Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Acknowledgments

Section 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction to Smart Nanotextiles
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Nanofibers
3. 1.3 Nanosols
4. 1.4 Responsive Polymers
5. 1.5 Nanowires
6. 1.6 Nanogenerators
7. 1.7 Nanocomposites
8. 1.8 Nanocoating
9. 1.9 Nanofiber Formation
10. 1.10 Nanotechnology Characterization Methods
11. 1.11 Challenges and Future Studies
12. 1.12 Conclusion
13. References

Section 2: Materials for Smart Nanotextiles

Chapter 2: Nanofibers for Smart Textiles
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Nanofibers and Their Advantages
3. 2.3 Nanofiber Fabrication Technologies and Electrospinning
4. 2.4 Smart Nanofibers and Their Applications in Textiles
5. 2.5 Challenges Facing Electrospinning
6. 2.6 Future Outlook
7. 2.7 Conclusion
8. References
Chapter 3: Nanosols for Smart Textiles
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Preparation of Nanosols as Coating Agents
3. 3.3 Application on Textiles
4. 3.4 Nanosols and Smart Textiles
5. 3.5 Summary
6. Acknowledgements
7. References
Chapter 4: Responsive Polymers for Smart Textiles
1. 4.1 Classification of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers
2. 4.2 Fiber Fabrication
3. 4.3 Biomedical Application
4. 4.4 Filters
5. 4.5 Conclusion
6. References
Chapter 5: Nanowires for Smart Textiles
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Advantages of Nanowires to Smart Textiles
3. 5.3 Various Nanowires for Smart Textiles
4. 5.4 Perspectives on Future Research
5. Reference
Chapter 6: Nanogenerators for Smart Textiles
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Working Mechanisms of Nanogenerators
3. 6.3 Progresses of Nanogenerators for Smart Textiles
4. 6.4 Conclusions and Prospects
5. References
Chapter 7: Nanocomposites for Smart Textiles
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Classification of Nanocomposites
3. 7.3 Structure and Properties of Nanocomposites
4. 7.4 Production Methods of Nanocomposites
5. 7.5 Nanocomposite Components
6. 7.6 Nanocomposite Forms
7. 7.7 Functions of Nanocomposites in Smart Textiles
8. 7.8 Future Outlook
9. 7.9 Conclusion
10. References
Chapter 8: Nanocoatings for Smart Textiles
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Fabrication Methods of Nanocoatings
3. 8.3 Sol–Gel Coatings on Textiles
4. 8.4 Impregnation and Cross-Linking Method
5. 8.5 Plasma Surface Activation
6. 8.6 Polymer Nanocomposite Coatings
7. 8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospect
8. Acknowledgements
9. References

Section 3: Production Technologies for Smart Nanotextiles

Chapter 9: Production Methods of Nanofibers for Smart Textiles
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Electrospinning
3. 9.3 Other Techniques without Electrostatic Force
4. 9.4 Comparisons of Different Processes
5. 9.5 Conclusions
6. References
Chapter 10: Characterization Methods of Nanotechnology-Based Smart Textiles
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Nanomaterial Characterization Using Spectroscopy
3. 10.3 Nanomaterial Characterization Using Microscopy
4. 10.4 Characterization Using X-Ray
5. 10.5 Particle Size and Zeta Potential Analysis
6. 10.6 Biological Characterizations
7. 10.7 Other Characterization Techniques
8. 10.8 Conclusions
9. References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1. Smart textile components. (Reprinted from reference [11], with permission of Elsevier.)
Figure 1.2. Production steps of textiles. (The image has been prepared by the author.)

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Effect of fiber diameter on surface area. Reprinted with permission from [3]; Copyright 2001 Elsevier.
Figure 2.2 An electrospinning setup. Note: The image has been prepared by the author.
Figure 2.3 Air permeability versus bulk porosity of nanofiber mats. Reprinted with permission from [117]; Copyright 2011 Springer Nature.
Figure 2.4 Electrospun Janus fabric (a and c) SEM images and contact angles of the electrospun PAN-tetraethyl orthosilicate nanofibrous mats (a) thermally hydrolyzed and (c) pristine, respectively. (b) Dual-layer electrospun Janus fabric demonstrating asymmetric wettability. Reprinted with permission from [79]; Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society.
Figure 2.5 Textiles for personal protection. Note: The image has been prepared by the author.
Figure 2.6 Schematic of near-field electrospinning. Note: The image has been prepared by the author.
Figure 2.7 Five levels of applications that smart textiles serve for. Note: The image has been prepared by the author.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Schematic overview of possible functions that can be achieved by nanosols on textiles. The functions are divided into four main groups – optical-, chemical-, biological-and surface-functional. Note: This schematic drawing has been created by the author.
Figure 3.2 Schematic drawing of the production route of functional nanosols and the following realization of functional coatings. The shown picture is related to a nanosol based on semimetal oxide – here silicon dioxide (silica; SiO₂). Note: This schematic drawing has been created by the author.
Figure 3.3 Chemical structures of two polymeric amino compounds, useful as additives for preparation of photocatalytic active and water-based titania sols. On top: polyethylenimine (PEI); below: polyvinylamine. Note: The schematic drawings have been created by the author.
Figure 3.4 Electron microscopic images of crystalline TiO₂ sol coatings with crystalline silver particles (dark circles around 30 nm diameter) – images taken by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Note: The image has been created by the author.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Classification of stimuli-responsive polymers on the basis of stimuli (physical stimuli: heat, light, and electric/magnetic field; chemical stimuli: pH, ions, and biomolecules). Note: The figure has been prepared by the author.
Figure 4.2 Shrinking behaviors for PNIPAAm film and fiber in response to temperature change from 20 to 40°C. The fiber shows much quicker response times than the corresponding film due to an extremely larger external surface area. Note: The figure has been arranged by the author.
Figure 4.3 Fabrication methods of nanofibers such as phase separation, self-assembly, electrospinning, and drawing. Note: The figure has been arranged by the author.
Figure 4.4 On–off drug release strategy using temperature-responsive nanofiber mesh. By incorporating magnetic nanoparticles, the nanofibers shrink in response to the alternating magnetic field (AMF) application. This nanofiber demonstrates the synergic effect of hyperthermia and chemotherapy for cancer cell therapy. Note: The figure has been arranged by the author.
Figure 4.5 Temperature-modulated manipulation of cells using PNIPAAm nanofiber mesh for cryopreservation application. Note: The figure has been arranged by the author.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 (a) Illustration of fabric structures. Note: this image has been prepared by the author. (b) Wireless body temperature sensor system triggered by the “power shirt.” Reprinted with permission from [23]; Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic diagram of a generator based on smart textiles. Reprinted with permission from [24]; Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.
Figure 5.2 (a) Ag NW ink in ethanol solvent with concentration of 2.7 mg/mL. (b) The different densities of Ag NW films lead to different sheet resistances 50 Ω sq^–1. The diameters of the Ag NWs are in the range of 40–100 nm. Reprinted with permission from [40]; Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society.
Figure 5.3 (a) Schematic diagram and photograph of the polymer solar textile with a polyester/Ag-NW film/graphene core-shell structure as a transparent anode. Reprinted with permission from [85]; Copyright 2016 Elsevier. (b) Schematic illustration of the fabricated asymmetrical supercapacitors with nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxides NSs@Ag NWs@CC and electrodes. Reprinted with permission from [84]; Copyright 2017 Elsevier.
Figure 5.4 Fabrication of Cu NW-RGO composite wearable electrode. Reprinted with permission from [91]; Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society.
Figure 5.5 Schematic illustration and conceptual characterization of the synthetic procedure for NiCo₂S₄@PANI/CF composites. Reprinted with permission from [108]; Copyright 2017 Elsevier.
Figure 5.6 (a) Synthesis and characterization of MnO₂ NFs@PPy NWs core/shell nanostructures. (b) SEM images of PPy NWs. (c) SEM images of MnO₂@PPy core/shell nanostructures. (d) Digital images for asymmetrical flexible supercapacitor device. Reprinted with permission from [112]; Copyright 2017 Elsevier.
Figure 5.7 (a) Fiber-shaped piezoelectric nanogenerator based on two fibers coated with ZnO NWs. Reprinted with permission from [124]; Copyright 2008 Nature Publishing Group. (b) Schematic illustration of the flexible, foldable wearable triboelectric nanogenerator based on the ZnO NWs. Scale bar: 500 nm. Reprinted with permission from [127]; Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society.
Figure 5.8 (a) Ready-to-wear ZnO NWs-on-fabric multifunctional sensing device sewn on a toy dress. Reprinted with permission from [29]; Copyright 2010 Elsevier. (b) Structure and morphology characterization of the PD based on ZnO NWs. Reprinted with permission from [131]; Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society.
Figure 5.9 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of flexible three-dimensional ZnCo₂O₄ NW arrays/CC. Reprinted with permission from [138]; Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society.
Figure 5.10 (a) Representation of reaction mechanism for N–CoS₂ NW/CC electrode material. (b) SEM images of N–CoS₂ NW/CC. (c) IR-corrected HER polarization curves and corresponding Tafel plots of blank CC, Pt/C–CC, N–CoS₂ NW/CC, and CoS₂ NW/CC electrodes. Reprinted with permission from [147]; Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society.
Figure 5.11 (a) The hierarchical Si NW–carbon textile matrix for high-performance advanced lithium-ion batteries. Reprinted with permission from [157]; Copyright 2013 Nature Publishing Group. (b) Flexible potassium vanadate NWs on Ti fabric as a binder-free cathode for high-performance advanced lithium-ion battery. Reprinted with permission from [154]; Copyright 2016 Elsevier.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 The working mechanism of a piezoelectric nanogenerator. (a) A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of aligned ZnO NWs. (b) Experimental setup and procedure for generating electricity by deforming a piezoelectric NW using a conductive AFM tip in contact mode. (c, d) Metal and semiconductor contacts between the AFM tip and the semiconductor ZnO NW at two reversed local contact potentials (positive and negative), showing reverse- and forward-biased Schottky rectifying behavior, respectively. Reproduced with permission [18]. Copyright 2006, The American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Figure 6.2 Triboelectric series table of some common materials. Reproduced with permission [34]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society.
Figure 6.3 The four fundamental modes of TENGs: (a) vertical contact–separation mode; (b) in-plane contact–sliding mode; (c) single-electrode mode; and (d) freestanding mode. Reproduced with permission [38]. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 6.4 Fundamentals of the EMG and the PENG/TENG. The EMG is based on the time variation of magnetic field, while the PENG/TENG is based on the time variation of polarization field induced by surface polarization charges. The theoretical foundation of the PENG/TENG is Maxwell’s displacement current. Reproduced with permission [17]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier.
Figure 6.5 Design and electricity-generating mechanism of a fiber-based PENG. (a) Schematic illustration and (b) an optical image of the fiber nanogenerator. (c) SEM image of the interface of the two fibers. (d) Scheme of the contact of two fibers. (e) The piezoelectrical potential created across the ZnO nanowires. (f) Current generation through the external circuit. Reproduced with permission [46]. Copyright 2008, Nature Publishing Group.
Figure 6.6 A woven textile PENG. (a, b) Schemes and (c) a photograph of the woven PENG. (d) A SEM image of one intersection point of two weft and warp fibers. Reproduced with permission [49]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier.
Figure 6.7 A 3D spacer all-textile PENG. (a) Scheme of the structure of the fabric PENG, and (b) a cross-sectional SEM image of the actual fabric clearly showing the position of piezoelectric and conductive yarns. Reproduced with permission [53]. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Figure 6.8 A fiber-based TENG. (a) Fabrication process and (b) working mechanism of the fiber-based TENG. Reproduced with permission [55]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society.
Figure 6.9 A woven textile-based TENG. (a) Fabrication process, (b) working mechanism, (c) current output, and (d) voltage output of the textile-based TENG. Reproduced with permission [58]. Copyright 2015, John Wiley & Sons.
Figure 6.10 A 3D woven textile-based TENG. (a) Fabrication process and (b) structure illustration of the TENG textile. (c) The structure of a d32 type TENG textile. (d) Current and (e) voltage output of TENG textiles with different weaving structures. Reproduced with permission [61]. Copyright 2017, John Wiley & Sons.
Figure 6.11 Structure illustration and fabrication process of a textile-based TENG with nanostructured patterns. Reproduced with permission [62]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.
Figure 6.12 A textile-based freestanding mode TENG. (a) Structure illustration of the TENG with interdigitated electrodes. (b) A photo of the textile TENG. (c) A photo of the textile TENG wearing underneath the arm to power LEDs and LCD screens. (d) Current output of the textile TENG with different human motions. Reproduced with permission [68]. Copyright 2016, John Wiley & Sons.
Figure 6.13 Textile TENG-based SCPSs. (a) Photos and charge/discharge profiles of an SCPS that integrates a textile TENG and a LIB belt. Reproduced with permission [58]. Copyright 2015, John Wiley & Sons. (b) Scheme, (c) equivalent circuit and charge/discharge profile of an all-textile SCPS that integrates a textile TENG and fiber supercapacitors. Reproduced with permission [69]. Copyright 2016, John Wiley & Sons.
Figure 6.14 Fiber-based hybrid nanogenerators. (a) Scheme of a hybrid nanogenerator, where the inner core is a PENG and the sheath is a single-electrode TENG. Reproduced with permission [70]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. (b) Scheme of a hybrid nanogenerator fabricated on an optical fiber, where the inner core DSSC and sheath PENG scavenge solar and mechanical energy, respectively. Reproduced with permission [71]. Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons. (c) A hybrid nanogenerator that integrates a PENG, a supercapacitor, and a solar cell on a single fiber. Reproduced with permission [72]. Copyright 2011, John Wiley & Sons.
Figure 6.15 Textile-based hybrid nanogenerators. (a) Scheme of a power textile integrating a textile TENG and textile DSSCs. Reproduced with permission [73]. Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group. (b) Output current of a power textile integrating a textile TENG and textile DSSCs, and (c) voltage profiles of a lithium-ion battery charged by the power textile. Reproduced with permission [68]. Copyright 2016, John Wiley & Sons.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Production method of carbon nanotube-flax-epoxy nanocomposites. sLBL: spraying layer by layer [34]. Note: The source [34] is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Figure 7.2 Structure of a multiwalled carbon nanotube [36]. (Reprinted from reference [36], with permission of Elsevier.)
Figure 7.3 A glucose biosensor based on gold nanoparticle–bacterial cellulose nanocomposite. (Reprinted from reference [42], with permission of Elsevier.)

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Hydrolysis and condensation reactions of metal alkoxide precursors. (The figure has been prepared by the authors.)
Figure 8.2 Coating process of textiles with the prepared sol. (Reprinted from reference [13], with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 8.3 Hydrogen bonds between M—OH groups of precursor and fiber surface. (Reprinted from reference [9] with permission of Springer, © Springer 2016.)
Figure 8.4 Establishing covalent bonds between sol and fiber surface. (Reprinted from reference [9] with permission of Springer, © Springer 2016.)
Figure 8.5 Photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanoparticles. (Reproduced from reference [13] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 8.6 Red wine stain removal on raw (upper row) and TiO₂ sol-coated (lower row) cotton fabrics. (Reproduced from reference [19] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 8.7 Coffee stain removal on raw (upper row) and TiO₂ sol-coated cotton fabrics (lower row). (Reproduced from reference [19] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 8.8 Coffee stain removal on wool fabrics: (a) pristine wool fibers, (b) fabrics coated with N-sol, and (c) fabrics coated with H-sol. (Reprinted from reference [21] with permission from Elsevier.)
Figure 8.9 Red wine stain removal on wool fabrics: (a) pristine wool fibers, (b) fabrics coated with N-sol, and (c) fabrics coated with H-sol. (Reprinted from reference [21] with permission from Elsevier.)
Figure 8.10 Degradation of coffee stain on wool samples: (a) pristine wool; fabric treated with (b) TiO₂, (c) TiO₂/SiO₂ 70:30, (d) TiO₂/SiO₂ 50:50, (e) TiO₂/SiO₂ 30:70, and (f) SiO₂. (Reprinted from reference [25] with permission from Elsevier.)
Figure 8.11 Coffee stain removal on cotton fabric under UVA: (a) pristine cotton, cotton functionalized with (b) TiO₂, (c) TiO₂/SiO₂ 1:0.43 (70:30), (d) TiO₂/SiO₂ 1:1 (50:50), (e) TiO₂/SiO₂ 1:2.33 (30:70), and (f) SiO₂. (Reprinted from reference [26] with permission from Elsevier.)
Figure 8.12 Self-cleaning property of wool fabrics coated with TiO₂ and ternary Au-modified sols under filtered simulated sunlight. (Reprinted from reference [30] by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd.)
Figure 8.13 Water droplets on (a) pristine cotton, (b) TiO₂-coated cotton, (c) TCPP/TiO₂-coated cotton, and (d) OTMS/TCPP/TiO₂-coated cotton. (Reprinted from reference [45] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 8.14 (a) Coating process of fabrics; water absorption behavior of (b) uncoated fabric and (c) coated fabric. (Reprinted from reference [32] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 8.15 Antimicrobial activity of coated cotton fabrics against E. coli. (Reprinted from reference [30] with permission of Springer, © Springer Science 2017.)
Figure 8.16 PICL spectra of wool fabrics before and after coating with TiO₂ nanoparticles, and SEM image of wool fibers coated with TiO₂ nanoparticles. (Reprinted from reference [76], with permission from Elsevier.)
Figure 8.17 Formation of covalent ester bonds between chemical spacer and cellulose. (Reprinted from reference [85] with permission from Elsevier.)
Figure 8.18 The cross-linking mechanism between wool and BTCA. (Reprinted from reference [88] with permission from Elsevier.)
Figure 8.19 Interactions between TiO₂ and carboxylic acid groups. (Reprinted from reference [88] with permission from Elsevier.)
Figure 8.20 Surface modification of cotton textiles by plasma or vacuum–UV pretreatment. (Reprinted from reference [102] with permission from Elsevier.)
Figure 8.21 Modification of a nanoparticle with 3-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. (The figure has been prepared by the authors.)
Figure 8.22 Thermal regulating mechanism of PCM on coated textiles. (The figure has been prepared by the authors.)
Figure 8.23 Thermal images of fabrics before and after coating process with nanowires. (a) Normal cloth, (b) CNT-coated cloth, (c) AgNW-coated cloth. Thermal images of human hand with (d) normal glove and (e) AgNW-coated glove. Temperature variation of 1 in. × 1 in. sample after applying different voltage to (a) AgNW-coated cloth and (b) CNT-coated cloth. (Reprinted with permission from reference [121]. Copyright © 2015 American Chemical Society.)
Figure 8.24 Coating cotton with AgNWs and polydopamine (a) interactions between polydopamine and cotton surface. SEM images of (b) cotton fiber coated with AgNW/polydopamine, (c) AgNW-cloth, (d) untreated cotton fiber and ANDC fiber (inset), and (e) reflectance measurement of normal cloth and ADNC. (Reprinted from reference [135] with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 8.25 (a) Fabrication process of FPAN cloth, (b) cross-sectional structure of coating on the FPAN, and SEM images of the (c) cross-section and (d) FPAN cloth. (Reprinted with permission from reference [136], Copyright © 2016, American Chemical Society.)
Figure 8.26 Treatment of cotton fabric with SWNTs (a) illustrated demonstration of SWNTs coating on cotton fibers for preparing a conductive fibrous structure; (b) coating process; (c) coated fabric; (d–f) SEM images of the SWNTs on cotton fiber surface; and (g) TEM image of SWNTs on cotton fibers. (Reprinted with permission from reference [140]Copyright © 2010, American Chemical Society.)
Figure 8.27 SEM images of silver-nanowire-coated (a, b) nylon thread, (c, d) cotton thread, and (e, f) polyester thread. (Reprinted from open access reference [142] published by The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 8.28 (a) Illustrated demonstration of fiber-shaped device fabrication; (b) SEM image of PEDOT-coated gold electrode and uncoated fiber surface; and digital images of (c) straight and (d) curved fiber device at decolorized and colorized states. (Reproduced in part from reference [143] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Chemical structures of inherently conducting fibers. (The image has been prepared by the author.)
Figure 9.2 Schematic diagram of: (a) electrospinning device and (b) Taylor cone. (The image has been prepared by the author.)
Figure 9.3 Melt electrospinning equipment. (The image has been prepared by the author.)
Figure 9.4 Schematic of the melt-blowing equipment. (The image has been prepared by the author.)

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Scheme of IR absorption and different Raman scattering. Note: The image has been prepared by the authors.
Figure 10.2 Raman spectra for (a) (1) Au/TiO₂-covered cotton; (2) pure cotton fiber and (3) anatase TiO₂. Label A indicates anatase phase TiO₂ on cotton fiber. (Reprinted from reference [12], with permission of Elsevier.); (b) graphite, synthesized graphene, UHMWPE film and graphene/UHMWPE nanocomposites films. (Reprinted from reference [13], with permission of Express Polymer Letters.)
Figure 10.3 Scheme of FTIR working principle. Note: The image has been prepared by the authors.
Figure 10.4 FTIR of raw egg shell membrane (RESM) and autoclaved egg shell membrane (AESM). (Reprinted from reference [15], with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
Figure 10.5 Scheme for UV spectroscopy working principle. Note: The image has been prepared by the authors.
Figure 10.6 SEM setup. Note: The image has been prepared by the authors.
Figure 10.7 SEM image of (a) polycaprolactone nanofibers, (b) cellular proliferation on functionalized polycaprolactone nanofibers ((a) and (b) reprinted from reference [16], with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.) and (c) cells attached onto the 3D porous silk–polyvinyl alcohol scaffold. Note: Image (c) has been prepared by the authors.
Figure 10.8 Schematics of TEM. Note: The image has been prepared by the authors.
Figure 10.9 TEM image of (a) lignin-based green nanocolorant (Reprinted from reference [20], with permission of Elsevier.), (b) PAN-TPU polymeric core-shell nanofiber (Reprinted from reference [27], with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.) [27] and (c) antibacterial efficiency of silver nanoparticles (Reprinted from reference [28], with permission of Taylor & Francis.).
Figure 10.10 Schematics of AFM. Note: The image has been prepared by the authors.
Figure 10.11 AFM image of (a) silk fibroin nanofibers (Reprinted from reference [30], with permission of Springer.), (b) AFM height and phase image of nanocomposite coating of nylon fabric showing the distribution of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix (Reprinted from reference [31], with permission of John Wiley and Sons.) and (c) AFM magnetic imaging of iron-coated nanographite particles height and magnetic force field showing strong magnetic field line at a lift of 1.5 μm (Reprinted from reference [32], with permission of Lap Lambert.).
Figure 10.12 Geometry of X-ray diffraction. Note: The image has been prepared by the authors.
Figure 10.13 Surface wettability of various samples. (Reprinted from reference [39], with permission of Springer Nature.)

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 The materials for nanofiber fabrication, their properties, and applications. Note: The table has been arranged by the author.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Overview of recipes for some aqueous silica sols. The utilized silane precursors are tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane (GLYEO). Note: The table has been arranged by the author.
Table 3.2 Selection of several crystalline titania sols prepared under the presence of different amino compounds. After coating onto polyester fabrics, the photoactivity A [%] is determined by the decomposition of the dyes Rhodamine B and Methylenblue in an aqueous solution under illumination with UV A light. Note: The table has been arranged by the author.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 The NW-based devices for smart textiles. Note: the table has been arranged by the author.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Some nanocomponents used in smart nanocomposites and the attained functionalities. The table has been arranged by the author.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Melt electrospinning setup for the fabrication of nanofibers (the table has been arranged by the author).
Table 9.2 Modifications of basic electrospinning process for the production of nanofibers (the table has been arranged by the author).
Table 9.3 Processes to produce nanofibers based on polymeric melt (the table has been arranged by the author).
Table 9.4 Other approaches for nanofiber production (the table has been arranged by the author).
Table 9.5 Comparison of various nanofiber fabrication techniques (the table has been arranged by the author).

Smart Textiles

Wearable Nanotechnology

Edited by

Nazire D. Yilmaz

This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-46022-0

Preface

Originally, the need for textiles and clothing was related to protecting the human body from exposure to the elements of nature. A more comprehensive definition of conventional textiles also includes home textiles utilized in furnishings and the ones that have found use in bedrooms and bathrooms. Following these basic needs, aesthetics have become one of the main drivers of our selection of clothing and textiles. Recently, more functionality has started to be required, so functional/technical textiles, which can serve more sophisticated needs, have emerged. The last generation of textiles, smart textiles, remain one step ahead of the others by sensing and reacting to environmental stimuli.

Nanotechnology has carried the level of smart textiles one step further. Textile materials receive smart functionalities without deteriorating their characteristics via application of nanosized components. Consequently, functions conventionally presented by nonflexible bulk electronic products are achieved by “clothes.”

Smart wearables should be capable of recognizing the state of the wearer and/or his/her surroundings and responding to them. Based on the received stimulus, the smart system processes the input and consequently adjusts its state/functionality or present predetermined properties. Smart textiles should also cater to requirements concerning wearability. Through the incorporation of nanotechnology, the clothing itself becomes the sensor, while maintaining a reasonable cost, durability, fashionability, and comfort.

This book provides a comprehensive presentation of recent advancements in the area of smart nanotextiles, with an emphasis on the specific importance of materials and their production processes. Different materials, production routes, performance characteristics, application areas, and functionalization mechanisms are referred to. Not only are mainstream materials, processes, and functionalization mechanisms covered, but also alternatives that do not enjoy a wide state-of-the-art use but have the potential to bring smart nanotextile applications one step forward.

The basics of smart nanotextiles are covered in the first chapter. Nanofibers, nanosols, responsive polymers, nanowires, nanogenerators, and nanocomposites, which are smart textile components, are investigated in Chapters 2 through 7, respectively. Nanocoating is investigated in Chapter 8, and nanofiber production procedures are examined in Chapter 9. Characterization techniques, which have uppermost importance in ensuring proper functioning of the advanced features of smart nanotextiles, are covered in the last chapter.

Nazire Yilmaz
Denizli, Turkey
September 2018

Acknowledgments

I want to thank my mother, Henrietta, and father, Ulku, for giving me, their baby girl, their never-ending support and for turning their house into a home office for me.

My gratitude goes to my beloved husband, who contributed to this book with his love and prayers. Thanks also go to my kids for their patience during the preparation stage of this book.

I want to acknowledge the authorities who have made this book possible by shifting the burden of giving lectures away from me. How can I ever forget what they have done for me?

Finally, special thanks go to Martin Scrivener for his support and patience.