Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Preface
Chapter 1: Structural and Biodegradation Characterization of Supramolecular PCL/HAp Nanocomposites for Application in Tissue Engineering
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biomedical Applications of HAp
1.3 Effect of HAp Particles on Biodegradation of PCL/HAp Composites
1.4 Polycaprolactone
1.5 Supramolecular Polymers and Supramolecular PCL
1.6 Supramolecular Composites: PCL (UPy)
2
/HApUPy Composites
1.7 PCL(UPy)
2
/HApUPy Nanocomposites
References
Chapter 2: Different Characterization of Solid Biofillers-Based Agricultural Waste Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Examples on Agricultural Waste Materials
2.3 The Main Polymorphs of Cellulose
2.4 Modification Methods of Agro-Biomass
2.5 Properties of Thermoplastics Reinforced with Untreated Wood Fillers
2.6 Production of Nanocellulose
2.7 Processing of Wood Thermoplastic Composites
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Poly (ethylene-terephthalate) Reinforced with Hemp Fibers: Elaboration, Characterization, and Potential Applications
3.1 General Introduction to Biocomposite Materials
3.2 PET–Hemp Fiber Composites
3.3 Methods of Elaboration and Characterization of PET–Hemp Fiber Composites
3.4 Properties of PET–Hemp Fiber Composites
3.5 Applications of PET–Hemp Fiber Composites
3.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 4: Poly(Lactic Acid) Thermoplastic Composites from Renewable Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Poly(Lactic Acid) Production, Properties, and Processing
4.3 Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites
4.4 Poly(Lactic Acid) Natural Fibers-Reinforced Composites
4.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Chitosan-Based Composite Materials: Fabrication and Characterization
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cs-Based Composite Materials
5.3 Cs-Based Nanocomposites
5.4 Characterization of Cs-Based Composites
5.5 Environmental Concerns
5.6 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 6: The Use of Flax Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FFRP) Composites in the Externally Reinforced Structures for Seismic Retrofitting Monitored by Transient Thermography and Optical Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experimental Setup
6.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Recycling and Reuse of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Wastes in Concrete Composite Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Recycling Processes for Thermoset FRP Wastes
7.3 End-Use Applications for Mechanically Recycled FRP Wastes
7.4 Market Outlook and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8: Analysis of Damage in Hybrid Composites Subjected to Ballistic Impacts: An Integrated Non-Destructive Approach
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Lay-up Sequences and Manufacturing of Composite Materials
8.3 Test Procedure
8.4 Numerical Simulation
8.5 Non-destructive Testing Methods and Related Techniques
8.6 Results and Discussion
8.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Biofiber-Reinforced Acrylated Epoxidized Soybean Oil (AESO) Biocomposites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Soybean Oil
9.3 Functionalization of Soy Oil Triglyceride
9.4 Manufacturing of AESO-Based Composites
9.5 Targeted Applications
9.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Biopolyamides and High-Performance Natural Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Polyamide Chemistry
10.3 Overview of Current Applications of Polyamides
10.4 Biopolyamide Reinforced with Natural Fibers
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Impact of Recycling on the Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Wood Fiber Based HDPE and PLA Composites
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Experiments
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Lignocellulosic Fibers Composites: An Overview
12.1 Wood
12.2 Conventional Wood-Based Composites
12.3 Lignocellulosic Composites with Reduced Weight
12.4 Regenerated Cellulose Fibers
12.5 Composites with Natural Fibres
12.6 Sisal
12.7 Banana Fibers
12.8 Lignin and Cellulose
12.9 Nanocellulose
References
Chapter 13: Biodiesel-Derived Raw Glycerol to Value-Added Products: Catalytic Conversion Approach
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Glycerol
13.3 Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol to Value-added Products
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Thermo-Mechanical Characterization of Sustainable Structural Composites
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Structure and Mechanical Properties of Botanical Fibers
14.3 Sustainable Polymer Matrix
14.4 Interface in Natural Fiber-Sustainable Polymer Microcomposites
14.5 Natural Fibers as a Reinforcement in Unidirectional and Laminar Composites
14.6 Sustainable Structural Composites
14.7 Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15: Novel pH Sensitive Composite Hydrogel Based on Functionalized Starch/clay for the Controlled Release of Amoxicillin
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Experimental
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16: Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Thermoset Polymers from Renewable Resources and Their Use in Composites
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Characterization
References
Chapter 17: Influence of Natural Fillers Size and Shape into Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Biocomposites
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites
References
Chapter 18: Composite of Biodegradable Polymer Blends of PCL/PLLA and Coconut Fiber: The Effects of Ionizing Radiation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Material and Method
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19: Packaging Composite Materials from Renewable Resources
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Sustainable Packaging
19.3 Packaging Materials/Composites
19.4 Biomass Packaging Materials/Biobased Polymers
19.5 Vegetable Oils/Essential Oils
19.6 Aliphatic Polyesters
19.7 Synthetic/Natural Polymers Reinforcement with Any Other Renewable Resources/Vegetables Fibers Blends
19.8 Edible Packaging Materials (Composites)
19.9 Processing Methods or Tools for Biopackaging Composites Productions
19.10 Nanopackaging (Bionanocomposites)
19.11 Preparation Methods for Packaging Nanocomposites
19.12 Edible Nanocomposite-based Material
19.13 Summary/Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 20: Physicochemical Properties of Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete
20.1 Precursor of Geopolymerization
20.2 Back Ground of Precursor
20.3 Present Scenario of Geopolymer
20.4 Geopolymer Concrete
20.5 Constituents of Geopolymers
20.6 Evolution of Geopolymer
20.7 Works on Geopolymer Concrete
20.8 Economic Benefits of Geopolymer Concrete
20.9 Authors Study
20.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: A Biopolymer Derived from Castor Oil Polyurethane: Experimental and Numerical Analyses
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Experimental Analyses
21.3 Constitutive Models
21.4 Results
21.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 22: Natural Polymer-Based Biomaterials and its Properties
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Modifications of PLA
22.3 PLA Applications
22.4 Characterization by FT-IR
22.5 Characterization by Optical Microscopy
22.6 Characterization by Electron Microscopy
22.7 Characterization by Mechanical Testing
22.8 Characterization of GPC
22.9 Characterization of Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis
References
Chapter 23: Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Membranes from Renewable Resources
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Membranes Classifications
23.3 Overview of Fabrication Method of Polymer Membranes from Renewable Resources
23.4 Chemical Reaction of Renewable Polymer (BP)
23.5 Morphological Changes of Polymer Membrane by Scanning Electron Microscope
23.6 Water Permeability
23.7 Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Copyright
Contents
Begin Reading
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1: Water uptake (WA), of PCL(UPy)
2
and composites with HApUPy and HAp after 15 days incubation in PBS at 37 °C.
Table 1.2: The weight loss (WL) of PCL(UPy)
2
and composites with HApUPy and HAp after 60 days incubation in PBS at 37 °C.
Table 1.3: Thermal properties of the supramolecular PCL and the supramolecular polymer composites before and after incubation in PBS.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1: Melt depression of PET by blending with PCL (A. S. Fotso Talla
et al.
2015); with permission from John Wiley and Sons.
Table 3.2: Mechanical properties of PET-hemp fibers composite formulations (A. S. Fotso Talla
et al.
2015); with permission from Sage Publications.
Table 3.3: Relaxation spectrum for PET-hemp fibers composite.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1: Molding condition of hot press.
Table 4.2: The mechanical properties of PP/flax and PLA/flax composites.
Table 4.3: Stress at break (
σ
Β
), strain at break (
ε
B
), modulus of elasticity (
E
), and tensile impact strength (
I
) of amorphous and cold-crystallized PLA/hemp films.
Table 4.4: Mechanical properties of banana plant fiber-reinforced PLA composites.
Table 4.5: Physical, mechanical properties and composition of selected natural fibers.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1: Fabrication and characterization of some recently developed chitosan composites.
Table 5.3: Common techniques utilized in Cs composites characterization.
Table 5.4: Some performance and functional properties of chitosan based composites.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1: Defect characteristics.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1: Summary of configurations analyzed.
Table 8.2: Main mechanical properties of the materials used.
Table 8.3: Summary of configurations analyzed with related ballistic limit velocity and damaged area.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1: Components and production methods of AESO-based composites reported in the literature.
Table 9.2: List of characterization methods applied on AESO-based composites.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1: Typical properties of petroleum and bio-based polyamides (Kohan
et al.,
2003; Shen
et al.,
2010; Brehmer, 2014).
Table 10.2: Polyamide applications in various sectors (Europe 2006) (Rosenau, 2007).
Table 10.3: Some of the most recent studies on biocomposites composed of polyamide (bio-based and petroleum-based) and cellulose fiber.
Table 10.4: Different temperature settings in melt-compounding process by twin-screw extruder (Feldmann
et al.,
2015).
Chapter 11
Table 11.1: Past research work done on the recycling of WPCs (especially HDPE and PLA composites).
Table 11.2: Physical and mechanical properties of HDPE (Marlex 9012) and PLA (Ingeo 2003D).
Table 11.3: Design of experiment for each of WF/HDPE and WF/PLA composite.
Table 11.4: Significant differences of the means examined by two sample T-test on the mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties made by the CA (MAPE).
Table 11.5: FTIR analysis of 50% WF-PLA composite.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1: List of glycerol application based on its natural characteristics.
Table 13.2: Chemical composition of raw glycerol with and type of catalyst utilized in biodiesel production.
Table 13.3: Conversion process of glycerol to value added products.
Table 13.4: Series of glycerol conversion with heterogeneous catalyst
Table 13.5: List of derivatives derived from oxidation of glycerol and its applications.
Table 13.6: Comparative on glyceric acid production with different heterogeneous support catalyst.
Table 13.7: List of heterogeneous catalyst used in different dehydration parameters of glycerol.
Table 13.8: Different heterogeneous catalyst on the selectivity of acrolein from the dehydration process of glycerol.
Table 13.9: Acetylene derivatives of acetylation of glycerol and its industrial applications.
Table 13.10: Series of catalyst and their support for re-forming process of glycerol.
Table 13.11: Production of propanediol with different catalyst under different synthesis conditions.
Table 13.12: Parameters involved in the catalytic glycerol reduction.
Table 13.13: Series on catalytic etherification process of glycerol with different heterogeneous catalyst.
Table 13.14: Fermentation studies on enzymatic conversion of glycerol to 1,3-PD.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1: Physical and mechanical properties of selected plant and synthetic fibers (Mwaikambo, 2006; Bodros & Baley, 2008; Chawla, 1998; Pappu
et al.,
2015).
Table 14.2: Regimes of crystallization and PLLA morphology.
Table 14.3: Selected physico-mechanical properties of PLLA matrix (Prajer & Ansell, 2014).
Table 14.4: Values of a parameter
A
as a qualitative measure of transcrystalline growth (Ishida & Bussi, 1991).
Table 14.5: NFCs with biobased thermoplastic matrices.
Table 14.6: Thermo-mechanical properties of competitor thermoplastic matrices (Van de Velde & Kiekens, 2001, 2002).
Table 14.7: Tensile strength of untreated and treated sisal fiber bundles at different gauge lengths.
Table 14.8: Development of crystalline morphology at PLLA/sisal fiber interface (isothermal crystallization, sisal fibers treated with caustic soda solution).
Table 14.9: Mechanical properties of unidirectional composites reinforced with sisal fiber bundles.
Table 14.10: Experimentally determined and theoretically calculated elastic moduli of PLLA/sisal fiber composites.
Chapter 15
Table 15.1: Physical properties of Starch and CL-CMS.
Table 15.2: Values of n for different drug loadings at pH 1.2 and pH 7.4.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1: Chemical composition of some natural fibers (Faruk
et al.,
2012; Ramamoorthy
et al.,
2015a).
Table 16.2: Fatty acids and their iodine value.
Table 16.3: Fatty acid composition of various plant oils.
Table 16.4: Densities of various plant fibers.
Table 16.5: Densities of various fatty acids in vegetable oils.
Table 16.6: Viscosities of various vegetable oils.
Table 16.7: Melting point and glass transition temperatures of renewable resource-based thermoplastics.
Table 16.8: Melting point of various vegetable oils.
Table 16.9: Infrared crystallinity ratio.
Table 16.10: XRD analysis of some natural fibers.
Table 16.11: Degradation temperatures of some natural fibers.
Table 16.12: Tensile properties of some natural fibers.
Table 16.13: Results of un-notched impact testing.
Chapter 17
Table 17.1: Examples of bio-based polymer already used in industries (especially used as additives for foods or in pharmaceuticals approaches).
Table 17.2: Most used biopolymer in terms of production volumes.
Table 17.3: Synthetic polymer technical substitution potential for some biopolymers.
Table 17.4: Mechanical properties of common biopolymers.
Table 17.5: Common particles used in the preparation of nanobiocomposites.
Table 17.6: Young’s modulus of some common fibers.
Table 17.7: Some examples of different shape and size natural fillers obtained from different sources.
Table 17.8: Effect of different fillers in different natural rubber nanocomposites.
Table 17.9: Data obtained from pure CNC casted films
Table 17.10: Influence of filler dimensions in PLA composites properties.
Table 17.11: Comparison of particles distributions data under an optical microscope (Kitey and Tippur, 2005).
Chapter 18
Table 18.1: Samples identification for sterility test
Table 18.2: Variation of CFE counting through time of incubation.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1: List of common natural polymers (Kaplan, 1998; Averous & Boquilan, 2004; Mohanty
et al.,
2004; Yu
et al.,
2006; Tajeddin, 2014).
Table 19.2: Summary of the compostable polymer materials derived from renewable resources and petrochemical resources properties.
Chapter 20
Table 20.1: Applications of geopolymers.
Chapter 21
Table 21.1: Elastoplastic model parameters identified via calibration process.
Table 21.2: The Bergstrom–Boyce model parameters identified via calibration process.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1: The properties of chitosan.
Table 22.2: Estimation application of PLA for 2020 and main application in 2003.
Table 22.3: Based on Kawashima and others 2002 PLA functional properties for packaging.
Table 22.4: PLA products of some commercialized.
Table 22.5: PLA modifications for packaging applications.
Table 22.6: Showed tensile properties of PLA/CS composite.
Table 22.7: Showed mechanical properties of PP/flax and PLA/flax composites.
Table 22.8: Showed mechanical testing of plasticized PLA with and without flax fibers.
Chapter 23
Table 23.1: Different concentration of DMF solvent used in membranes preparation.
Table 23.2: Range of pore sizes for different surfaces.
Table 23.3: Range of pore sizes for different surfaces.
Table 23.4: Water permeability of BP/PEG and BP/DMF polymer membranes.