Cover
List of Figures and Tables
1. List of Figures
2. List of Tables
List of Contributors
Preface to the Second Edition
1. REFERENCES
Preface to the First Edition
1. REFERENCES
Introduction: The World of World Englishes
1. Part I: The historical context
2. Part II: Variational contexts
3. Part III: Acculturation
4. Part IV: Crossing borders
5. Part V: Grammar wars and standards
6. Part VI: Ideology, identity, and constructs
7. Part VII: World Englishes and globalization
8. Part VIII: World Englishes and applied theory
9. Part IX: Outlook for the future
10. REFERENCES
Part I: The Historical Context
1. First Diaspora:
  1. 1 Beginnings
    1. 1 Beginnings
    2. 2 First Steps: Wales and Ireland
    3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    4. FURTHER READING
  2. 2 English in Scotland
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 Historical Development of the Scottish Varieties
    3. 3 The Present‐Day Scottish‐English Linguistic Continuum
    4. 4 Problems of Definition, Terminology, and Status
    5. 5 Characteristics of Present‐Day Scottish English Varieties
    6. 6 Scottish English – Looking to the Future
    7. REFERENCES
    8. FURTHER READING
2. Second Diaspora:
  1. 3 English in the United States
    1. 1 Introduction: American English in the context of World Englishes
    2. 2 Settlement history and the dialectal diffusion of American English
    3. 3 Research history
    4. 4 American English and its varieties
    5. 5 The growing impact of American English on other world Englishes
    6. 6 Conclusion
    7. REFERENCES
    8. FURTHER READING
  2. 4 English in Canada
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 Research History
    3. 3 Settlement and Development Theories
    4. 4 Linguistic Autonomy
    5. 5 Linguistic homogeneity and Standard Canadian English
    6. 6 Regional Varieties
    7. 7 Social Varieties
    8. 8 Attitudes and Perception
    9. 9 Conclusion
    10. REFERENCES
    11. FURTHER READING
  3. 5 English in Australia and New Zealand
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 Development
    3. 3 Descriptions
    4. 4 Current changes
    5. REFERENCES
    6. FURTHER READING
  4. 6 Caribbean Englishes
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 Where Are Restructured Englishes of the Caribbean Spoken?
    3. 3 Different Scenarios for the Emergence of Englishes in the Atlantic Region
    4. 4 Basic Features of Restructured English in the Caribbean
    5. 5 Grammar
    6. 6 Lexicon
    7. 7 Word Formation
    8. 8 Phonology
    9. 9 Conclusion
    10. REFERENCES
3. Third Diaspora:
  1. 7 South Asian Englishes
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 English in South Asia
    3. 3 South Asian Englishes (SAEs)
    4. 4 Early Contact Varieties in South Asia
    5. 5 Main features of South Asian Englishes
    6. 6 Conclusion
    7. REFERENCES
    8. FURTHER READING
  2. 8 English in Southeast Asia
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 The Historical and Sociopolitical Aspects of English in Southeast Asia
    3. 3 Linguistic Features of Outer Circle Englishes in Southeast Asia
    4. 4 Linguistic Features of Expanding Circle Englishes in Southeast Asia
    5. 5 Conclusion
    6. REFERENCES
  3. 9 Southern African Englishes
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 The Forms of Southern African Englishes
    3. 3 The Functions of English in Southern Africa
    4. 4 Attitudes toward English in Southern Africa
    5. 5 Conclusion
    6. REFERENCES
  4. 10 African Englishes and Creative Writing
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 The Current Study
    3. 3 The Context of English in Africa
    4. 4 The Form and Functions of African Englishes
    5. 5 The Work of Chinua Achebe
    6. 6 Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong’o’s, Nwapa’s, and Okara’s Writings
    7. 7 Motivations and Justifications for Creating in English
    8. 8 Conclusion
    9. REFERENCES
    10. FURTHER READING
4. Fourth Diaspora:
  1. 11 South American Englishes and Englishes in South America
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 The Ubiquitous Language School
    3. 3 The Historical Antecedent
    4. 4 The Uses of English
    5. 5 The Varieties
    6. 6 The Domains of Use and Functions of English
    7. 7 Creativity
    8. 8 The Englishization of Names
    9. 9 Uses in Advertising
    10. 10 Legal Domains
    11. 11 Needs of Higher Education
    12. 12 English and the Internet
    13. 13 The Other South America
    14. 14 Conclusion
    15. REFERENCES
    16. FURTHER READING
  2. 12 Euro‐Englishes
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 Europe and Kachru’s World Englishes Paradigm
    3. 3 History of English in Europe
    4. 4 The Coining of “Euro‐English”
    5. 5 English Use on the Supranational Level
    6. 6 English Use on the National Level
    7. 7 Directions for Future Research
    8. REFERENCES
  3. 13 Russian Englishes
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 Russian English as a multicultural term
    3. 3 Russian English as a Continuum Term
    4. 4 Russian English and Its Standards
    5. 5 Features of Russian English
    6. 6 Functions of Russian English
    7. 7 Englishization of Russian and Indigenous Languages
    8. 8 Conclusion
    9. REFERENCES
    10. FURTHER READING
  4. 14 East Asian Englishes
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 China
    3. 3 Japan
    4. 4 Korea (Republic of Korea)
    5. 5 Taiwan (Republic of China)
    6. 6 Conclusion
    7. REFERENCES
  5. 15 English in the People’s Republic of China
    1. 1 Introduction
    2. 2 The status and functions of English in mainland China
    3. 3 Conclusion
    4. REFERENCES
    5. FURTHER READING
Part II: Variational Contexts
1. 16 Contact Linguistics and World Englishes
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Early Contact History
  3. 3 Sailors
  4. 4 Settlers and Traders
  5. 5 Missionaries
  6. 6 Soldiers
  7. 7 Teachers
  8. 8 Conclusion
  9. REFERENCES
  10. FURTHER READING
2. 17 Pidgins and Creoles
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 What Are Creoles and Pidgins?
  3. 3 The Development of Creoles
  4. 4 Creolistics and General Linguistics
  5. 5 Conclusion
  6. REFERENCES
  7. FURTHER READING
3. 18 African‐American English
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 The Descriptive Base of AAE
  3. 3 The Origin and Early Development of AAE
  4. 4 The Development of Contemporary AAE
  5. 5 Conclusion
  6. REFERENCES
  7. FURTHER READING
Part III: Acculturation
1. 19 Written Language, Standard Language, Global Language
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Standard Variety of a Language
  3. 3 Sociolinguistic Context and Language
  4. 4 Standard vs. Global Language
  5. 5 Strategies for Making Meaning
  6. 6 Innovations in Meaning Potential
  7. 7 Translation as a Process of Metaphor
  8. 8 English as Global and International Language
  9. 9 Conclusion
  10. REFERENCES
2. 20 Speaking and Writing in World Englishes
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Speech Acts
  3. 3 Rhetorical Strategies in Writing
  4. 4 Conclusion
  5. REFERENCES
  6. FURTHER READING
3. 21 Genres and Styles in World Englishes
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Genre
  3. 3 Style
  4. 4 World Englishes
  5. 5 Liberal vs. Conservative Genres
  6. 6 Conclusion
  7. REFERENCES
  8. FURTHER READING
Part IV: Crossing Borders
1. 22 The Literary Dimension of World Englishes
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 The Spread of English
  3. 3 Broadening Perspectives
  4. 4 The Response to English
  5. 5 Impulses behind the New English Writing
  6. 6 The Writer and the Milieu
  7. 7 Multilingual Context and Linguistic Innovations
  8. 8 New Contexts for English
  9. 9 Models for the Spread of English
  10. 10 Conclusion
  11. REFERENCES
  12. FURTHER READING
2. 23 Bilingual Language Play and World Englishes
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Creativity, Bilingual Creativity, and Language Play
  3. 3 Formal Aspect: Techniques of Bilingual Language Play
  4. 4 The Semantics of Bilingual Language Play
  5. 5 Bilingual Language Play and the Status of English
  6. 6 Future Directions for Research
  7. 7 Conclusion
  8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
  9. REFERENCES
  10. FURTHER READING
3. 24 World Englishes and Issues of Intelligibility
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Defining Intelligibility
  3. 3 A Study of the Three Components
  4. 4 Conclusion
  5. REFERENCES
  6. FURTHER READING
  7. APPENDIX
4. 25 World Englishes and Culture Wars
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Cassandras of English
  3. 3 Medium (Mādhyama) vs. Message (Mantra)
  4. 4 Exponents of Multiple Canonicity
  5. 5 Toward a Historiography of Canonicity
  6. 6 Approaches for Redefining Identities
  7. 7 The Outward Signs of Inward Fires
  8. 8 The War of Cultures and Canons
  9. 9 Conclusion
  10. REFERENCES
  11. FURTHER READING
Part V: Grammar Wars and Standards
1. 26 Grammar Wars
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 The Status of English vis‐à‐vis Latin
  3. 3 “Good Writing”’ versus “Good Grammar”
  4. 4 The Battle for a “Universal Grammar”
  5. 5 Grammarians and Marginal Groups
  6. 6 Conclusion
  7. REFERENCES
  8. FURTHER READING
2. 27 Grammar Wars
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Grammar Wars over Theory
  3. 3 Grammar Wars over Usage
  4. 4 Conclusion
  5. REFERENCES
3. 28 World Englishes and Descriptive Grammars
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Descriptive Grammar in Prescriptive and Historical Linguistic Traditions
  3. 3 World Englishes in Late Twentieth Century Descriptive Grammars
  4. 4 Theoretical Problems Inherited from Structuralism
  5. 5 Variationist Treatments of Grammar
  6. 6 Recent Developments in the Grammatical Description of World Englishes
  7. 7 Potential for the Grammatical Description of World Englishes
  8. REFERENCES
  9. FURTHER READING
4. 29 World Englishes and Corpora Studies
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Electronic Corpora
  3. 3 The International Corpus of English
  4. 4 Corpus‐based Studies of World Englishes
  5. 5 Corpora and the Internet
  6. 6 The International Corpus of Learner English
  7. 7 Conclusion
  8. REFERENCES
  9. FURTHER READING
Part VI: Ideology, Identity, and Constructs
1. 30 Colonial/Postcolonial Critique
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Critique
  3. 3 Orientalism and World Englishes
  4. 4 A Return to Liberal Humanism
  5. 5 Cultural and Linguistic Complexity
  6. 6 The Challenge from World Englishes
  7. 7 World Englishes Against Relativism
  8. 8 Beyond Orientalism
  9. REFERENCES
  10. FURTHER READING
2. 31 Postcolonial Theory and World Englishes
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Conceptualizing Postcolonialism
  3. 3 Relation of Postcolonial Studies to World Englishes
  4. 4 The Concept of the Public Sphere
  5. 5 Metaphoric Selves and Postcolonial Studies
  6. 6 Hybridity
  7. 7 Conclusion
  8. REFERENCES
  9. FURTHER READING
3. 32 Creative Acts of Gender in World Englishes
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 The Sociolinguistic Creativity of English and Gender
  3. 3 Relevance of English, Gender, and Power
  4. 4 The Power of English in Practice
  5. 5 Constructing Gender Identity in Spoken and Written Discourse
  6. 6 Bilingual Women’s Literary Creative Acts
  7. 7 Contextualizing Gender in Multimediums
  8. 8 Conclusion
  9. REFERENCES
  10. FURTHER READING
Part VII: World Englishes and Globalization
1. 33 World Englishes in the Media
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Approaches to Media Communication Analysis
  3. 3 Power and Ideology
  4. 4 Linguistic and Cultural Identities
  5. 5 Language Attitudes
  6. 6 Intelligibility and Linguistic Innovation
  7. 7 Electronic Media
  8. 8 Popular Music
  9. 9 Legislation
  10. 10 Directions for Future Research
  11. REFERENCES
  12. FURTHER READING
2. 34 World Englishes and Global Advertising
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 English Users and Advertising
  3. 3 Key Issues
  4. 4 Approaches
  5. 5 Multiple Mixing and World Englishes
  6. 6 Laws and Regulations
  7. 7 World Englishes in Roman Scripts (Monoscripting) and Language Attitudes
  8. 8 Determinants and Functions of World Englishes
  9. 9 Globalization: Resolving the Global vs. Local Paradox
  10. 10 Conclusion
  11. REFERENCES
  12. FURTHER READING
3. 35 World Englishes and Global Commerce
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 English and Professional Discourse in the Outer and Expanding Circles
  3. 3 Culture, Business Culture, and Englishes
  4. 4 Genre Analysis and Business Letter Writing
  5. 5 Talking Business: Meeting and Negotiating
  6. 6 World Englishes, Commerce, and Standards
  7. 7 Ethics and Teaching for Specific Purposes
  8. 8 Conclusion
  9. REFERENCES
  10. FURTHER READING
Part VIII: World Englishes and Applied Theory
1. 36 A Recurring Decimal: English in Language Policy and Planning
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Recurrence of English in Language Policy Discourse
  3. 3 Choice and the Hegemony of English
  4. 4 Effect of the Hegemony of English
  5. 5 Broader Issues in the Context of English Hegemony
  6. 6 Implications for Language Policy and Planning
  7. 7 Conclusion
  8. REFERENCES
  9. FURTHER READING
2. 37 World Englishes and Communicative Competence
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Communicative Competence: Sources
  3. 3 Communicative Competence and the World Englishes Paradigm
  4. 4 Communicative Competence Applied: Controversies
  5. 5 Communicative Competence Applied: Explorations
  6. 6 Communicative Competence and Pedagogical Theory
  7. 7 Conclusion
  8. REFERENCES
  9. FURTHER READING
3. 38 World Englishes and Pedagogy
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 WE‐informed ELT
  3. 3 Courses about World Englishes
  4. 4 Conclusion
  5. REFERENCES
  6. FURTHER READING
4. 39 World Englishes and International Standardized English Proficiency Tests
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 How Do the TOEFL iBT, TOEIC, and IELTS Present Themselves?
  3. 3 What Is English Language Proficiency?
  4. 4 Why are Persons Important in Testing ELP?
  5. 5 How Can We Move Forward in Changing the ISELPTs?
  6. 6 What Are Some Alternative Approaches to ELP?
  7. 7 Top‐Down, Language‐Focused Approaches
  8. 8 Bottom‐Up, Person‐Focused Approaches
  9. 9 How Can Alternative ELP Approaches be Assessed?
  10. 10 Conclusion
  11. REFERENCES
  12. FURTHER READING
5. 40 World Englishes and Lexicography
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Legitimacy and the Dictionary
  3. 3 Standards and the Dictionary
  4. 4 The Idea of a Dictionary
  5. 5 The Concept “Englishes”
  6. 6 Prescriptivism vs. Descriptivism
  7. 7 Standards and Norms
  8. 8 Toward a Theoretical Model
  9. 9 The Dictionary Tradition of English
  10. 10 Conclusion
  11. REFERENCES
  12. FURTHER READING
Part IX: Outlook for the Future
1. 41 World Englishes
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 The Scope of World Englishes Studies
  3. 3 World Englishes as a Discipline
  4. 4 Disciplinary Debates
  5. 5 Future Directions for World Englishes
  6. REFERENCES
  7. FURTHER READING
2. 42 The Karmic Cycle of World Englishes
  1. 1 Introduction
  2. 2 Spread of English
  3. 3 Impact of Transplanted Englishes
  4. 4 Acculturation and Nativization
  5. 5 Implications for Linguistic Theory
  6. 6 Is There a World (Global, Lingua Franca) English?
  7. 7 The Future of Englishes
  8. 8 Conclusion
  9. REFERENCES
  10. FURTHER READING
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Mother tongue speakers of more than 100,000 (2011 Census).
2. Table 4.2 Canada’s five major immigration waves.
3. Table 4.3 Five phases in Schneider’s Dynamic Model applied to Canadian Englis...
4. Table 4.4 Major dialect zones in Canadian English, by phonetic features (Bobe...
5. Table 4.5 Attitude survey among 429 Vancouverites in 2009 (author’s data).
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Languages (besides Russian) used by over 0.1% of the population of...
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Some distinguishing features of African‐American English.
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Intelligibility: subjects scoring 60% and above (NNS = nonnative s...
2. Table 24.2 Comprehensibility: subjects scoring 60% and above.
3. Table 24.3 Interpretability: subjects scoring 60% and above.
4. Table 24.4 Percentage of subject groups that thought they understood 60% or m...
5. Table 24.5 Percentage of subjects making accurate guesses as to the nationali...
6. Table 24.6 Subjects’ perceptions of interactors’ level of education and profi...
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 Speakers of major languages (in percentages)
2. Table 25.2 Functional domains of English.
Chapter 28
1. Table 28.1 Describing the grammars of world Englishes.
Chapter 29
1. Table 29.1 Composition of the Brown Corpus.
2. Table 29.2 ICE countries/regions.
3. Table 29.3 Composition of the ICE Corpora.
4. Table 29.4 ICE available corpora.
5. Table 29.5 An outline of the units and structures from morpheme to discourse ...
Chapter 34
1. Table 34.1 Script mixing in global advertising – Functions.
2. Table 34.2 Models of globalization – Competitive and cooperative.
Chapter 39
1. Table 39.1 Fourteen ways to conceptualize English language proficiency.
2. Table 39.2 Scoring intelligibility in storytelling ability.
3. Table 39.3 Six categories for rating pragmatics role‐plays.
Chapter 41
1. Table 41.1 Research on world EnglishesThe sociology of language.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 The Scottish‐English linguistic continuum.
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Trajectory of language change for African Americans in Hyde Coun...
2. Figure 18.2 Trajectory of language change for Beech Bottom.
3. Figure 18.3 Trajectory of language change for Texana.
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 The situation of the writer in world Englishes.
Chapter 34
1. Figure 34.1 Global English typology: mutually feeding relationship.
2. Figure 34.2 English expression and its pronunciation guide in katakana.
3. Figure 34.3 Glocalization: context sensitive.
4. Figure 34.4 Glocalization of English: adaptation of chilled beer.

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The Handbook of World Englishes, Second Edition
Edited by Cecil L. Nelson, Zoya G. Proshina, & Daniel R. Davis

This second edition first published 2020
© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Edition History
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Nelson, Cecil L., editor. | Proshina, Zoya G., editor. | Davis, Daniel R., editor. | Kachru, Braj, editor. | Kachru, Yamuna, editor.
Title: The Handbook of World Englishes / edited by Cecil L. Nelson, Zoya G. Proshina, Daniel R. Davis, Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru.
Description: 2nd edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2019010577 (print) | LCCN 2019018044 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119147275 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119147268 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119164210 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: English language–Foreign countries. | English language–Variation–Foreign countries. | English language–Societal aspects–Foreign countries. | Intercultural communication.
Classification: LCC PE2751 (ebook) | LCC PE2751 .H36 2019 (print) | DDC 427–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019010577

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List of Figures and Tables

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 The Scottish‐English linguistic continuum

Figure 18.1 Trajectory of language change for African Americans in Hyde County

Figure 18.2 Trajectory of language change for Beech Bottom

Figure 18.3 Trajectory of language change for Texana

Figure 22.1 The situation of the writer in world Englishes

Figure 34.1 Global English typology: mutually feeding relationship

Figure 34.2 English expression and its pronunciation guide in katakana

Figure 34.3 Glocalization: context sensitive

Figure 34.4 Glocalization of English: adaptation of chilled beer

List of Tables

Table 4.1 Mother tongue speakers of more than 100,000 (2011 Census)

Table 4.2 Canada’s five major immigration waves

Table 4.3 Five phases in Schneider’s Dynamic Model applied to Canadian English

Table 4.4 Major dialect zones in Canadian English, by phonetic features and by lexical features

Table 4.5 Attitude survey among 429 Vancouverites in 2009

Table 13.1 Languages (besides Russian) used by over 0.1% of the population of the Russian Federation

Table 18.1 Some distinguishing features of African American English

Table 24.1 Intelligibility: subjects scoring 60% and above

Table 24.2 Comprehensibility: subjects scoring 60% and above

Table 24.3 Interpretability: subjects scoring 60% and above

Table 24.4 Percentage of subject groups that thought they understood 60% or more of the conversations between the five sets of interactors

Table 24.5 Percentage of subjects making accurate guesses as to the nationalities of the pairs in the conversations

Table 24.6 Subjects’ perceptions of interactors’ level of education and proficiency in English

Table 25.1 Speakers of major languages (in percentages)

Table 25.2 Functional domains of English

Table 28.1 Describing the grammars of world Englishes

Table 29.1 Composition of the Brown Corpus

Table 29.2 ICE countries/regions

Table 29.3 Composition of the ICE Corpora

Table 29.4 ICE available corpora

Table 29.5 An outline of the units and structures from morpheme to discourse that can be investigated using the completed ICE corpora

Table 34.1 Script mixing in global advertising – Functions

Table 34.2 Models of globalization – Competitive and cooperative

Table 39.1 Fourteen ways to conceptualize English language proficiency

Table 39.2 Scoring intelligibility in storytelling ability

Table 39.3 Six categories for rating pragmatics role‐plays

Table 41.1 Research on world Englishes