation of heat flux profiles in intervals of 5 s
Figure 8 Tin species condensed on a special test tube
Figure 9 Principal heat fluxes from the glass ribbon to the cooler tube fluid
Figure 10 Heat flux densities in function of tube temperature above a ribbon at 750°C.
Figure 11 Surface temperatures of a 4 m cooler: continuous line: modelling, points: tests....
Figure 12 Air cooler in a test furnace at 1030°C: 120 kW heat flux extracted with air at ....
Figure 13 Two small test tubes after 1 week of exposure in the end section of a tin bath
Figure 14 Small test tube in the head section of a tin bath
Figure 15 Schematic presentation of the principal radiative exchanges between ribbon, coo....
Figure 16 Evolution of roof temperature in the end section of a tin bath
Figure 17 Convection with air coolers at 500°C (scale from 100-700°C), ribbon at 700°C

Chapter 16

Figure 1 Surface compression and case depth measured in float glass subjected to ion exc....
Figure 2 Surface compression and case depth measured in float glass subjected to ion exc....
Figure 3 Surface compression and case depth measured in float glass subjected to ion exc....
Figure 4 Surface compression and case depth measured in float glass subjected to 24 h lo....
Figure 5 Surface compression and case depth measured in float glass subjected ion exchan....
Figure 6 Picture of the samples treated for 24 h in Mg-containing potassium nitrate at 4....
Figure 7 SEM micrograph of a sample treated for 24 h in 12 ppm Mg-containing potassium n....

Chapter 17

Figure 1 OPTIMELT TCR Process
Figure 2 OPTIMELT System and L1 Furnace at Libbey Leerdam
Figure 3 Specific Energy Consumption versus Furnace Production
Figure 4 Energy Distribution of Fuel Heat Input
Figure 5 Measured L1 NOx emissions versus Nitrogen Concentration in the Flue Gas

Chapter 18

Figure 1 Sketch of important factors in optimal combustion control
Figure 2 Oxygen distribution in the burner port of an end-port fired furnace (range 0-2%....
Figure 3 Sketch and picture of the sensor setup
Figure 4 Example of measurement signals in a control system
Figure 5 Furnace specific relationship between CO and NOx

Chapter 19

Figure 1 Crystalline vs. Amorphous SiO₂ (Image credit: PicQuery)
Figure 2 The Air Quality Control Matrix

Chapter 20

Figure 1 Energy demand trend
Figure 2 Energy consumption vs. glass production

Foreword

The 79^th Glass Problem Conference (GPC) is organized by the Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering, The New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University, Alfred, NY 14802 and The Glass Manufacturing Industry Council (GMIC), Westerville, OH 43082. The Program Director was S. K. Sundaram, Inamori Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering, The New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University, Alfred, NY 14802. The Conference Director was Robert Weisenburger Lipetz, Executive Director, Glass Manufacturing Industry Council (GMIC), Westerville, OH 43082. The GPC Advisory Board (AB) included the Program Director, the Conference Director, and several industry representatives. The Board assembled the technical program. Donna Banks of the GMIC coordinated the events and provided support. The Conference started with a half-day plenary session followed by technical sessions. The themes and chairs of four technical sessions were as follows:

Melting and Combustion

Jan Schep, Owens-Illinois, Inc., Perrysburg, OH, Uyi Iyoha, Praxair, Inc., Peachtree City, GA, and Michelle Korwin-Edson, Owens Corning Science & Technology Center, Granville, OH

Refractories

Laura Lowe, Harbison Walker International, Batavia, OH and Larry McCloskey – Anchor Acquisition, LLC, Lancaster, OH

Forming

Adam Polcyn, Vitro Architectural Glass, Cheswick, PA and Kenneth Bratton, Bucher Emhart Glass, Windsor, CT

Environment

Glenn Neff, Glass Service USA, Inc., Stuart, FL and Phil Tucker, Johns Manville, Littleton, CO

Preface

This volume is a collection of papers presented at the 79^th year of the Glass Problems Conference (GPC) in 2018. The GPC continues the tradition of publishing the papers that goes back to 1934. The manuscripts included in this volume are reproduced as furnished by the presenting authors, but were reviewed prior to the presentation and submission by the respective session chairs. These chairs are also the members of the GPC Advisory Board.

As the Program Director of the GPC, I am thankful to all the presenters at the 79^th GPC. This year’s meeting was a great success with a total of 533 attendees including 29 students. I appreciate all the support from the members of Advisory Board. Their volunteering sprit, generosity, professionalism, and commitment were critical to the high quality technical program at this Conference. I also appreciate continuing support and strong leadership from the Conference Director, Mr. Robert Weisenburger Lipetz, Executive Director of GMIC and excellent support from Ms. Donna Banks of GMIC in organizing the GPC. I look forward to continuing our work with the entire team in the future.

Please note that The American Ceramic Society and myself did minor editing and formatting of these papers. Neither Alfred University nor GMIC is responsible for the statements and opinions expressed in this volume.

S. K. Sundaram
Alfred, NY
March 2019

Acknowledgments

It is my great pleasure to acknowledge the dedicated service, advice, and team spirit of the members of the GPC AB in planning this Conference, inviting key speakers, reviewing technical presentations, chairing technical sessions, and reviewing manuscripts for this publication:

Kenneth Bratton - Bucher Emhart Glass, Windsor, CT

Martin Goller - Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY

Uyi Iyoha – Praxair Inc., Peachtree City, GA

Michelle Korwin-Edson - Owens Corning Science & Technology Center, Granville, OH

Robert Lipetz - Glass Manufacturing Industry Council, Westerville, OH

Laura Lowe – HarbisonWalker International, Batavia, OH

Larry McCloskey – Anchor Hocking, Lancaster, OH

Glenn Neff - Glass Service USA, Inc., Stuart, FL

Adam Polcyn – Vitro Architectural Glass, Cheswick, PA

Jan Schep – Owens-Illinois, Inc., Perrysburg, OH

Elmer Sperry – Libbey Glass, Toledo, OH

Christopher Tournour – Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY

Phillip Tucker - Johns Manville, Littleton, CO

James Uhlik – Toledo Engineering Co., Inc., Toledo, OH

Justin Wang – Guardian Industries Corporation, Geneva, NY

Andrew Zamurs – Rio Tinto Minerals, Greenwood, CO

Finally, I am indebted to Donna Banks, GMIC for her patience, support, and attention to detail in making this conference a big success and this Proceedings possible.

79th Conference on
Glass Problems

Ceramic Transactions, Volume 267

A Collection of Papers Presented at the
79th Conference on Glass Problems
Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio
November 4-8, 2018

Edited by

S. K. Sundaram

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

PLENARY SESSION

Ceramic Transactions, Volume 267

A Collection of Papers Presented at the79th Conference on Glass Problems Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, OhioNovember 4-8, 2018

Edited byS. K. Sundaram

A Collection of Papers Presented at the
79th Conference on Glass Problems
Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio
November 4-8, 2018

Edited by

S. K. Sundaram