Cover
Author Biography
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviation List
1 Introduction
1. 1.1 Overview
2. 1.2 What Is 5G?
3. 1.3 Background
4. 1.4 Research
5. 1.5 Challenges for Electronics
6. 1.6 Expected 5G in Practice
7. 1.7 5G and Security
8. 1.8 Motivations
9. 1.9 5G Standardization and Regulation
10. 1.10 Global Standardization in 5G Era
11. 1.11 Introduction to the Book
12. References
2 Requirements
1. 2.1 Overview
2. 2.2 Background
3. 2.3 5G Requirements Based on ITU
4. 2.4 The Technical Specifications of 3GPP
5. 2.5 NGMN
6. 2.6 Mobile Network Operators
7. 2.7 Mobile Device Manufacturers
8. References
3 Positioning of 5G
1. 3.1 Overview
2. 3.2 Mobile Generations
3. 3.3 The Role of 3GPP in LPWA and IoT
4. 3.4 The Role of 5G in Automotive (V2X)
5. 3.5 The Role of 5G in the Cyber‐World
6. References
4 Architecture
1. 4.1 Overview
2. 4.2 Architecture
3. 4.3 Renewed Functionality of the 5G System
4. 4.4 Supporting Solutions for 5G
5. 4.5 Control and User Plane Separation of EPC Nodes (CUPS)
6. References
5 Radio Network
1. 5.1 Overview
2. 5.2 5G Performance
3. 5.3 5G Spectrum
4. 5.4 5G Radio Access Technologies
5. 5.5 Uplink OFDM of 5G: CP‐OFDM and DFT‐s‐OFDM
6. 5.6 Downlink
7. 5.7 New Radio (NR) Interface of 3GPP
8. 5.8 User Devices
9. 5.9 Other Aspects
10. 5.10 CBRS
11. References
6 Core Network
1. 6.1 Overview
2. 6.2 Preparing the Core for 5G
3. 6.3 5G Core Network Elements
4. 6.4 5G Functionalities Implemented in 5G Core
5. 6.5 Transport Network
6. 6.6 Protocols and Interfaces
7. 6.7 5G Core Network Services
8. References
7 Services and Applications
1. 7.1 Overview
2. 7.2 5G Services
3. 7.3 Network Function‐Related Cases
4. 7.4 Vehicle Communications
5. 7.5 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
6. References
8 Security
1. 8.1 Overview
2. 8.2 5G Security Threats and Challenges
3. 8.3 Development
4. 8.4 Security Implications in 5G Environments and Use Cases
5. 8.5 5G Security Layers
6. 8.6 Device Security
7. 8.7 Security Between Network Entities
8. 8.8 Security Opportunities for Stakeholders
9. 8.9 5G Security Architecture for 3GPP Networks
10. 8.10 UICC Evolution
11. 8.11 5G Security Development
12. 8.12 UICC Variants
13. References
9 5G Network Planning and Optimization
1. 9.1 Overview
2. 9.2 5G Core and Transmission Network Dimensioning
3. 9.3 5G Radio Network Planning
4. References
10 Deployment
1. 10.1 Overview
2. 10.2 Trials and Early Adopters Prior to 2020
3. 10.3 5G Frequency Bands
4. 10.4 Core and Radio Network Deployment Scenarios
5. 10.5 Standalone and Non‐Standalone Deployment Scenarios
6. 10.6 5G Network Interfaces and Elements
7. 10.7 Core Deployment
8. 10.8 CoMP
9. 10.9 Measurements
10. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 The 5G UE requirements as interpreted from 3GPP TS 33.501.
2. Table 2.2 Key requirements for gNB.
3. Table 2.3 5G ciphering algorithms.
4. Table 2.4 5G integrity protection algorithms.
5. Table 2.5 NGMN Alliance's device requirements.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 A summary of the mobile generations.
2. Table 3.2 Comparison of LPWA systems.
3. Table 3.3 Comparison of some 3GPP IoT modes.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Network functions (NF) and elements of the 3GPP 5G system.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 The key definitions for the 4G and 5G frame structure and carriers.
2. Table 5.2 The key characteristics comparation of the 4G and 5G radio interface.
3. Table 5.3 The frequency bands and frequency ranges for the LTE as interpreted fr...
4. Table 5.4 The NR bands and frequency ranges as interpreted from the 3GPP TS 38.1...
5. Table 5.5 Some of the key technical specifications of 3GPP New Radio (NR) interf...
6. Table 5.6 The key technical reports detailing 5G‐specific radio frequency bands.
7. Table 5.7 The modulation schemes of 5G.
8. Table 5.8 The CBRS tiers.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 The criteria for CNT classes 1–4.
2. Table 6.2 5G NR‐RAN interfaces as per 3GPP technical specifications.
3. Table 6.3 Reference points of 5G.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 The positioning techniques of the 5G system for locating UE.
2. Table 7.2 Functions of the 5G elements for UE positioning.
3. Table 7.3 The interfaced in 5G system for positioning services.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Needs for massive IoT protection.
2. Table 8.2 Description of the security architecture interfaces as presented in Fi...
3. Table 8.3 The 5G keys.
4. Table 8.4 The network functions of 5G taking part to the security procedures.
5. Table 8.5 Key terminology related to the mobile subscription.
6. Table 8.6 The main stakeholders for standardization of UICC evolution.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 The principle of the downlink radio link budget.
2. Table 9.2 The principle of the uplink radio link budget.
3. Table 9.3 Selected models for the 28 GHz scenario.
4. Table 9.4 Selected models for the 39 GHz scenario.
5. Table 9.5 Selected models for the 60 GHz scenario.
6. Table 9.6 Selected models for the 72 GHz scenario.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Snapshot of 5G‐related initiatives.
2. Table 10.2 The 5G network deployment's functional elements.
3. Table 10.3 Examples of 5G measurement equipment.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 The development of mobile data rates.
2. Figure 1.2 The 3G and 4G systems that comply with the ITU requirements for resp...
3. Figure 1.3 ITU time schedule for IMT‐2020 as interpreted from [9].
4. Figure 1.4 3GPP 5G time schedule for Release 15 is aligned with the ITU IMT‐202...
5. Figure 1.5 The contents of this LTE‐A Deployment Handbook.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 The main phases of the IMT‐2020 development by the ITU. Within this...
2. Figure 2.2 The high‐level IMT‐2020 process schedule as presented by ITU.
3. Figure 2.3 As summary of ITU's IMT‐2020 requirement categories for 5G.
4. Figure 2.4 The 3GPP security requirement categories.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Snapshot of some of the most popular commercial mobile communication...
2. Figure 3.2 The main systems per 3G, 4G, and 5G mobile communications systems co...
3. Figure 3.3 The main parameter comparison of 3GPP NB‐IoT modes.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 High‐level snapshot of the mobile network evolution and the support...
2. Figure 4.2 The key elements of 2G, 3G, and 4G network architecture prior to 5G ...
3. Figure 4.3 The high‐level principle for the architecture of the LTE/EPC and 5G ...
4. Figure 4.4 The 4G EPC develops further for better supporting 5G connectivity, b...
5. Figure 4.5 5G multi‐DAT dual connectivity.
6. Figure 4.6 The most concrete 5G deployment options summarized.
7. Figure 4.7 The principle of the 5G NG and Uu user plane [3].
8. Figure 4.8 The control plane for Uu and NG.
9. Figure 4.9 The overall 5G architecture.
10. Figure 4.10 The comparison of functional elements of the 4G and 5G. Please note...
11. Figure 4.11 Non‐roaming 5G system architecture, presented via service‐based int...
12. Figure 4.12 Reference point presentation of the 5G system architecture for the ...
13. Figure 4.13 An example of the 5G architecture in a roaming case, presented usin...
14. Figure 4.14 Reference point format of non‐roaming 5G system architecture for mu...
15. Figure 4.15 Reference point format of non‐roaming 5G system architecture for co...
16. Figure 4.16 Reference point format of the non‐roaming architecture for NEF (net...
17. Figure 4.17 5G core network architecture for non‐roaming via non‐3GPP access. P...
18. Figure 4.18 Non‐roaming architecture for interworking between 5G system (5G new...
19. Figure 4.19 The principle of network slicing.
20. Figure 4.20 An example of the mapping of the network slicing components of the ...
21. Figure 4.21 The principle of network slices with conceptual examples.
22. Figure 4.22 The groups A, B, and C to support multiple network slices per devic...
23. Figure 4.23 The principle of NFV concept.
24. Figure 4.24 The QoS flow principle in 5G.
25. Figure 4.25 The principle of 5G SSC modes as defined by 3GPP.
26. Figure 4.26 QoS flows in 5G.
27. Figure 4.27 Control and user plane separation (CUPS) as defined by 3GPP [9]. CU...
28. Figure 4.28 The principle of PFCP protocol.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 The 5G NR bands as defined in 3GPP Release 15.
2. Figure 5.2 The frequency band of OFDM as applied into LTE and 5G NR consists of...
3. Figure 5.3 The principle of the OFDM cyclic prefix.
4. Figure 5.4 Frequency‐time interpretation of an OFDM signal.
5. Figure 5.5 SISO OFDM simplified block diagram.
6. Figure 5.6 Cyclic prefix (CP) avoiding ISI.
7. Figure 5.7 The forming of the LTE radio resource block.
8. Figure 5.8 Mapping of downlink cell‐specific reference signals in LTE with norm...
9. Figure 5.9 Two‐port MIMO in LTE. The cross indicates the resource elements that...
10. Figure 5.10 Port setup for four antennas.
11. Figure 5.11 The I/Q constellation of the QPSK (4QAM) and set of other QAM varia...
12. Figure 5.12 The principle of transmitter block for CP‐OFDM. The utilization of ...
13. Figure 5.13 The 5G radio network architecture.
14. Figure 5.14 The principle of mapping 5G channels.
15. Figure 5.15 The architecture of MOCN.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 The main 5G dimensions supporting a variety of use cases as interpr...
2. Figure 6.2 An example of the distributed cloud concept.
3. Figure 6.3 Edge computing reduces latency.
4. Figure 6.4 Examples of the service outage time. The x‐axis represents the uptim...
5. Figure 6.5 The principle of the service assurance for 5G network slicing.
6. Figure 6.6 The balancing of resiliency and security as depicted in [10].
7. Figure 6.7 The difference between legacy and virtualized networks.
8. Figure 6.8 Principle of NaaS CSP as defined in [18]. The virtual resources refe...
9. Figure 6.9 The 5G network function elements.
10. Figure 6.10 The interfaces of AMF.
11. Figure 6.11 The interfaces of AUSF.
12. Figure 6.12 The interfaces of LMF.
13. Figure 6.13 The interfaces of N3IWF.
14. Figure 6.14 The interfaces of NEF.
15. Figure 6.15 The interfaces of NRF (which can be divided into home and visited N...
16. Figure 6.16Figure 6.16 The interfaces of NSSF.
17. Figure 6.17Figure 6.17 The interfaces of NWDAF.
18. Figure 6.18 The interfaces of PCF.
19. Figure 6.19 The principle of SEPP for interconnecting 3GPP networks.
20. Figure 6.20 The interfaces of SMF.
21. Figure 6.21 The protocols for the N1 mode used in 5G SMS delivery.
22. Figure 6.22 A conceptual example of UDM deployment.
23. Figure 6.23 The interfaces if UDR.
24. Figure 6.24 The interfaces of UDSF. It is an optional functionality in 5G.
25. Figure 6.25 The interfaces of UPF.
26. Figure 6.26 The principle of the network slicing in core network deployment.
27. Figure 6.27 Example of the network slice set and cloud implementation.
28. Figure 6.28 The models for 5G RAN architectures.
29. Figure 6.29 The principle of the cloud RAN.
30. Figure 6.30 Comparison of mesh and tree topologies. The latter provides benefit...
31. Figure 6.31 Conceptual example of 5G transport solution as presented by Ericsso...
32. Figure 6.32 The protocol stacks for NG and Xn interfaces.
33. Figure 6.33 The high‐level 5G user and control plane protocols.
34. Figure 6.34 The frame structure of RLC and PDCP.
35. Figure 6.35 The functional split of user plane and control plane in gNB based o...
36. Figure 6.36 The control plane protocols of N2 interface.
37. Figure 6.37 The control plane protocols for the interfaces N2 and N11.
38. Figure 6.38 The NAS transport for selected uses.
39. Figure 6.39 The control plane protocols between the UE and AMF.
40. Figure 6.40 Control plane protocol stack for the communications between UE and ...
41. Figure 6.41 The 5G's user plane PDU session protocol structure. The last UPF re...
42. Figure 6.42 Control plane for the scenario prior to the signaling IPsec SA esta...
43. Figure 6.43 The protocol stack of control plane after the signaling IPsec SA is...
44. Figure 6.44 Control plane for establishment of user‐plane via N3IWF.
45. Figure 6.45 User plane for N3IWF access.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 The state model of 4G and 5G.
2. Figure 7.2 5G positioning architecture. There is only one next‐generation core ...
3. Figure 7.3 “Traditional” architecture of V2X based on IEEE 802.11p and other va...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 The chain of trust will evolve along with the new variants of the U...
2. Figure 8.2 5G targets and use cases.
3. Figure 8.3 5G building blocks as defined by 3GPP are critical communications (C...
4. Figure 8.4 Security layers as interpreted from SIMalliance.
5. Figure 8.5 Handover between closed and public network.
6. Figure 8.6 Ways to access the public network.
7. Figure 8.7 High‐level security requirements.
8. Figure 8.8 Security between network entities.
9. Figure 8.9 Examples of the 5G connectivity.
10. Figure 8.10 3GPP system's security architecture as interpreted from 3GPP TS 33....
11. Figure 8.11 The 5G security architecture for nonroaming scenario.
12. Figure 8.12 The 5G key hierarchy as defined by 3GPP in TS 33.501.
13. Figure 8.13 The initial authentication procedure of 5G.
14. Figure 8.14 5G AKA signaling.
15. Figure 8.15 Security signaling for the EAP‐AKA'.
16. Figure 8.16 The main UICC variants.
17. Figure 8.17 The high‐level ecosystem for the UICC variants.
18. Figure 8.18 UICC variants and respective timelines.
19. Figure 8.19 Potential solution for the iUICC subscription management.
20. Figure 8.20 A potential iUICC solution based on the tamper resistant area of th...
21. Figure 8.21 Part of the existing architectural components of the system on chip...
22. Figure 8.22 The potential position of the VPP and other functional elements of ...
23. Figure 8.23 The SSP concept as defined by ETSI TS 103 465 V.1.1.0.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Evolution of the core network for the LTE/EPC, SDN, and NFV.
2. Figure 9.2 Principle of the radio link budget parameters.
3. Figure 9.3 The principle of SUL (supplementary uplink).
4. Figure 9.4 Examples of 28 GHz link budget's cell radius as interpreted from Ref...
5. Figure 9.5 The achievable data rates per selected distances on 39 GHz band.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Noncentralized deployment scenario.
2. Figure 10.2 Co‐sited with E‐UTRA deployment scenario.
3. Figure 10.3 Centralized deployment scenario.
4. Figure 10.4 Shared RAN deployment scenario.
5. Figure 10.5 Standalone deployment scenario for 5G and 4G, referring to respecti...
6. Figure 10.6 Non‐standalone 5G NR and 4G EPS as defined in 3GPP TR 23.799. The a...
7. Figure 10.7 Option 7 of non‐standalone 5G deployment, referred to as Option 7. ...
8. Figure 10.8 The non‐standalone scenario representing Option 4 and 4a, the latte...
9. Figure 10.9 Example of logical gNB and en‐gNB deployment.
10. Figure 10.10 The 5G reference points.
11. Figure 10.11 Dual connectivity for non‐standalone scenario of E‐UTRA and New Ra...
12. Figure 10.12 NR and E‐UTRA (NE‐DC) scenario referred to as Option 4.
13. Figure 10.13Figure 10.13 NG RAN and EN‐DC scenario (NG‐EN‐DC) referred to as Op...
14. Figure 10.14 Deployment for EPS and 5GS interworking.
15. Figure 10.15 The CoMP options as defined in 3GPP Release 12 are still relevant ...

Copyright

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Penttinen, Jyrki T. J., author.

Title: 5G explained : security and deployment of advanced mobile

communications / Jyrki T. J. Penttinen, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Other titles: Five G explained

Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, [2019] | Includes bibliographical

references and index. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2018050276 (print) | LCCN 2018052072 (ebook) | ISBN

9781119275701 (AdobePDF) | ISBN 9781119275732 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119275688

(hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Global system for mobile communications–Security measures. |

Global system for mobile communications–Technological innovation.

Classification: LCC TK5103.483 (ebook) | LCC TK5103.483 .P46 2019 (print) |

DDC 621.3845/6–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018050276

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Cover Image: © nicomenijes/iStock.com

Preface

Mobile communication systems have vastly evolved since the introduction of the first, analogue generation in 1980s. Ever since, each new commercial system has offered novelty functions and features outperforming the older ones. The current generations have indeed been operational in a parallel fashion all this time except for the very first generation, which was decommissioned practically everywhere as we entered new millennia.

The fourth generation – the 3GPP's LTE‐Advanced being the flagship of this era – has claimed its position as the most established system in global scale during 2010s. We are now looking forward to using the next, completely new generation, as has been the “tradition” for the past few decades. Based on these quite systematic cycles, it is easy to guess that the fifth generation will be again superior compared to any of its predecessors in terms of spectral efficiency, data rates, and capacity, among other important aspects essential for fluent user experiences. This time, 5G is an optimized enabler for time‐ and delay‐sensitive applications such as virtual‐reality and augmented‐reality solutions.

Not only does 5G have considerable enhancements in terms of the latency and data rates, but it also takes care of a huge amount of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It is assumed that machine‐to‐machine type of communications (MTC) will grow significantly during and after the first half of the 2010s. 5G is optimized by default for supporting such a big number of simultaneously communicating devices.

5G will also change the fundamental philosophy of the networks by modernizing the old reference architecture model infrastructure to support service‐based architecture and virtualized environment where only the essential network functions are utilized as instances per need. For this purpose, 5G relies considerably on the increasing number of data centers on the field. They have common, virtualized hardware that paves the way for optimized utilization of physical resources while the software‐based network functions can be utilized much more dynamically, efficiently, and faster compared to older network architectures that are based on dedicated hardware and software per each network element. This modernization of the core networks will provide highly useful techniques such as network slicing, which facilitates the network optimization for different use cases in a highly dynamic manner.

Historically, the mobile communications landscape has been rather fragmented, with multiple commercial systems forming each generation. At present, the telecom industry seems to be interested in a much more unified mobile communication system, which indeed can be achieved by the deployment of 3GPP‐defined 5G networks in a global scale. We might thus finally see a truly unique and single standard defining the new generation, which will ease the interoperability and is also beneficial for customers and multiple stakeholders thanks to the expected economies of scale.

Academia has contributed strongly to the investigation of novelty candidate technologies for 5G radio and core networks while the industry has developed and tested shortlisting the most feasible concepts. Technical performance of these candidates has been under thorough testing during the pilots and trials, while the technical 3GPP specifications defining 5G system have been maturing. This high level of industry interest has been beneficial for the standardization to maintain and even expedite the original development schedules. As a result, Release 15 of 3GPP was frozen in June 2018, and after final adjustments, it is ready for providing truly interoperable solutions to equipment manufacturers and mobile network operators.

It should be noted that the 3GPP Release 15 represents merely the first phase of 5G, which works for the introduction of key 5G services while 3GPP still maintains and enhances technical specifications of the parallel systems for 2G (GSM), 3G (UMTS/HSPA), and 4G (LTE/LTE‐Advanced).

There will be new and enhanced 5G specifications, too, to comply with the strict 5G functional and performance requirements of the IMT‐2020 (International Mobile Telecommunications for 5G), which has been defined by ITU (International Telecommunications Union). After the late drops referring to the additional items in Release 15, the second phase of 3GPP's 5G will be published in the technical specifications of Release 16 by the beginning of the next decade. So, the first 5G networks complying fully with the IMT‐2020 requirements are expected to be deployed as of 2020.

The 3GPP Release 16 will bring along many new functionalities, enhancing the initial 5G performance. This phased approach provides means for a fluent and expedited deployment of 5G services based on the previous core infrastructure in the initial deployments, as defined in the 4G Enhanced Packet Core (EPC) specifications of 3GPP. One example of this hybrid mode is the set of non‐standalone modes, which the mobile network operators can deploy selectively while waiting for the 3GPP Release 16‐based solutions.

While the 5G specifications have been under development through the second half of 2018, there has already been plenty of speculative information available on 5G in printed form. Now, as the 3GPP Release 15 has been frozen, this book summarizes concretely the essential aspects of 5G based on the latest knowledge interpreted from the specifications and industry. This book presents the overall concept of 5G, helping the reader to understand the “big picture” of the theme and presenting focused points on security and deployment aspects.

I hope you enjoy the contents of this book in your preparation for the exiting journey in exploring yet another mobile generation! As has been the case with my previous books published by Wiley, I would highly appreciate all your feedback via my email address, jyrki.penttinen@hotmail.com.

Jyrki T. J. Penttinen

Atlanta, GA, USA

Abbreviation List

1G: first generation of mobile communications; analogue systems
2G: second generation of mobile communications; digital systems
3G: third generation of mobile communications; multimedia‐capable systems
3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project
4G: fourth generation of mobile communications; enhanced multimedia systems
5G: fifth generation of mobile communications; systems suitable for connected society
5GAA: 5G Automotive Association
5G‐EIR: 5G Equipment Identity Register
5G‐GUTI: 5G Globally Unique Temporary Identity
MM sub: Mobility Management sublayer
5G‐PPP: 5G Infrastructure Public‐Private Partnership
5GS: 5G system
6LoWPAN: IPv6 Low‐power wireless personal area network
AAA: authentication, authorization, and accounting
AAS: active antenna system
ADAS: advanced driver assistance system
AERIS: Applications for the Environment: Real‐Time Information Synthesis
AES: Advanced Encryption Standard
AF: application function
AI: artificial intelligence
AID: application identifier
AKA: Authentication and Key Agreement
AM: Acknowledge Mode
AMBR: Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate
AMF: Access and Mobility Management Function
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
AN: access network
ANR: Automatic Neighbor Relations
AP: access point
AP: Application Protocol
API: application programming interface
ARIB: Association of Radio Industries and Businesses in Japan
ARP: auto radio phone
ARPF: Authentication Credential Repository and Processing Function
AS: access stratum
ASA: authorized shared access
ASN.1: Abstract Syntax Notation One
ATIS: Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions in the U.S.
AU: application unit
AUSF: Authentication Server Function
AV: authentication vectors
AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise
BDS: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
BH: backhaul
BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying
BS: base station
BSC: base station controller
BSM: basic safety messages
BTS: base transceiver station
C2C CC: Car‐to‐Car Communication Consortium
CA: carrier aggregation
CA: certification authority
CAD: connected and automated driving
CAPIF: Common API Framework
Cat: category (IoT)
CBRS: Citizens Broadband Radio Service
CC: common criteria (ISO/IEC)
CCSA: China Communications Standards Association
CDF: cumulative distribution function
CDR: charging data record
CEPT: Conférence Européenne des Postes et des Télécommunications
CID: cell ID
C‐IoT: cellular IoT
C‐ITS: Cooperative Intelligent Transport System
CIP: Critical Infrastructure Protection
CK: ciphering key
CM: connection management
CM sub: connection management sublayer
CN: core network
CNT: computer network technologies
CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol
CoMP: coordinated multipoint
CORD: Central Office Re‐architected as Data Center
COTS: commercial off‐the‐shelf
CP: control plane
CP: cyclic prefix
CPA: certified public accountants
CPS: cyber physical security
CPU: central processing unit
CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check
CriC: critical communications
CSA: Cloud Security Alliance
CSC: Cloud Service Category
CSI‐RS: channel‐state information reference signal
CSMA‐CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access and Collision Avoidance
CSN: Connectivity Service Network
CSP: Cloud Service Providers
CTL: control
CU: centralized unit
CUPS: Control and User Plane Separation (EPC nodes)
C‐V2X: cellular V2X
DC: dual connectivity
DCI: downlink control information
DDoS: distributed denial of service
DECT: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
DHCP: Dynamic Host Control Protocol
DL: downlink
DM: device management
DM‐RS: demodulation reference signals
DN: data network
DNN: Data Network Name
DNS: Dynamic Name Server
DoD: Department of Defense (USA)
DPI: deep packet inspection
DRB: data radio bearer
DRM: digital rights management
DSRC: dedicated short‐range communications
DSS: Data Security Standard
DTF: discrete Fourier transform
DU: distributed unit
E CID: enhanced cell ID
EAP: Extensible Authentication Protocol
EC: European Commission
ECC: Electronic Communications Committee
EC‐GSM: enhanced coverage GSM (IoT)
ECM: EPS Connection Management
ECO: European Communications Office
EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for Global evolution
EE: energy efficiency
EGPRS: enhanced GPRS
EIRP: Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
eLAA: enhanced LAA
eLTE: Evolved LTE
eMBB: evolved Multimedia Broadband
eMBMS: evolved MBMS
EMM: EPS Mobility Management
eMTC: evolved Machine‐Type Communication
eNodeB: evolved NodeB (eNB)
EPC: Evolved Packet Core (4G)
EPS: Enhanced Packet System
eSIM: embedded subscriber identity module
E‐SMLC: Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centre
ETN: Edge Transport Node
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU: European Union
eUICC: embedded UICC
EUM: eUICC Manufacturer
E‐UTRA: Evolved UTRA
E‐UTRAN: Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
FBMC: Filter Bank Multicarrier
FCC: Federal Communications Commission (USA)
FDD: frequency division duplex
FDM: frequency division multiplexing
FEC: Forward Error Correction
FF: form factor
FFT: fast Fourier transform
FG: Forwarding Graph (NF)
FH: fronthaul
FIPS: Federal Information Processing Standards
FM: fault management
FMVSS: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard
FR: frequency range
GAA: General Authorized Access (CBRS)
GBR: guaranteed bit rate
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
GMLC: Gateway Mobile Location Center
gNB: 5G NodeB
GNSS: Global Navigation Satellites System
GP: Global Platform
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
GPS: global positioning system
GSC: Global Standards Collaboration
GSM: Global System for Mobile communications
GSMA: GSM Association
gsmSCF: GSM Service Control Function
GTP: GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GTP U: GPRS Tunneling Protocol in user plane
GWCN: gateway core network
HARQ: hybrid automatic repeat and request
HCE: host card emulation
HE AV: home environment AV
HeNodeB: home eNodeB
HG: home gateway
HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
HLS: higher layer split (gNB)
hNRF: NRF in the home PLMN
HPLMN: home public land mobile network
HR: home routed
HS: hot spot
hSEPP: Home Security Edge Protection Proxy
HSM: hardware security module
HSPA: High Speed Packet Access
HSS: Home Subscription Server
H‐SMF: home SMF
HW: hardware
I²C: Inter‐Integrated Circuit
IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service
IATN: Inter‐Area Transport Node
ICC: Integrated Circuit Cards
ICI: Inter‐Carrier Interference
ICT: information and communication technology
IDFT: inverse discrete Fourier transform
IE: Information Element
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE‐SA: IEEE Standards Association
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
IFFT: inverse fast Fourier transform
IK: integrity key
IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMT‐2000: International Mobile Telecommunications (3G)
IoT: Internet of Things
IoT‐GSI: Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things
IP: Internet Protocol
IPX: Internet Protocol Packet eXchange
ISA: International Society for Automation
ISG: Industry Specification Group
ISI: inter‐symbol interference
ISO: International Standardization Organisation
ISP: Internet service provider
iSSP: integrated SSP
IT: information technology
ITL: image trusted loader
ITS: Intelligent Transportations Systems
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
ITU‐R: radio section of ITU
ITU‐T: telecommunication sector of ITU
iUICC: integrated UICC
IWMSC: inter‐working MSC
JTC: Joint Technical Committee (ISO/IEC)
KDF: Key Derivation Function
Kn: key, n refers to key's purpose, see Chapter 8, Table 3
KPI: key performance indicator
LAA: License Assisted Access
LBO: local breakout
LBS: location‐based service
LDPC: Low‐Density Parity Check
LI: Lawful Interception
LLS: lower‐layer split (gNB)
LOS: line of sight
LPWAN: low‐power wide area network
LSA: Licensed Shared Access
LTE: long‐term evolution
LTE‐A: LTE‐Advanced
LTE‐M: IoT‐mode of LTE
LTE‐U: unlicensed LTE band
M2M: machine‐to‐machine
MAC: Medium Access Control
MANET: Mobile Ad‐hoc Network
MAP: Mobile Application Part
MBB: Mobile Broadband
MBMS: Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
MBS: Metropolitan Beacon System
MCC: Mobile Country Code
MCE: Mobile Cloud Engine
MCPTT: mission‐critical push‐to‐talk
MCS: Modulation and Coding Scheme
MDT: mobile data terminal
ME: mobile equipment
MEC: Mobile Edge Computing
METIS: Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for Twenty‐twenty (2020) Information Society
MIMO: multiple‐in, multiple‐out
mIoT: massive Internet of Things
MITM: man in the middle
MM sub: Mobility Management sublayer
MM: Mobility Management
MME: Mobility Management Entity
mMTC: massive machine‐type communications
MN: master node
MNC: Mobile Network Code
MNO: mobile network operator
MO: mobile originated (SMS)
MOCN: Multi Operator Core Network
MORAN: Multiple Operator RAN
MR‐DC: Multi‐RAT Dual Connectivity
MS: mobile station
MSC: Mobile Services Switching Center
MSIN: Mobile Subscription Identification Number
MT: mobile terminated (SMS)
MTA: Mobile Telephony System (version A)
MTC: machine‐type communications
MU‐MIMO: Multi User MIMO
MUX: multiplexer
MVNO: Mobile Virtual Network Operator
N3IWF: Non‐3GPP Interworking Function
NaaS: Network as a Service
NAS: non‐access stratum
NB‐IoT: narrow‐band IoT
NCR: neighbor cell relation
NDS: Network Domain Security
NEA: NR encryption algorithm (NEA0…3)
NEF: Network Exposure Function
NEO: network operations
NERC: North American Electric Reliability Corporation
NF: network function
NF: noise figure
NFC: near‐field communications
NFV: network functions virtualization
NG‐AP: NG Application Protocol
NG: Next Generation
NGC: Next Generation Core (5G)
NGCN: Next Generation Core Network
ng‐eNB: Next Generation evolved NodeB (enhanced 4G eNB)
NGMN: Next Generation Mobile Networks
NG‐RAN: Next Generation Radio Access Network
NH: next hop
NHTSA: National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration
NIA: NG integrity algorithm (NIA0…3)
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA)
NLOS: non‐line of sight
NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephony
NOMA: nonorthogonal multiple access
NPRM: notice of proposed rulemaking
NR: New Radio (5G)
NRF: Network Repository Function
NSSAI: Network Slice Selection Assistance Information
NSSF: Network Slice Selection Function
NVM: non‐volatile memory
NWDA: Network Data Analytics
NWDAF: Network Data Analytics Function
O&A: operations and maintenance
OBU: on‐board unit
OCP: Open Compute Project
OEM: original equipment manufacturer
OFDM: orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
OFDMA: OFDM Access
OFL: Open Firmware Loader
OLA: operating level agreement
OMA: Open Mobile Alliance
ONAP: Open Network Automation Platform
OOB: out‐of‐band leakage
OS: operating system
OSI: Open System Interconnect
OSS: operations support system
OTA: over the air
OTDOA: observed time difference of arrival
OTP: one‐time programmable
OWASP: Open Web Application Security Project
PaaS: Platform‐as‐a‐Service
PAL: priority access license (CBRS)
PAPR: peak‐to‐average power ratio
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
PCF: Policy Control Function
PCI: payment card industry
PCRF: Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDN: Packet Data Network
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDU: packet data unit
PEI: Permanent Equipment Identity
PFCP: packet forwarding control plane
PFDF: Packet Flow Descriptions Function
P‐GW: Proxy Gateway
PHI: protected health information
PKI: public key infrastructure
PLMN: public land mobile network
PM: performance monitoring
PNF: Physical Network Functions
PoC: proof of concept
POS: point of sales
PRACH: Physical Random‐Access Channel
PRS: positioning reference signals
PSK: phase shift keying
PSM: power save mode
PSS: primary synchronization signal
PTP: point‐to‐point
PT‐RS: Phase‐Tracking Reference Signals
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel
PWS: Public Warning System
QAM: quadrature amplitude modulation
QCI: QoS class identifier
QoE: quality of experience
QoS: quality of service
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QZSS: Quasi Zenith Satellite System
RAM: random access memory
RAN: radio access network
RAT: radio access technology
RF: radio frequency
RLB: radio link budget
RLC: Radio Link Control
RM: registration management
RN: remote node
RNC: Radio Network Controller
RNL: Radio Network Layer
ROM: read‐only memory
RPMA: Random Phase Multiple Access
RPO: Recovery Point Objective
RR sub: radio resource management sublayer
RRC: Radio Resource Control
RRH: remote radio head
RRM: Radio Resource Management
RSP: remote SIM provisioning
RSU: roadside unit
RT: ray tracing
RTO: recovery time objective
SA: Secure Appliance
SA: security association
SA: standalone
SA: system architecture
SAE: System Architecture Evolution
SAP: service access point
SAS: Security Accreditation Scheme (GSMA)
SAS‐SM: SAS for subscription management
SAS‐UP: SAS for UICC production
SBA: service‐based architecture
SBAS: space‐based augmentation systems
SBC: session border controller
SC&C: Smart Cities and Communities (ITU)
SCA: Smart Card Alliance (currently STA)
SCEF: Service Capability Exposure Function
SC‐FDM: single‐carrier frequency division multiplex
SC‐FDMA: single‐carrier frequency division multiple access
SCG: Secondary Cell Group
SCM: security context management
SCMF: Security Context Management Function
SCP: smart card platform (ETSI)
SCTP: Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SDCI: Sponsored Data Connectivity Improvements
SDF: Service Data Flow
SDN: software‐defined networking
SDO: standards developing organizations
SDS: structured data storage
SDU: Service Data Unit
SE: secure element
SEAF: Security Anchor Function
SEL: spectral efficiency loss
SEPP: Security Edge Protection Proxy
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
S‐GW: Serving Gateway
SIDF: Subscription Identifier De‐Concealing Function
SIM: subscriber identity module
SiP: system in package
SISO: single‐input, single‐output
SLA: service‐level agreement
SLR: service‐level reporting
SM AL: Short Message Application Layer
SM CP: Short Message Control Protocol
SMI: Structure of Management Information
SM RL: Short Message Relay Layer
SM RP: Short Message Relay Protocol
SM TL: Short Message Transfer Layer
SM: session management
SMC: Short Message Control
SMF: Session Management Function
SMR: Short Message Relay
SMS: Short Message Service
SMSF: Short Message Service Function
SN: secondary node; slave node
SNSSAI: Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information
SOC: service organization control
SoC: system on chip
SON: self‐optimizing network
SPCF: Security Policy Control Function
SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface
SQL: Structured Query Language
SRS: Sounding Reference Signal
SSAE16: Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements 16
SSC: Session and Service Continuity (mode)
SSP: Secure Smart Platform
SSS: secondary synchronization signal
STA: Secure Technology Alliance
STAR: Security, Trust & Assurance Registry (CSA)
SUCI: Subscriber Concealed Identifier
SUL: supplementary uplink
SU‐MIMO: single‐user MIMO
SUPI: Subscription Permanent Identifier
SUPL: secure user plane location
SW: software
TA: tracking area
TACS: Total Access Communications System
TB: transport block
TBS: Terrestrial Beacon System
TC: Technical Committee (of ETSI)
TCAP: Transaction Capabilities Application Part
TCG: Trusted Computing Group
TCO: total cost of ownership
TDD: Time Division Duplex
TDF: Traffic Detection Function
TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
TEE: Trusted Execution Environment
TIA: Telecommunications Industry Association (USA)
TIF: Transport Intelligent Function
TIP: Telecom Infra Project
TI‐SCCP: Transport Independent Signaling Connection Control Part
TLS: Transport Layer Security
TLV: type‐length‐value
TN: transport node
TNL: transport network layer
TP: transmission point
TPM: Trusted Platform Module
TRE: tamper‐resistant element
TRxP: Transmission Reception Point
TSAG: Telecommunication Standardization Advisory Group
TSDSI: Telecommunications Standards Development Society in India
TSG: Technical Specification Group (3GPP)
TSON: Time‐Shared Optical Network
TTA: Telecommunications Technology Association in Korea
TTC: Telecommunication Technology Committee in Japan
UDC: Uplink Data Compression
UDM: unified data management
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
UDR: Unified Data Repository
UDSF: Unstructured Data Storage Function
UE: user equipment
UFMC: Universal Filter Multi‐Carrier
UHF: ultra‐high frequency
UICC: universal integrated circuit card
UL: uplink
UL‐CL: uplink classifier
UM: Unacknowledged Mode
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UP: user plane
UPF: User Plane Function
UPS: unbreakable power system
URLLC: ultra‐reliable low latency communications
USAT: USIM Application Toolkit
USB: universal serial bus
USIM: universal SIM
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
UX: user experience
V2I: vehicle‐to‐infrastructure
V2P: vehicle‐to‐pedestrian
V2R: vehicle‐to‐roadside
V2V: vehicle‐to‐vehicle
V2X: vehicle‐to‐everything
V5GTF: Verizon 5G Technology Forum
VANET: Vehicular Ad‐hoc Network (car‐to‐car communications)
vCDN: virtual Content Delivery Network
vEPC: virtual evolved packet core
vIMS: virtual IP Multimedia Subsystem
VM: virtual machine
VNF: Virtual Network Functions
vNRF: NRF in the visited PLMN
VPLMN: visited PLMN
VPN: virtual private network
VPP: Virtual Primary Platform
VR: virtual reality
vSEPP: visited network's security proxy
V‐SMF: visited SMF
vUICC: virtual UICC
WAVE: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments
WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WDM‐PON: Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network
WGFM: Working Group for Frequency Management (ECC)
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WISP: wireless Internet service provider
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
WRC: World Radio Conference

5G Explained

Security and Deployment of Advanced Mobile Communications

Copyright

Author Biography

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviation List