Cover
Preface
Acknowledgement
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction to Smart Antennas
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 Antenna Fundamentals
3. 1.3 Antenna Array Fundamentals
4. 1.4 Smart Antenna Architecture and Hardware Implementation
5. 1.5 Overview of the Book
6. References
2 Beamforming Algorithms for Smart Antennas
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Basic Concepts for Beamforming
3. 2.3 Fixed Beamformer Design
4. 2.4 Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms
5. 2.5 Blind Beamforming Algorithms
6. 2.6 Low‐cost Adaptive Beamforming
7. 2.7 Summary of the Chapter
8. References
3 Electronically Steerable Parasitic Array
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Theory and Operation Principle
3. 3.3 Low‐cost Folded‐monopole ESPAR
4. 3.4 ESPAR Antenna with Low Control Voltage
5. 3.5 Planar ESPAR Antennas
6. 3.6 Case Studies
7. 3.7 Summary of the Chapter
8. References
4 Beam‐Reconfigurable Antennas Using Active Frequency Selective Surfaces
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 FSS Fundamentals and Active FSSs
3. 4.3 Monopole‐fed Beam‐switching Antenna using AFSS
4. 4.4 Dual‐Band Beam‐Switching Antenna using AFSS
5. 4.5 3D Beam Coverage of Electronic Beam‐Switching Antenna using FSS
6. 4.6 Frequency‐agile Beam‐switchable Antenna
7. 4.7 Continuous Beam‐steering Antennas using FSSs
8. 4.8 Case Study
9. 4.9 Summary of the Chapter
10. References
5 Beam Reconfigurable Reflectarrays and Transmitarrays
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Reflectarray and Transmitarray Design Fundamentals
3. 5.3 Beam Reconfigurable Reflectarrays
4. 5.4 Beam Reconfigurable Transmitarray
5. 5.5 Circularly Polarised Beam‐steerable Reflectarrays and Transmitarrays
6. 5.6 Case Study
7. 5.7 Summary of the Chapter
8. References
6 Compact MIMO Antenna Systems
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 MIMO Antennas
3. 6.3 Compact MIMO Antenna with High Isolation
4. 6.4 Compact MIMO Antenna with Adaptive Radiation Patterns
5. 6.5 Case Studies
6. 6.6 Summary of the Chapter
7. References
7 Other Types of Low‐cost Smart Antennas
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Lens Antennas
3. 7.3 Retrodirective Array Antenna
4. 7.4 Fabry–Perot Resonator Antennas
5. 7.5 Array‐fed Reflector
6. 7.6 Multibeam Antennas based on BFN
7. 7.7 Summary of the Chapter
8. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Comparison of the beam‐switching and adaptive arrays.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Capacitance vs reverse voltage [6].
2. Table 3.2 Parameters of the FM‐ESPAR presented in [16].
3. Table 3.3 Beam direction and corresponding control voltages (in V).
4. Table 3.4 Control voltages for optimised radiation patterns at different frequen...
5. Table 3.5 Control voltage for the PIN loaded FM‐ESPAR antenna.
6. Table 3.6 Measured beam‐switching performance of the five‐element ESPAR antenna.
7. Table 3.7 Beam and PIN diode switch configurations (orthogonal polarisations) [3...
8. Table 3.8 Polarisation direction and PIN diode switch configurations [32].
9. Table 3.9 Optimised reactive loads of the seven‐element monopole ESPAR [7].
10. Table 3.10 Optimised reactive loads of the seven‐element monopole ESPAR embedded...
11. Table 3.11 Optimised reactive loads of the 12‐element monopole ESPAR embedded in...
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Dimensions of the slot FSS unit cell (mm).
2. Table 4.2 Dimensions of the bias circuit (mm)
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 The values of the parameters of the unit cell.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Comparison of the radiation performances of the monopole array with SR...
2. Table 6.2 Beam direction and control voltages (in V) for the FM‐ESPAR MIMO anten...
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Comparison of the presented design with other reported wideband transm...
2. Table 7.2 The phase of output signal when different ports are excited.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 The equivalent circuit of the input impedance of the antenna with t...
2. Figure 1.2 The input impedance of a typical probe‐fed square patch antenna.
3. Figure 1.3 The return loss and VSWR of the patch antenna.
4. Figure 1.4 The different regions of the antenna field.
5. Figure 1.5 The radiation patterns of some typical antennas: (a) microstrip patc...
6. Figure 1.6 Illustration of the HPBW and the lobes of the antenna.
7. Figure 1.7 Tilted ellipse of elliptical polarisation.
8. Figure 1.8 (a) The return loss and AR of a patch antenna. (b) The layout of the...
9. Figure 1.9 The simulated radiation pattern of the circularly polarised patch at...
10. Figure 1.10 Linear array configuration.
11. Figure 1.11 Planar array configuration.
12. Figure 1.12 The mutual coupling in a two‐element array antenna.
13. Figure 1.13 Simulated reflection coefficient of an array unit cell with differe...
14. Figure 1.14 (a) Layout of a array antenna. (b) Comparison between the active ...
15. Figure 1.15 Illustration of the parameters used in Floquet mode analysis: (a) r...
16. Figure 1.16 The generic system configuration of a smart antenna.
17. Figure 1.17 A typical architecture for a beam‐switching antenna system.
18. Figure 1.18 The generic system architecture of: (a) the smart array antenna usi...
19. Figure 1.19 A block diagram of a smart antenna using FPGA.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 A beamforming structure based on a linear antenna array.
2. Figure 2.2 The beam pattern of the ‐antenna ULA‐based beamformer with uniform ...
3. Figure 2.3 The beam pattern of the ‐antenna ULA‐based beamformer with uniform ...
4. Figure 2.4 The beam pattern of the ‐antenna ULA‐based beamformer with uniform ...
5. Figure 2.5 The beam pattern of the resultant beamformer with antennas.
6. Figure 2.6 The resultant beam response for the design example using the least s...
7. Figure 2.7 The resultant beam response for the off‐broadside main beam design e...
8. Figure 2.8 A general structure for beam steering.
9. Figure 2.9 The new beam pattern after steering the result in 2.22 to .
10. Figure 2.10 The discrete‐time version of the beamformer in Figure 2.1.
11. Figure 2.11 The reference signal based beamforming structure.
12. Figure 2.12 The resultant beam pattern for the reference signal based beamforme...
13. Figure 2.13 The resultant beam pattern for the Capon beamformer given in 2.43...
14. Figure 2.14 A structure for the power minimisation based beamformer.
15. Figure 2.15 The resultant beam pattern for the power minimisation method given ...
16. Figure 2.16 The resultant beam pattern for the CMA‐based method given in 2.51.
17. Figure 2.17 The subarray‐based hybrid beamforming structure with localised conf...
18. Figure 2.18 The subarray based hybrid beamforming structure with interleaved co...
19. Figure 2.19 The resultant beam pattern for the Capon beamformer given in 2.43...
20. Figure 2.20 The resultant beam pattern for the diagonal loading based Capon bea...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Configuration of the typical seven‐element ESPAR antenna [2].
2. Figure 3.2 The circuit model of the packaged varactor diode [5].
3. Figure 3.3 The concept of DE‐ESPAR array antenna presented in [12].
4. Figure 3.4 The configuration of the FM‐ESPAR array antenna presented in [16]...
5. Figure 3.5 Mutual coupling equivalent circuit of a folded monopole ESPAR antenn...
6. Figure 3.6 The details of the antenna with SMA connector and varactor [17].
7. Figure 3.7 Measured S11 parameter of the FM‐ESPAR antenna [16].
8. Figure 3.8 Measured radiation patterns of the FM‐ESPAR antenna. Courtesy of Dr ...
9. Figure 3.9 Measured and simulated radiation patterns of the FM‐ESPAR antenna af...
10. Figure 3.10 Measured radiation patterns at different frequencies with control v...
11. Figure 3.11 Measured S11 versus control voltage vectors [17]. The control vo...
12. Figure 3.12 Optimized pattern at different frequencies. Courtesy of Dr Haitao L...
13. Figure 3.13 Configuration of the PIN diode controlled FM‐ESPAR antenna [22].
14. Figure 3.14 Measured normalised radiation pattern when the desired signal comes...
15. Figure 3.15 The LQI result. Courtesy of Dr Haitao Liu [17].
16. Figure 3.16 The throughput of the system, comparison between directional and om...
17. Figure 3.17 Package error rate compared between directional mode and omni‐direc...
18. Figure 3.18 The concept of the three‐strip planar parasitic array antenna [25]...
19. Figure 3.19 The equivalent Yagi–Uda antenna configuration when the parasitic ar...
20. Figure 3.20 The configuration of the microstrip Yagi–Uda parasitic array antenn...
21. Figure 3.21 Two configurations of the planar ESPAR antenna: (a) four parasitic ...
22. Figure 3.22 Configuration of the ESPAR using a slot antenna [27].
23. Figure 3.23 The circuit of the reactance load of parasitic elements and a photo...
24. Figure 3.24 The measured radiation pattern and axial ratio of the five‐element ...
25. Figure 3.25 Use of an ESPAR array to form an antenna array of larger size [29].
26. Figure 3.26 Configuration of incorporating a phase shifter and attenuator in th...
27. Figure 3.27 Use of an ESPAR array with an interleaved configuration to form an ...
28. Figure 3.28 The concept of an ESPAR antenna with controllable mutual coupling ...
29. Figure 3.29 (a) Plan view. A, parasitic elements; B1, B2, microstrip antenna fe...
30. Figure 3.30 Schematic drawing of the antenna feed network used in [32].
31. Figure 3.31 The 3D radiation patterns of the polarisation reconfigurable ESPAR ...
32. Figure 3.32 The configuration of the seven‐element monopole ESPAR. The dimensio...
33. Figure 3.33 The coordinates of the seven‐element monopole ESPAR.
34. Figure 3.34 The 3D radiation pattern of the ESPAR using the reactive loads list...
35. Figure 3.35 The simulated radiation pattern when the distance () between the d...
36. Figure 3.36 The simulated radiation pattern when the height of the ground skirt...
37. Figure 3.37 The configuration of the seven‐element dielectric loaded monopole E...
38. Figure 3.38 The optimised radiation pattern of the dielectric loaded ESPAR ante...
39. Figure 3.39 The beam‐switching performance of the dielectric loaded seven‐eleme...
40. Figure 3.40 The configuration of the dielectric loaded ESPAR with 12 parasitic ...
41. Figure 3.41 The optimised radiation pattern of the dielectric loaded ESPAR ante...
42. Figure 3.42 Concept of switched beams using orthogonally crossed dipoles in a p...
43. Figure 3.43 An orthogonally crossed dipole driven Yagi–Uda array.
44. Figure 3.44 The configuration of the planar ultra‐thin ESPAR.
45. Figure 3.45 Antenna configuration and dimensions: (a) top view and (b) bottom v...
46. Figure 3.46 Configuration of overlapped rectangular patch: (a) top view and (b)...
47. Figure 3.47 Input impedance of antennas with of different values.
48. Figure 3.48 Input impedance of antennas with of different values.
49. Figure 3.49 The simulated directivity and FBR under different values of at 2....
50. Figure 3.50 Measured reflection coefficient under four states of PIN diodes.
51. Figure 3.51 Simulated and measured radiation patterns in the azimuth plane at 2...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Top and side views of the mushroom‐type HIS.
2. Figure 4.2 Different geometries of the FSS unit cells.
3. Figure 4.3 Two different types of FSS configuration: (a) printed on single diel...
4. Figure 4.4 FSS using (a) patch and (b) aperture elements and their equivalent c...
5. Figure 4.5 Equivalent circuit model of the inductive strip FSS.
6. Figure 4.6 Equivalent circuit model of the capacitive strip FSS.
7. Figure 4.7 Active strip FSS when the PIN diode is in the ON state.
8. Figure 4.8 Active strip FSS when the PIN diode is in the OFF state.
9. Figure 4.9 Current distribution of the slot FSS.
10. Figure 4.10 Equivalent circuit model of the slot FSS.
11. Figure 4.11 Slot‐type active FSS when the PIN diode is in the OFF state.
12. Figure 4.12 Slot‐type active FSS when the PIN diode is in the ON state.
13. Figure 4.13 Two biasing configurations of the strip‐type active FSS described i...
14. Figure 4.14 Bias technique of the slot‐type active FSS reported in [26].
15. Figure 4.15 Transmission coefficients of the slot‐type active FSS reported in [...
16. Figure 4.16 Perspective view of the CAFSS antenna reported in [26] (bias lines ...
17. Figure 4.17 Effect of N and P_x on the directivity of the metallic reflector.
18. Figure 4.18 Effect of N and P_x on impedance matching of the metallic reflector.
19. Figure 4.19 Directional and broad beam modes of the antenna reported in [26].
20. Figure 4.20 Assembled CAFSS antenna prototype.
21. Figure 4.21 S₁₁ of the two operating modes of the CAFSS antenna.
22. Figure 4.22 Switched beams of the two operating modes.
23. Figure 4.23 Configuration of the AFSS unit cell reported in [27]: front view wi...
24. Figure 4.24 Simulated transmission coefficients of the passive and active FSS i...
25. Figure 4.25 Cross‐section view of the AFSS antenna reported in [27] (substrate ...
26. Figure 4.26 Measured and simulated transmission coefficients when diodes are OF...
27. Figure 4.27 Photograph of the fabricated antenna.
28. Figure 4.28 Measured and simulated reflection coefficients of the AFSS antenna.
29. Figure 4.29 Measured H‐plane radiation patterns of the antenna reported in [27]...
30. Figure 4.30 Measured E‐plane radiation patterns of the antenna reported in [27]...
31. Figure 4.31 Schematic view of the two‐element fed metallic reflector presented ...
32. Figure 4.32 Beam scan patterns of the two‐element fed metallic reflector.
33. Figure 4.33 Schematic view of the AFSS unit cell reported in [28].
34. Figure 4.34 CST radiation pattern simulation of AFSS uptilted beam state fed by...
35. Figure 4.35 Simulated AFSS antenna [28] uptilt radiation patterns fed by the tw...
36. Figure 4.36 CST radiation pattern simulation of the AFSS uptilted beam state fe...
37. Figure 4.37 Details of the multi‐layer array element design presented in [28].
38. Figure 4.38 Simulated S₁₁ of the back‐to‐back patch antenna.
39. Figure 4.39 Simulated radiation patterns of the back‐to‐back patch antenna.
40. Figure 4.40 Perspective view of the multi‐layer antenna feed array reported in ...
41. Figure 4.41 Simulated current distribution at 2.45 GHz when the upper element i...
42. Figure 4.42 Fabricated bias network of the AFSS reported in [28].
43. Figure 4.43 Measured transmission coefficients of the AFSS reported in [28].
44. Figure 4.44 Fabricated feed array [28] before assembly.
45. Figure 4.45 Measured S parameters of the fabricated array reported in [28].
46. Figure 4.46 Perspective view of the AFSS antenna CST model.
47. Figure 4.47 Fabricated entire AFSS antenna under test [28].
48. Figure 4.48 Simulated and measured S₁₁ of the AFSS antenna with feed network [2...
49. Figure 4.49 Simulated (a) E‐plane and (b) H‐plane radiation patterns [28].
50. Figure 4.50 Measured (a) E‐plane and (b) H‐plane radiation patterns [28].
51. Figure 4.51 Measured (a) uptilt and (b) downtilt radiation pattern switching in...
52. Figure 4.52 Schematic views of the slot FSS unit cell.
53. Figure 4.53 Simulated transmission coefficients of the unit cell with varactor ...
54. Figure 4.54 Initial design of the parallel bias network.
55. Figure 4.55 Simulated current distributions on the bias network at 2.4 GHz: (a)...
56. Figure 4.56 Simulated transmission coefficient of the bias network without stub...
57. Figure 4.57 CST model of the resulting antenna structure reported in [41].
58. Figure 4.58 Fabricated bias circuit on one side of the substrate [41].
59. Figure 4.59 Measured transmission coefficients of the tunable FSS [41].
60. Figure 4.60 Measured reflection coefficients at (a) 7 V, (b) 8 V (c) 10.1 V, (d...
61. Figure 4.61 Measured gain tuning range for the four bias voltages [41].
62. Figure 4.62 Measured radiation patterns at the peak gain frequencies [41].
63. Figure 4.63 Measured beam‐switching characteristic at 1.9 GHz in the H plane [4...
64. Figure 4.64 Schematic views of the tunable AMC and resulting antenna reported i...
65. Figure 4.65 Phase response of the AMC reported in [43] with different varactor ...
66. Figure 4.66 Steered beam patterns of the antenna at 2.76 GHz reported in [43].
67. Figure 4.67 Configuration of the FSS unit cell reported in [46].
68. Figure 4.68 Configuration of the five‐layer FSS reported in [46].
69. Figure 4.69 Measured (a) transmission coefficient and (b) phase variation range...
70. Figure 4.70 Horn antenna incorporating AFSS and schematic of the AFSS phase con...
71. Figure 4.71 (a) Simulated S₁₁ of the antenna and (b) steered beam patterns for ...
72. Figure 4.72 Measured insertion loss and S₂₁ at different DC control voltages of...
73. Figure 4.73 Measured S₁₁ and steered beam patterns for the four scanning angles...
74. Figure 4.74 Sleeve monopole antenna: (a) 3D view and (b) side view.
75. Figure 4.75 FSS unit cell model in CST.
76. Figure 4.76 Simulated S₂₁ of the passive FSS.
77. Figure 4.77 Front and back view of the AFSS unit cell.
78. Figure 4.78 Simulated AFSS unit cell S₂₁ of the ON/OFF state.
79. Figure 4.79 CST model of the AFSS antenna.
80. Figure 4.80 Simulated S₁₁ of the AFSS antenna.
81. Figure 4.81 Simulated E‐field distribution in the horizontal plane at 2.4 GHz.
82. Figure 4.82 Simulated (a) side and (b) top view of the 3D radiation pattern at ...
83. Figure 4.83 Simulated (a) E‐plane and (b) H‐plane radiation patterns.
84. Figure 4.84 Simulated results of antenna gain vs. frequency.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 The configuration of a printed microstrip reflectarray.
2. Figure 5.2 The configuration of a folded reflectarray.
3. Figure 5.3 Examples of the required phase distribution for a planar reflectarra...
4. Figure 5.4 Microstrip square patch of varied size and its corresponding reflec...
5. Figure 5.5 The configuration of a reflectarray using a liquid crystal substrat...
6. Figure 5.6 Microstrip square patch with delay lines of varied length and corre...
7. Figure 5.7 The configuration of the aperture coupled patch.
8. Figure 5.8 The configuration of a typical transmitarray antenna.
9. Figure 5.9 An example of the unit cell for a ‘receive–transmit’ transmitarray ...
10. Figure 5.10 Exploded view of the transmitarray unit cell using the aperture cou...
11. Figure 5.11 An example of the unit cell for an FSS‐based transmitarray antenna...
12. Figure 5.12 Multi‐beam operation of the multi‐feed folded reflectarray.
13. Figure 5.13 Multi‐beam operation of the multi‐feed folded reflectarray.
14. Figure 5.14 The configuration of the multi‐feed reflectarray reported in [24]...
15. Figure 5.15 The configuration of the reflectarray unit cell used in [24].
16. Figure 5.16 Introducing an RF switch to the phase delay line of the reflectarra...
17. Figure 5.17 The control circuitry of the 1‐bit electronically beam‐steerable re...
18. Figure 5.18 Configuration of the aperture‐coupled microstrip patch antenna elem...
19. Figure 5.19 The configuration of the common microstrip phase delay line propose...
20. Figure 5.20 (a) The microstrip line loaded by a varactor. (b) Simulated reflect...
21. Figure 5.21 The equivalent circuit model of the varactor.
22. Figure 5.22 The configuration of the varactor loaded reflectarray element [34]...
23. Figure 5.23 The configuration of the varactor loaded reflectarray element [34]...
24. Figure 5.24 The configuration of the unit cell using a ring‐type patch loaded b...
25. Figure 5.25 The simplified equivalent circuit model of the unit cell [35].
26. Figure 5.26 The configuration of a multi‐feed transmitarray.
27. Figure 5.27 Beam‐switching performance of the multi‐feed transmitarray.
28. Figure 5.28 The operating principle of a beam‐steerable transmitarray antenna.
29. Figure 5.29 The configuration of the transmitarray unit cell using PIN diodes ...
30. Figure 5.30 Photo of the transmitarray unit cell using MEMS [37]. Reproduced...
31. Figure 5.31 The sideview of the varactor loaded unit cell presented in [38].
32. Figure 5.32 (a) The patch‐loop symmetrically loaded by four varactors. (b) The ...
33. Figure 5.33 The configuration of a circularly polarised (a) reflectarray and (b...
34. Figure 5.34 The concept of using a transmitarray cell to convert linearly polar...
35. Figure 5.35 The configuration of the transmitarray unit cell that transforms th...
36. Figure 5.36 The concept of obtaining the continuous phase shift range used in...
37. Figure 5.37 The configuration of the unit cell using two tri‐layer FSSs.
38. Figure 5.38 The equivalent circuit model of the tri‐layer FSS working as a wide...
39. Figure 5.39 The bandpass response of the transmitarray unit cell.
40. Figure 5.40 The (a) phase and (b) amplitude response of the transmission coeffi...
41. Figure 5.41 The reflection coefficient of the unit cell when the incident angle...
42. Figure 5.42 (a) Sideview of the transmitarray. (b) Layout of layers 1 and 3. (c...
43. Figure 5.43 The calculated phase distribution of the transmitarray.
44. Figure 5.44 The E‐field distribution on the top surface of the transmitarray.
45. Figure 5.45 The radiation patterns of the transmitarray in the E plane with mul...
46. Figure 5.46 Gain variation of the transmitarray.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 The MIMO system.
2. Figure 6.2 The isolation between two microstrip patch antennas in the H plane w...
3. Figure 6.3 The calculated ECC of two antennas.
4. Figure 6.4 Comparison between the calculated TARC and the reflection coefficien...
5. Figure 6.5 The configuration of the compact ILA array for USB dongle applicatio...
6. Figure 6.6 The measured scattering parameters of the compact ILA array [21].
7. Figure 6.7 The concept of introducing RF switches on a neutralising line to rea...
8. Figure 6.8 The configuration of the monopole array with the wideband neutralisa...
9. Figure 6.9 Placing planar MTM between two antennas to reduce the mutual couplin...
10. Figure 6.10 Different configurations of SRR placement between the two monopole ...
11. Figure 6.11 Placing an MTM wall in a planar array to improve isolation.
12. Figure 6.12 Configuration of the MPR unit cell developed in [29].
13. Figure 6.13 The lumped decoupling network presented in [32].
14. Figure 6.14 The configuration of the compact monopole array with a microstrip d...
15. Figure 6.15 Comparison of the ECC and radiation efficiency of the array antenna...
16. Figure 6.16 The concept of introducing a metal boundary between the two closely...
17. Figure 6.17 The configuration of the side‐edge antenna array for smartphones [...
18. Figure 6.18 Simulated E‐field distribution between the antenna elements when th...
19. Figure 6.19 Simulated E‐field distribution between the antenna elements with th...
20. Figure 6.20 Parametric study when the total lengths of the decoupling strips ar...
21. Figure 6.21 The configuration of the ESPAR MIMO antenna presented in [36].
22. Figure 6.22 Simulated isolation between the two ESPAR antennas versus the angle...
23. Figure 6.23 Measured radiation pattern of the MIMO ESPAR antenna in the horizon...
24. Figure 6.24 Configuration of the radiation pattern reconfigurable monopole [37...
25. Figure 6.25 Different configurations of the MIMO array presented in [37].
26. Figure 6.26 (a) Configuration of a single PIFA. (b) Dimensions of a PIFA.
27. Figure 6.27 The return loss of the single PIFA.
28. Figure 6.28 The E‐field distribution between two PIFAs when one of them is exci...
29. Figure 6.29 The return loss and isolation of two closely spaced PIFAs.
30. Figure 6.30 The configuration of placing two PIFAs at the two ends of the PCB.
31. Figure 6.31 The scattering parameters between two antennas when they are placed...
32. Figure 6.32 Layout of two orthogonally placed PIFAs.
33. Figure 6.33 The scattering parameters between two antennas when they are placed...
34. Figure 6.34 Layout for placing three PIFAs.
35. Figure 6.35 The isolation between the three PIFAs shown in Figure 6.34.
36. Figure 6.36 Introducing a T‐shaped slot between two closely spaced PIFAs.
37. Figure 6.37 The scattering parameters of two closely spaced PIFAs with a T‐shap...
38. Figure 6.38 The E‐field distribution between two PIFAs after introducing the T‐...
39. Figure 6.39 The simulated S21 between the two PIFAs when the length of the T‐sl...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Different types of lens antenna: (a) fast wave lens and (b) slow wa...
2. Figure 7.2 The configuration of a surface refracting lens.
3. Figure 7.3 The configuration of another type of surface refracting lens.
4. Figure 7.4 Configuration of an extended hemispherical lens using a microstrip p...
5. Figure 7.5 Simulated radiation patterns of the extended hemispherical lens ante...
6. Figure 7.6 Using multiple feeds to realise a beam‐switching lens antenna.
7. Figure 7.7 Concept of the beam‐switching feed network based on PIN diode switch...
8. Figure 7.8 Extended hemispherical lens antenna with different feed array: (a) r...
9. Figure 7.9 The beam‐switching radiation patterns of the lens antenna fed by a l...
10. Figure 7.10 The beam‐switching radiation patterns of the lens antenna fed by a ...
11. Figure 7.11 The concept of the Van Altta linear array antenna.
12. Figure 7.12 The configuration of the Van Altta array using aperture‐coupled mic...
13. Figure 7.13 The configuration of a retrodirective array using dual‐slot antenna...
14. Figure 7.14 The configuration of the polarisation convert SIW Van Altta array ...
15. Figure 7.15 The configuration of the planar Van Altta array antenna.
16. Figure 7.16 The configuration of the retrodirective array using the heterodyne ...
17. Figure 7.17 Self‐transmitting retrodirective antenna element using a circulator...
18. Figure 7.18 The concept of the retrodirective array using space‐fed local oscil...
19. Figure 7.19 The schematic of the active retrodirective antenna presented in [1...
20. Figure 7.20 The active retrodirective antenna prototype presented in [17]..
21. Figure 7.21 The concept of the dual‐frequency retrodirective array [18].
22. Figure 7.22 The concept of a time‐shared phase conjugator retrodirectarray [19...
23. Figure 7.23 Configuration of a FP cavity antenna.
24. Figure 7.24 The concept of using AMC to reduce the profile of the FP cavity ant...
25. Figure 7.25 The structure of the array‐fed FP cavity antenna presented in [24]...
26. Figure 7.26 The layouts of the feed array unit cell presented in [24].
27. Figure 7.27 The calculated scanning pattern in (a) the C‐band and (b) the X‐ban...
28. Figure 7.28 The configuration of the reconfigurable FP leaky‐wave antenna prese...
29. Figure 7.29 Simulated reflection phase of the tunable HIS with an incident plan...
30. Figure 7.30 The computed H‐plane normalised directivity radiation patterns for ...
31. Figure 7.31 Different types of reflector antenna: (a) central‐fed, (b) offset‐f...
32. Figure 7.32 The configuration of the AFR with a phased array as the feed.
33. Figure 7.33 (a) Top view of the feed array. (b) The system architecture of the ...
34. Figure 7.34 The beam‐switching performance of the AFR shown in Figure 7.32.
35. Figure 7.35 The feed array used in [31], where the hexagonal array grid with...
36. Figure 7.36 The beam‐scanning radiation patterns of the AFR using different r...
37. Figure 7.37 The beam‐scanning radiation patterns of the AFR using a feed with (...
38. Figure 7.38 Calculated radiation patterns of the AFR at with and without stee...
39. Figure 7.39 The generic version of a four‐port Butler matrix.
40. Figure 7.40 The layout of a microstrip branch line coupler.
41. Figure 7.41 A generic version of a eight‐port Butler matrix.
42. Figure 7.42 The concept of introducing a phase shifter to the Butler matrix [3...
43. Figure 7.43 Butler matrix realised by using SIW reported in [34].
44. Figure 7.44 The configuration of a Rotman lens and its parameters.
45. Figure 7.45 The layout of the Rotman lens calculated by [40]..
46. Figure 7.46 The fabricated Rotman lens with the beam‐switching network presente...
47. Figure 7.47 The schematic of a Blass matrix.
48. Figure 7.48 Schematic of the Nolen matrix.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Luo, Qi, 1982‐ author. | Gao, Steven (Shichang), author. | Liu, Wei, 1974‐ author. |

Gu, Chao, 1986 Sept. 24‐ author.

Title: Low‐cost smart antennas / Qi Luo, Steven (Shichang) Gao, Wei Liu, and Chao Gu.

Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, [2019] | Series:

Microwave and wireless technologies series | Includes bibliographical

references and index. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2018042667 (print) | LCCN 2018050919 (ebook) | ISBN

9781119422792 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119422877 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119422778

(hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Adaptive antennas.

Classification: LCC TK7871.67.A33 (ebook) | LCC TK7871.67.A33 L86 2019

(print) | DDC 621.3841/35–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018042667

Cover Design: Wiley

SUV © Henrik5000/iStock.com, Airplane © lvcandy/iStock.com, Broadcast satellite © Madmaxer/iStock.com, Cellular camera © Flamell/iStock.com, High‐speed train © Nerthuz/iStock.com, Low‐cost smart antenna courtesy of the authors

2D‐FFT	Two‐dimensional fast Fourier transform
ABF	Analogue beamforming
AC	Alternating current
A/D	Analogue/digital
ADC	Analogue‐to‐digital converter
AF	Array factor
AFR	Array‐fed reflector
AFSS	Active frequency selective surface
AMC	Artificial magnetic conductor
AOA	Angle of arrival
AR	Axial ratio
AWGN	Additive white Gaussian noise
BFN	Beamforming network
BP	Beam pattern
CAFSS	Cylindrical active frequency selective surface
CCC	Cross‐correlation coefficient
CMA	Constant modulus algorithm
CP	Circularly polarised
DAC	Digital‐to‐analogue converter
dB	Decibels
DBF	Digital beamforming
DC	Direct current
DDC	Digital down‐converter
DGS	Defect ground system
DOA	Direction of arrival
DSP	Digital signal processor
EBG	Electromagnetic band gap
ECC	Envelope correlation coefficient
ECM	Equivalent circuit method
EM	Electromagnetic
ESPAR	Electronically steerable parasitic array radiator
FBR	Front‐to‐back ratio
FDTD	finite difference time domain
FEM	finite element method
FIR	Finite impulse response
FM‐ESPAR	Folded monopole ESPAR
FOM	Figures of merit
FP	Fabry–Perot
FPGA	Field‐programmable gate array
FSK	Frequency shift keying
FSS	Frequency selective surface
GCPW	Grounded coplanar waveguide
GNSS	Global navigation satellite system
GPIO	General purpose input/output
GPS	Global positioning system
HIS	High impedance surface
HPBW	Half‐power beamwidth
IF	Intermediate frequency
ILA	Inverted‐L antenna
INR	Interference‐to‐noise ratio
LAN	Local‐area network
LC	Inductor‐capacitor
LCMV	Linearly constrained minimum variance
LCP	Liquid crystal polymer
LHCP	Left‐hand circularly polarised
LMS	Least mean squares
LO	Local oscillator
LQI	Link quality indicator
LS	Least squares
LTCC	Low temperature co‐fired ceramic
LTE	Long‐term evolution
MCU	Micro control unit
MEMS	Microelectromechanical systems
MIMO	Multiple‐input multiple‐output
mm‐wave	Millimetre‐wave
MPR	Metamaterial polarisation‐rotator
MSR	Mainlobe to sidelobe ratio
MTM	Metamaterial
MUSIC	MUltiple SIgnal Classification
NMSE	Normalised mean square error
PCB	Printed circuit board
PBG	Photonic bandgap
PER	Package error rate
PFGA	Field‐programmable gate array
PIFA	Planar inverted‐F antenna
PRS	Partially reflective surface
PSK	Phase shift keying
QPSK	Quadrature phase shift keying
RF	Radio frequency
RHCP	Right‐hand circularly polarised
RLC	Resistor‐inductor‐capacitor
RLS	Recursive least squares
SAR	Specific absorption rate
SDL	Sensor delay line
SINR	Signal to interference plus noise ratio
SIW	Substrate‐integrated waveguide
SLL	Sidelobe level
SMA	SubMiniature version A
SNR	Signal‐to‐noise ratio
SOI	Signal of interest
SP3T	Single pole triple throw
SRF	Self‐resonant frequency
SRR	Split‐ring resonator
TA	Transmitarray
TARC	Total active reflection coefficient
TDL	Tapped delay line
TE	Transverse electric
TM	Transverse magnetic
T/R	Transmit/receive
TTL	Transistor–transistor logic
ULAs	Uniform linear arrays
USB	Universal serial bus
VCO	Voltage‐controlled oscillator
VNA	Vector network analyser
VSWR	Voltage standing wave ratio
WiMAX	Worldwide interoperability for microwave access
WLAN	Wireless local‐area network