Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Foreword

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1: Introduction, Scope and Significance of Fermentation Technology

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Fermentation Technology
1.3 Market of Fermentation Products
1.4 Types of Fermentation
1.5 Classification of Fermentation
1.6 Design and Parts of Fermentors
1.7 Types of Fermentor
1.8 Industrial Applications of Fermentation Technology
1.9 Scope and Global Market of Fermentation Technology
1.10 Conclusions
References

Chapter 2: Extraction of Bioactive Molecules through Fermentation and Enzymatic Assisted Technologies

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definition of Bioactives Compounds
2.3 Traditional Processes for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds
2.4 Fermentation and Enzymatic Technologies for Obtaining Bioactive Compounds
2.5 Use of Agroindustrial Waste in the Fermentation Process
2.6 General Parameters in the Optimization of Fermentation Processes
2.7 Final Comments
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 3: Antibiotics Against Gram Positive Bacteria

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Target of Antibiotics Against Gram Positive Bacteria
3.3 Antibiotics Production Processes
3.4 Conclusion
References

Chapter 4: Antibiotic Against Gram-Negative Bacteria

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Gram-Negative Bacteria and Antibiotics
4.3 Production of Antibiotics
4.4 Conclusion
References

Chapter 5: Role of Antifungal Drugs in Combating Invasive Fungal Diseases

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Antifungal Agents
5.3 Targets of Antifungal Agents 5.3.1 Cell Wall Biosynthesis Inhibitors
5.4 Development of Resistance towards Antifungal Agents
5.5 Market and Drug Development
5.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References

Chapter 6: Current Update on Rapamycin Production and its Potential Clinical Implications

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biosynthesis of Rapamycin
6.3 Organic Synthesis of Rapamycin
6.4 Extraction and Quantification of Rapamycin
6.5 Physiological Factors Affecting Rapamycin Biosynthesis
6.6 Production of Rapamycin Analogs
6.7 Mechanism of Action of Rapamycin
6.8 Use of Rapamycin in Medicine
6.9 Side Effects of Long-Term Use of Rapamycin
6.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 7: Advances in Production of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Discovery and Clinical Development
7.3 Structure and Classification
7.4 Nomenclature of Monoclonal Antibodies
7.5 Production of Monoclonal Antibodies
7.6 Conclusions
References

Chapter 8: Antimicrobial Peptides from Bacterial Origin: Potential Alternative to Conventional Antibiotics

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of Bacteriocins
8.3 Mode of Action
8.4 Applications
8.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References

Chapter 9: Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetases: Nature’s Indispensable Drug Factories

9.1 Introduction
9.2 NRPS Machinery
9.3 Catalytic Domains of NRPSs
9.4 Types of NRPS
9.5 Working of NRPSs
9.6 Sources of NRPs
9.7 Production of Non-Ribosomal Peptides
9.8 Future Scope
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 10: Enzymes as Therapeutic Agents in Human Disease Management

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pancreatic Enzymes
10.3 Oncolytic Enzymes
10.4 Antidiabetic Enzymes
10.5 Liver Enzymes
10.6 Kidney Disorder
10.7 DNA- and RNA-Based Enzymes
10.8 Enzymes for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders
10.9 Lysosomal Storage Disorders
10.10 Miscellaneous Enzymes
10.11 Conclusions
References

Chapter 11: Erythritol: A Sugar Substitute

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Chemical and Physical Properties of Erythritol
11.3 Estimation of Erythritol
11.4 Production Methods for Erythritol
11.5 Optimization of Erythritol Production
11.6 Toxicology of Erythritol
11.7 Applications of Erythritol
11.8 Precautions for Erythritol Usage
11.9 Global Market for Erythritol
11.10 Conclusions
References

Chapter 12: Sugar and Sugar Alcohols: Xylitol

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biomass Conversion Process
12.3 Utilization of Xylose
12.4 Process Variables
References

Chapter 13: Trehalose: An Anonymity Turns Into Necessity

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Trehalose Metabolism Pathways
13.3 Physicochemical Properties and its Biological Significance
13.4 Trehalose Production
13.5 Application of Trehalose
13.6 Conclusions
References

Chapter 14: Production of Yeast Derived Microsomal Human CYP450 Enzymes (Sacchrosomes) in High Yields, and Activities Superior to Commercially Available Microsomal Enzymes

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Amounts of Microsomal CYP Enzyme Isolated from Yeast Strains Containing Chromosomally Integrated CYP Gene Expression Cassettes are far Higher than Strains Harbouring an Episomal Expression Plasmid Encoding a CYP Gene
14.3 Comparison of CYP Enzyme Activity of Yeast-Derived Microsomes (Sacchrosomes) with Commercially Available Microsomes Isolated from Insect and Bacterial Cells
14.4 IC₅₀ Values of Known CYP Inhibitors Using Sacchrosomes, Commercial Enzymes and HLMs
14.5 Stabilisation of Sacchrosomes through Freeze-drying
14.6 Conclusions
References

Chapter 15: Artemisinin: A Potent Antimalarial Drug

15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biosynthesis of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua and Pathways Involved
15.3 Yield Enhancement Strategies in A. annua
15.4 Artemisinin Production Using Heterologous Hosts
15.5 Spread of Artemisinin Resistance
15.6 Challenges in Large-Scale Production
15.7 Future Prospects
References

Chapter 16: Microbial Production of Flavonoids: Engineering Strategies for Improved Production

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Flavonoids
16.3 Flavonoid Chemistry and Classes
16.4 Health Benefits of Flavonoids
16.5 Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Microorganism
16.6 Engineering of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway
16.7 Metabolic Engineering Strategies
16.8 Applications of Synthetic Biology in Flavonoid Production
16.9 Post-modification of Flavonoids
16.10 Purification of Flavonoids
16.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

Chapter 17: Astaxanthin: Current Advances in Metabolic Engineering of the Carotenoid

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Pathway of Astaxanthin
17.3 Challenges/Current State of the Art in Fermentation/Commercial Production
17.4 Metabolic Engineering for Astaxanthin
17.5 Future Prospects
References

Chapter 18: Exploitation of Fungal Endophytes as Bio-Factories for Production of Functional Metabolites through Metabolic Engineering; Emphasizing on Taxol Production

18.1 Introduction
18.2 Taxol: History and Clinical Impact
18.3 Endophytes
18.4 The Plausibility of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) Hypothesis
18.5 Endophytes as Biological Factories of Functional Metabolites
18.6 Taxol Producing Endophytic Fungi
18.7 Molecular Basis of Taxol Production by Taxus Plants (Taxol Biosynthetic Pathway)
18.8 Metabolic Engineering for Synthesis of Taxol: Next Generation Tool
18.9 Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 A stirred tank fermentor....
Figure 1.2 An Airlift fermentor....
Figure 1.3 A bubble column fermentor....
Figure 1.4 A fludized bed fermentor....
Figure 1.5 A packed bed fermentor....
Figure 1.6 Types of photobioreactors....
Figure 1.7 A tubular photobioreactor with parallel run horizontal tubes....

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 The possible pathway of biodegradation of punicalagin to form ellagic acid....

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Cell wall structural morphology of Gram Positive bacteria....
Figure 3.2 Classification of Antibiotics on the basis of targets....
Figure 3.3 Structures of Cell wall synthesis inhibiting antibiotics: A. Penicillin; B.Cephalosporin;...
Figure 3.4 Structures of protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics: A. Erythromycin; B. Telithromycin;...
Figure 3.5 Structure of rifampicin....
Figure 3.6 Fermentation process for production of antibiotics....
Figure 3.7 Outline of upstream and downstream processing application....

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Strain development program....
Figure 4.2 Strain development using protoplast fusion....
Figure 4.3 Flow diagram for major antibiotic fermentation process....
Figure 4.4 General Production process of Cephalosporin antibiotic....

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Structures of various antifungal drugs....
Figure 5.2 Mode of action of 5-FC [6]....
Figure 5.3 Steps showing the inhibitory activity of antifungal agents during ergosterol...
Figure 5.4 Sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway showing different inhibitors [89]....
Figure 5.5 Mechanism for development of resistance. 1- overproduction of target enzyme which...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Different strategies to increase rapamycin production....
Figure 6.2 Structure and function of rapamycin....
Figure 6.3 Extraction and quantification of rapamycin....
Figure 6.4 Mechanism of action of rapamycin: mTOR forms two complexes namely, mTORC1 and mTORC2....

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 The Structure of IgG Antibody....
Figure 7.2 Graphic representation of mAbs indicating their source of origin....
Figure 7.3 Graphic outline of Hybridoma Technology....
Figure 7.4 Graphic outline of Phage Display Technology....
Figure 7.5 Graphic representation of Airlift Bioreactor....
Figure 7.6 Overview of Packed-Bed Bioreactor....
Figure 7.7 Overview of Disposable Wave Bioreactor....
Figure 7.8 Overview of Roller Bottle Bioreactor....
Figure 7.9 Representation of Antibody-Drug Conjugate....
Figure 7.10 Structure of Fusion Proteins and Peptibodies....
Figure 7.11 Mechanism of Action of a Payload....

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Mechanism of action of bacteriocin....

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 NRPS module set up with core domains for initation, elongation and termination....
Figure 9.2 Types of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)....
Figure 9.3 Reactions catalyzed by Adenylation, Condensation, Thiolation (PCP) and Thioesterase...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Response to a vascular injury occurs via the formation of a platelet plug as part...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 List of sugar substitutes available in market....
Figure 11.2 Chemical structure of erythritol....
Figure 11.3 Relative sweetness of different sugar alcohols (Sucrose = 100) [8, 9]....
Figure 11.4 Schematic view of Erythritol metabolism [11]....
Figure 11.5 Glycemic index of different sugar alcohols (Glucose = 100) [9]....
Figure 11.6 Comparison of water solubility of erythritol with other sugar alcohols [13]....
Figure 11.7 Erythritol biosynthesis in bacteria from glucose [31]....
Figure 11.8 Erythritol biosynthesis in yeasts [31]....
Figure 11.9 Applications of erythritol....

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Chemical Structure of Xylitol [14]....
Figure 12.2 The metabolic pathway to utilize xylose in (i) bacteria and (ii) fungi....

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 (a) Diffusion coefficient and residence time as a function of temperature for...
Figure 13.2 Simultaenous secretion, purification and immobilization protocol for trehalose...
Figure 13.3 Production protocol used by Hayashibara company (Okayama, Japan)....
Figure 13.4 (a) Denaturation profile of protein patch monitored by TMB assay, in presence and...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 (a) Shows a generic basic plasmid, YIpADH2S, used for cloning of human CYP...
Figure 14.2 (a), (b): Functional CYP450 content obtained from the strains YY7::1A2(2 integrated...
Figure 14.3 (a), (b) Functional CYP450 content obtained from the strains YAB79::3A4(2 integrated...
Figure 14.4 (a), (b): Functional CYP450 content obtained from the strains YY7::2D6(2 integrated...
Figure 14.5 (a), (b): Functional CYP450 content obtained from the strains YAB79::2C19(2 integrated...
Figure 14.6 (a), (b): Functional CYP450 content obtained from the strains YAB79::2C9(2 integrated...
Figure 14.7 (a), (b): Functional CYP450 content obtained from the strains YAB79::2E1(2 integrated...
Figure 14.8 1 picomole of CYP1A2 microsomes, isolated from yeast (Sacchrosomes), insect cells...
Figure 14.9 1 picomole of CYP2C9 microsomes, isolated from yeast (Sacchrosome), insect cells...
Figure 14.10 1 picomole of CYP2C19 microsomes, isolated from yeast (Sacchrosomes), insect cells...
Figure 14.11 1 picomole of CYP2D6 microsomes, isolated from yeast (Sacchrosomes), insect cells...
Figure 14.12 1 picomole of CYP3A4 microsomes, isolated from yeast (Sacchrosomes), insect cells...
Figure 14.13 1 picomole of CYP2E1 microsomes, isolated from yeast (Sacchrosomes) and insect cells...
Figure 14.14 Shows the comparative activity of lyophilised (i.e., freeze-dried) Sacchrosomes...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Chemical structure of artemisinin....
Figure 15.2 The mevalonic acid (MVA) and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway...
Figure 15.3 The artemisinin biosynthesis pathway in A. annua. Broken lines indicates...
Figure 15.4 Synthetic plan for synthesis of (+)-artimisin....
Figure 15.5 Top - Synthetic plan for production scale synthesis of artemisinin. Bottom - Synthetic...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Basic flavonoid structure....
Figure 16.2 Basic structures of different classes of flavonoids....

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Chemical structure of astaxanthin....
Figure 17.2 Pathway of astaxanthin production in bacteria, algae, yeast and plants. The...
Figure 17.3 Scheme of C40 cyclic carotenoid biosynthesis in recombinant C. glutamicum....

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Structure of Paclitaxel (Taxol)....
Figure 18.2 Endophyte asexual life cycle [11]....
Figure 18.3 Balanced antagonism hypothesis of endophyte vs. host plant relationship [55]....
Figure 18.4 Structures of some industrially relevant secondary metabolites used as anticancer...
Figure 18.5 Established biosynthetic pathway for Taxol production from Taxus species....
Figure 18.6 Key genes involved in Taxol biosynthesis in Taxus species. Abbreviations:...
Figure 18.7 Optimization of Isoprenoid pathway for taxol biosynthesis. (I) Native...

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Enzymatic biotransformation of polyphenols....
Table 2.2 Potential waste obtained from industrial activity and agriculture in Mexico....
Table 2.3 General aspects evaluated in the optimization fermentation process....

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Different classes of β-Lactams antibiotics, according to their chemical...
Table 3.2 Classification of Penicillins....
Table 3.3 Different generation of Cephalosporins....

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 List of gram-negative bacteria and infections caused by them....
Table 4.2 Five generations of cephalosporins....
Table 4.3 Classification of Penicillin....
Table 4.4 List of mutagens used in strain improvement....
Table 4.5 Negative impact of glucose as a carbon source on the yield of various antibiotics....
Table 4.6 Separation techniques used in antibiotic purification from fermentation broth [154]....

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Most prevalent fungal diseases in humans....
Table 5.2 Global estimates and related deaths due to fungal infections per year in AIDS...
Table 5.3 Global incidences of some fungal diseases [3]....
Table 5.4 Status and activity of current and approved oral and intravenous antifungals....
Table 5.5 Antifungal agents used in fungal therapy....
Table 5.6 Natural producers of Echinocandins [93]....
Table 5.7 Naturally produced fungal cell wall inhibitors [89]....
Table 5.8 Natural Sordarin producing strains [157]....
Table 5.9 Targets identified for novel antifungal drugs under development....
Table 5.10 Summary of mode and mechanism of Antifungal drugs....

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Optimization of different methods for rapamycin production....
Table 6.2 Optimization of different fermentation methods for rapamycin production....
Table 6.3 List of Rapamycin analogs /derivatives and their activities....

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 List of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies along with their source of origin and...
Table 7.2 Nomenclature scheme of mAbs [26, 27]....
Table 7.3 List of MAbs-producing cell lines along with their respective products....

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Therapeutic potential of bacteriocins....

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Non-ribosomal peptides based drugs reported in literature....
Table 9.2 (a) Examples of bacterial/actinobacterial metabolites along with their uses and producing...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 List of FDA approved therapeutic enzymes....

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Types of sugar substitutes [2]....
Table 11.2 Comparison of sugar alcohols and sugar....
Table 11.3 Types of sugar alcohols and their applications....
Table 11.4 Amount of erythritol in various foods [8]....
Table 11.5 Chemical and physical properties of different sugar alcohols [8]....
Table 11.6 List of various erythritol producing microorganisms [36]....

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Composition of various lignocellulosic materials [12]....
Table 12.2 Physical properties of xylitol [18, 19]....
Table 12.3 Xylitol presence in fruits and vegetables [19]....
Table 12.4 Effect of various detoxification methods on xylitol productivity and yield obtained...
Table 12.5 Xylitol producing yeast strains....
Table 12.6 Influence of initial substrate concentration on the fermentation parameters for...
Table 12.7 Influence of aeration on xylitol production in yeasts with D-xylose as substrate....

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Prevalent pathways for trehalose synthesis in living systems....

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 The non-fluorescent substrates that were used and the fluorescent products formed...
Table 14.2 Comparison of IC50 values of known CYP enzyme inhibitors using Sacchrosomes, commercial...

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Yield of artemisinin and its precursors in heterologous plant production platforms....

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Different classes of flavonoids with examples....
Table 16.2 Flavonoid compounds produced in microbial hosts....

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Significant values of astaxanthin yield from studies reviewed....

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Various biotechnological approaches for the production of taxol other than obtaining...
Table 18.2 A list of taxol-producing endophytic fungi isolated from yew associated and...

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-46001-5

About the Editors

Dr. Saurabh Saran, PhD, is a Fermentation Scientist having experience in Industrial microbiology, Biotechnology and Fermentation Technology for more than 15 years. Dr. Saran has completed his PhD from Delhi University, India. Dr. Saran has got hands-on experience in working both industries and academic. He has worked in the industries like Reliance Industries Ltd., India. Later he was appointed as a Research Professor at Republic of Korea, South Korea. He has also worked as a Coordinator at the Technology Based Incubator, Delhi University South Campus, Delhi, Inida. Presently, he is working as a Senior Scientist, Fermentation technology division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu, India. He has an expertise on the screening, isolation, production and scale up of Industrial Enzymes, Biochemicals & Biofuels. Expert in process development/engineering, scale up to 5L, 10L, 30L, 100, 300 L & 500L fermentation size, (batch, fed batch and continuation fermentation) strain engineering, downstream processing and applications of industrially important biomolecules. To my credentials, I have 3 patents and more than 25 international publications in peer reviewed international journals on fermentation technology.

Dr. Vikash Babu, PhD was born in Bulandshahr district of Uttar Pradesh, India on 1st September 1981. He did his Bachelor’s degree from I.P (PG) College Bulandshahr, India. After qualifying all India combined entrance exam for biotechnology conducted by JNU, New Delhi, India, he did his degree in Biotechnology from Kumaun University, Nainital. After completing his M.Sc degree, he qualified many national level competitive exams such as DBT-JRF- 2005, CSIR-UGC NET for lecturership- Dec. 2004 & June 2005 and GATE-2005. In Nov. 2005, he joined as a DBT-JRF in the Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee under the superivision of Dr. Bijan Choudhury and registered for the Ph.D in the same department and Institute and completed his Ph.D degree in the year 2011. After finishing his Ph.D research work he joined Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh (India) as a lecturer. He left Manglayatan University in the year 2012 and joined Graphic Era University, Dehradun (India) as an assistant professor where he worked till June 2013. Currently, he is working as a scientist in CSIR-IIIM.

Dr. Asha Chaubey, Ph.D is Principal Scientist and Head of Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India. She has about 15 years of research experience in the area of enzymology and fermentation technology. She is actively engaged in development of indigenous process development. Her research interests include exploration and exploitation of microorganisms for production of enzymes and bioactives in special reference to industrial applications. She has published research articles in the area of bioactives production, enzyme immobilization, biotransformation, kinetic resolution of racemic drug intermediates. She has also published several review articles and has been actively involved in the development of biosensors for health care and environmental monitoring and has several patents on lactate and cholesterol biosensors.

List of Contributors

Akankszha Dwivedi, Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, (India)

Alok Malaviya, Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, (India)

Anil Agarwal, Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, (India)

Anshela Koul, Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu

Apurwa Kestwal, National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) Government of India Plot No.A-32, Sector-62 Institutional Area, NOIDA, (U.P.), (India)

Aravind Madhavan, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, (India)

Asha Chaubey, Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, (India)

Ashok Pandey, CSIR- Indian Institute for Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31 MG Marg, Lucknow, (India)

Babbal, Adivitiya, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, (India)

Bhabatosh Chaudhuri, CYP Design Ltd, The Innovation Centre, 49 Oxford Street, Leicester, LE1 5XY, (UK)

Bhumica Agarwal, Department of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, (India)

Cristóbal N. Aguilar Group of Bioprocesses. Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, (México)

Debendra K. Sahoo, Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, (India)

Dignya Desai, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, (India)

Divya Gupta, Department of Life sciences, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, (India)

Edgard Gnansounou Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, ENAC GR-GN, GC A3, Station 18, CH-1015, Lausanne, (Switzerland)

Girijesh K. Patel, Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, (USA)

Gurdeep Singh, Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, (India)

Harikrishna Reddy, High Value Chemicals, Breakthrough R & D, Reliance Industries Limited. Reliance Corporate Park. Thane Belapur Road, GhansoliNavi Mumbai, (India)

Himanshu Verma, Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, (India)

Hitesh Sharma, Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu(India)

Ibidapo Stephen Williams, CYP Design Ltd, The Innovation Centre, 49 Oxford Street, Leicester, LE1 5XY, (UK)

Ivanoe García, Group of Bioprocesses. Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, (México)

Jayesh Varavadekar, High Value Chemicals, Breakthrough R & D, Reliance Industries Limited. Reliance Corporate Park. Thane Belapur Road, GhansoliNavi Mumbai, (India)

Jitender Nandal, Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, (India)

Kakoli Dutt, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan (India)

Kanti N. Mihooliya, Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, (India)

Karan Malhotra, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, (India)

Katherine Saikia, Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed To Be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, (India)

KB Arun, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, (India)

Lalit Kumar Singh, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Harcourt Butler Technical University Kanpur, (India)

Leonardo Sepulveda, Group of Bioprocesses. Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, (México)

Liliana Londoño-Hernández, Group of Bioprocesses. Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, (México)

Lipsy Chopra, Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, (India)

M. Sudhakara Reddy, Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Patiala 147004 (India)

Mahendra Pal Singh, National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) Government of India Plot No.A-32, Sector-62 Institutional Area, NOIDA, (U.P.), (India)

Manali Datta, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, (India)

Manmeet Ahuja, High Value Chemicals, Breakthrough R & D, Reliance Industries Limited. Reliance Corporate Park. Thane Belapur Road, GhansoliNavi Mumbai, (India)

Mansi Vora, High Value Chemicals, Breakthrough R & D, Reliance Industries Limited. Reliance Corporate Park. Thane Belapur Road, GhansoliNavi Mumbai, (India)

Maryam Faiyaz1, Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Dasauli, (India)

Parameswaran Binod, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (India)

Piyush Sethia, High Value Chemicals, Breakthrough R & D, Reliance Industries Limited. Reliance Corporate Park. Thane Belapur Road, GhansoliNavi Mumbai, (India)

Pradeep Kumar, Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, (India)

Puja Tandon, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR (China)

Rahul Vikram Singh, Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu(India)

Ramita Taggar, Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, (India)

Ramón Larios-Cruz, Group of Bioprocesses. Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, (México)

Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera Group of Bioprocesses. Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, (México)

Raveendran Sindhu, Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, (India)

Ravi S. Manhas, Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, (India)

Ricardo Gómez-García, Group of Bioprocesses. Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, (México)

Richa Sharma, Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, (India)

Richi V Mahajan, National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) Government of India Plot No.A-32, Sector-62 Institutional Area, NOIDA, (U.P.), (India)

Ruchika Goyal, Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, (India)

Sanjog Garyali, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, (China).

Saurabh Saran, Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, (India)

Shikha Gupta, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Gandhinagar, (India)

Shilpa Mohanty, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, (India)

Subhash Chand, National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) Government of India Plot No.A-32, Sector-62 Institutional Area, NOIDA, (U.P.), (India)

Surinder Singh, National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) Government of India Plot No.A-32, Sector-62 Institutional Area, NOIDA, (U.P.), (India)

Syed M. Waheed, Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, (India)

Vidhya Rangaswamy, High Value Chemicals, Breakthrough R & D, Reliance Industries Limited. Reliance Corporate Park. Thane Belapur Road, GhansoliNavi Mumbai, (India)

Vikash Babu, Fermentation Technology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu

Yogender Pal Khasa, Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, (India)

Yong Wang, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, (China).

Preface

A century after the pioneering work of Louis Pasteur, the science of microbiology has reached to its zenith. In a short span of time, modern biotechnology has grown up drastically from a laboratory scale to a commercial level. Advances in Fermentation Technology have created a favorable niche for the development of fermentation based products to facilitate their applications and to provide a sustainable environment for mankind and to improve the quality of human life. The modern day biotechnology offers many opportunities and effective techniques to address the human concerns in the areas of pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, polymers, textiles, aquaculture, forestry, chemicals, household products, environmental cleanup, food processing, feed and forensics etc.

The book entitled “High Value Fermentation Products” has been divided in different volumes namely, Human Health and Human Welfare. The Volume 1 of the book has 18 chapters focussed on basics to fermentation technology, antibiotics & immunosuppressants, antibodies, peptides & proteins, sugars & sugar alcohols and metabolic engineering derived products. The fist chapter entitled ‘Introduction, scope and significance of fermentation technology’ aims to provide the insights on the basics of fermentation technology to the readers. The second chapter on ‘Extraction of bioactive molecules through fermentation and enzymatic assisted technologies’ elaborates the techniques involved in isolation of bioactive molecules and other chemo-enzymatic approaches for bioactives production. Third and fourth chapters compile the important antibiotics against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria discovered so far. Fifth chapter emphasizes on the role of antifungal drugs in combating invasive fungal diseases. Sixth chapter provides the update on rapamycin production and its potential clinical implications. The seventh chapter on ‘Advances in production of therapeutics monoclonal antibodies’ highlights the methodologies involved in the production of monoclonal antibodies for therapeutics. The eighth and ninth chapters focus on the antimicrobial peptides of microbial origin and their mechanism of production. The chapter tenth provides the insight on the therapeutic enzymes for human disease management. Chapters eleven to thirteen focus on the strategies involved in the production of natural sweeteners erythritol, xylitol and trehalose. Chapter fourteen describes how production of yeast derived microsomal human CYP450 enzymes (Sacchrosomes) with high yields and activities are superior to other commercially available microsomal enzymes. Chapters fifteen and sixteen compile the methodologies for production of artemisinin and flavonoids respectively. The chapter seventeen provides the information on how advances in metabolic engineering of the carotenoids can be useful for production of astaxanthin. The last chapter of the volume 1 describes how fungal endophytes can be exploited as bio-factories for production of functional metabolites through metabolic engineering, with special reference to taxol production.

This book provides deep insights on the strategies decisive factors involved in the fermentation based high value products like antibiotics, enzymes and other therapeutic secondary metabolites in the area of human health. We are confident that this book will be useful to students, researchers, academicians, and industry professionals interested in studying fermentation technology.

Editors