Contents

Cover

Preface

Part 1: General Introduction to Battery and Supercapacitor, Fundamental Physics Characterization Techniques

Chapter 1: Electrochemistry of Rechargeable Batteries Beyond Lithium-Based Systems
1. 1.1 Lithium-Based Batteries
2. 1.2 Cathodes for Na-Ion Batteries
3. 1.3 Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries
4. 1.4 Potassium Batteries
5. 1.5 Mg-Based Rechargeable Batteries
6. 1.6 Conclusions
7. References
Chapter 2: Li-Ion Battery Materials: Understanding From Computational View-Point
1. 2.1 Cathode
2. 2.2 Anode
3. 2.3 Electrolyte
4. 2.4 Conclusions
5. Acknowledgment
6. References

Part 2: Battery: Anode, Cathode and Non-Li-Ion Batteries

Chapter 3: Nanostructured Anode Materials for Batteries (Lithium Ion, Ni-MH, Lead-Acid, and Thermal Batteries)
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Li-Ion Batteries
3. 3.3 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries
4. 3.4 Lead-Acid Batteries
5. 3.5 Thermal Batteries
6. References
Chapter 4: Nanostructured Cathode Materials for Li-/Na-Ion Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Batteries
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Background of Cathode Materials
3. 4.3 Important Types of Cathode (Class) with Different Electrolytes
4. 4.4 Methods to Prepare Nanostructured Cathodes
5. 4.5 Future Aspects
6. References
Chapter 5: Polymer-Assisted Chemical Solution Method to Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Lithium-Ion Batteries
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Carbon-Based Composites
3. 5.3 Polymer-Assisted Chemical Solution Method
4. 5.4 Oxygen Deficiency
5. 5.5 Summary and Future Perspectives
6. References
Chapter 6: Li–Air: Current Scenario and Its Future
1. 6.1 Introduction: Why Lithium–Air Batteries?
2. 6.2 General Characteristics
3. 6.3 Chemistry and Mechanism
4. 6.4 Critical Challenges
5. 6.5 Non-Aqueous Li/Air Systems
6. 6.6 Aqueous Lithium-Air System
7. 6.7 Applications
8. 6.8 Future of Lithium–Air Systems
9. References
Chapter 7: Sodium-Ion Battery Anode Stabilization
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 History of NIB
3. 7.3 Operational Principle
4. 7.4 Types of Storage Mechanisms
5. 7.5 Issues and Challenges in a NIB
6. 7.6 Brief Updates on Cathode and Anode Materials Research
7. 7.7 Problems in a NIB on Anode Stabilization
8. 7.8 Few Solutions for Future
9. 7.9 Perception
10. References
Chapter 8: Polymer-Based Separators for Lithium-Ion Batteries
1. 8.1 Introduction
2. 8.2 Polymer Types and Characteristics
3. 8.3 Separator Types
4. 8.4 Summary and Outlook
5. Acknowledgments
6. List of Symbols and Abbreviations
7. References

Part 3: Supercapacitor: Pseudocapacitor, EDLC

Chapter 9: Nanostructured Carbon-Based Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Scope of the Chapter
3. 9.3 Charge Storage Mechanism of Carbonaceous Materials
4. 9.4 Nanostructured Carbonaceous Materials
5. 9.5 Nanostructured Carbon-Based Supercapacitor Device
6. 9.6 Conclusions
7. References
Chapter 10: Nanostructured Metal Oxide, Hydroxide, and Chalcogenide for Supercapacitor Applications
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Materials Architecture and Electrode Designing
3. 10.3 Materials
4. 10.4 Metal Oxide
5. 10.5 Metal Chalcogenides
6. 10.6 Summary and Future Perspective
7. References
Chapter 11: Polymer-Based Flexible Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Pure Conducting Polymers (PCs)
3. 11.3 Conducting Polymer Composites (CPCs)
4. 11.4 Conclusions and Perspective
5. References

Part 4: Outlook and Conclusion

Outlook and Conclusion

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Schematic of Li-ion cell.
Figure 1.2 The relationship between capacity and voltage for electrode materials for Na-ion…
Figure 1.3 Classification of Na-M-O layered materials with sheets of edge-sharing MO…
Figure 1.4 Structure of Na_0.44MnO₂ perpendicular to the ab plane.
Figure 1.5 (a) Na⁺ cannot be intercalated into graphite because of the small…
Figure 1.6 FESEM image of a fractured MoSe₂ microsphere showing the yolk and shell.
Figure 1.7 Structure of layered Na₂Ti₃O₇ (as viewed along…
Figure 1.8 Capacity retention as a function of cycle number for the Na/dissolved sodium…
Figure 1.9 The relationship between capacity and voltage of electrode materials for K-ion…

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 (a) Crystal structure of LTO spinel where green tetrahedrons indicate…
Figure 2.2 Formation energies of various Li-vacancy arrangements are shown by the pink dots…
Figure 2.3 Voltage profile with respect to the metallic lithium anode as a function of the…
Figure 2.4 Temperature concentration phase diagram for LTO cathode as obtained through GCMC…
Figure 2.5 Voltage profile for LiTiS₂ as a function of lithium concentration.
Figure 2.6 Computed phase diagram for Li_xMn₂O₄.
Figure 2.7 Computed voltage profile for Li_xMn₂O₄ at 275 K.
Figure 2.8 Free energy curves as obtained by the cluster expansions based on the cubic spinel…
Figure 2.9 The alteration of the phase diagram due to inclusion of the orthorhombic phase…
Figure 2.10 The phases of Li_xCoO₂ and the corresponding stacking sequence…
Figure 2.11 Formation energies for the configurations at different host lattices and the…
Figure 2.12 Computed temperature-concentration phase diagram for…
Figure 2.13 Comparison of the computed (a) and experimental (b) variations of the…
Figure 2.14 The charge states of Mn and Ni ions in (a) lithiated and (b) delithiated…
Figure 2.15 Critical temperatures associated with the kinetically and thermodynamically…
Figure 2.16 Temperature evolution of the Li-Co-O₂ phase diagram. The filled circles…
Figure 2.17 Variation of θ with the state of charge. It is to be noted that the…
Figure 2.18 (a) shows the path of the lithium when it hops to the nearest neighbor stable…
Figure 2.19 The migration paths (a and b) and the associated energy barriers (c) for the…
Figure 2.20 Computed diffusion metrics at different lithium concentrations at room temperature…
Figure 2.21 The elementary hop mechanisms (a, b and c) and the associated migration barriers…
Figure 2.22 (a) Schematic diagram indicating the nomenclature of the energy barriers; (b)…
Figure 2.23 Variation of diffusion metrics (a) and the thermodynamic factor (b) with lithium…
Figure 2.24 (a) Relative frequency of sampling and (b) relative abundance of different hop…
Figure 2.25 The computed energy barriers for the polaron migration in (a) lithiated and (b)…
Figure 2.26 Possible hop mechanisms in lithium network of layered LCO: (a) oxygen dumbbell…
Figure 2.27 Activation barriers as computed by the NEB method (a) (solid circle: ODH; hollow…
Figure 2.28 The diffusion metrics (a) at 300 K and (b) at 400 K along with (c) the…
Figure 2.29 The variation of activation barrier in LCO cathode with inter-slab distance.
Figure 2.30 The variation of activation barrier in LCO cathode with a or b…
Figure 2.31 Activation barriers for the doped species: (a) Al-doped and (b) Mg-doped.
Figure 2.32 Trend of variation of the activation barriers with inter-slab distance for different…
Figure 2.33 The computed activation barrier for layered LiNiO₂ with cation mixing…
Figure 2.34 The effect of anion on the activation barrier for two layered transition metal…
Figure 2.35 Voltage distribution for the redox couples in phosphates. The dashed line shows…
Figure 2.36 Average voltage along with the maximum gravimetric capacity for the phosphates.
Figure 2.37 The computed mixing energies with SQS and polynomial fitting (a, c) and the T-C…
Figure 2.38 Shifts in the redox potential for the mixed olivines.
Figure 2.39 001 Li-C stacking in stage II (left) and stage I (right).
Figure 2.40 The computed ground states and the associated convex hull for the combined stage…
Figure 2.41 The computed phase diagram for the lithiation of graphite.
Figure 2.42 (a) TEM image and (b) schematic of the decohering region in lithiated graphite.
Figure 2.43 The reversible work of decohesion at different voltages for various layered Li-ion…
Figure 2.44 Variation of lithium concentration in the cohesive zone at two different voltages.
Figure 2.45 Adsorption energy at different Li-concentration as computed with different models.
Figure 2.46 Activation barrier for different alternative diffusion paths for (a) Li absorbed…
Figure 2.47 Schematic diagram and computed energy barriers for Li-diffusion normal to the…
Figure 2.48 The lithiation process along three low index surfaces for Si. Green and blue…
Figure 2.49 Volume expansion of Si with lithiation.
Figure 2.50 Radial distribution functions between Si and Si for (a) bulk crystalline…
Figure 2.51 (a) Schematic anode–electrolyte interface. (b) Initial configuration for…
Figure 2.52 Time evolution of (a) atomic configuration (b) SEI thickness and (c) Li-density…
Figure 2.53 Relative abundance of the SEI components for different electrolytes.
Figure 2.54 Relative abundance of the SEI components for different surface Li-density.
Figure 2.55 Spatial distribution of the SEI components for different electrolytes.
Figure 2.56 Computed density of states for Li₁₀GeP₂X₁₂.
Figure 2.57 Liquidity of Li sublattice as noted from the inter-lithium distances along the…
Figure 2.58 Partial occupancies at different sites which lead to different possibility of…
Figure 2.59 Different relevant atomic hops for lithium.
Figure 2.60 Energy barrier corresponding to the different atomic hops.
Figure 2.61 Effect of local environment on the energy barrier and formation energy of the…
Figure 2.62 Ensemble average of the energy barriers for different hops leading to a single…

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Schematic of the principle of operation of a Lithium-ion battery.
Figure 3.2 Schematic of the energy and potential compatibility requirements of the electrod…
Figure 3.3 Schematic illustration of active anode materials for current and next-generation…
Figure 3.4 Scheme of issues associated with Lithium metal anode in rechargeable Lithium…
Figure 3.5 Schematic of the reaction mechanisms in different types of anode materials for…
Figure 3.6 The structure of different types of carbon: (a) graphite, (b) graphitizable carb…
Figure 3.7 Voltage profile of graphite during lithiation and de-lithiation (at C/50 rate)…
Figure 3.8 Schematic of formation of SEI on graphite electrode during lithiation
Figure 3.9 The typical charge/discharge profile of non-graphitized (hard) carbons prepared…
Figure 3.10 Charge and discharge curves of pyrolytic carbon in comparison with (a)…
Figure 3.11 First five discharge/charge profiles of graphene sheets at the current density…
Figure 3.12 The crystal structures of TiO₂ nanoparticles; (a) rutile, (b) anatase…
Figure 3.13 (a) Voltage profile of anatase nanoparticles with diameters 6 (A6), 15 (A15),…
Figure 3.14 A comparison of the specific capacities of different types of alloying and…
Figure 3.15 Galvanostatic charge–discharge voltage profile for the composite (Si 50…
Figure 3.16 Voltage profiles during lithiation and de-lithiation process for the freestandin…
Figure 3.17 Schematic of the volume change in Sn and Sn alloy containing inactive component…
Figure 3.18 Schematic of the mechanism of conversion reaction in transition metal compounds
Figure 3.19 Charge–discharge voltage profiles of Fe₃O₄ nanopart…
Figure 3.20 (a) Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of different CoO samples such as CoO…
Figure 3.21 Schematic of the electrochemical reactions in a Ni-MH battery
Figure 3.22 Self-discharge characteristics of a Ni-MH battery at different temperatures
Figure 3.23 A typical voltage and temperature profiles of Ni-MH cell during charge at various…
Figure 3.24 (a) Crystal structure of LaNi5 alloy, (b) tetrahedral sites, and (c) tetrahedral…
Figure 3.25 The galvanostatic discharge capacity data obtained at a discharge current densit…
Figure 3.26 The components and construction of a lead-acid battery
Figure 3.27 A flowchart of the steps involved in the fabrication of negative electrode.
Figure 3.28 SEM images of negative electrode structure: (a) skeleton of interconnected lead…
Figure 3.29 Schematic of the formation of large PbSO₄ crystals due to hard sulfat…
Figure 3.30 (a) Comparison of High rate partial state of charge cycling (HRPSoC) performance…
Figure 3.31 Morphologies of conventional cell before cycling (a), after cycling (c), and…
Figure 3.32 Schematic of: (a) typical thermal cell components, and (b) a thermal battery…
Figure 3.33 Schematic of the cross-sectional view of a Li–Si/LiCl–KCl/FeS…
Figure 3.34 Comparison of the performance of the Li–Si/FeS₂ couple in (i)…

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy spectra for a thin LiFePO₄ film…
Figure 4.2 The Li-ion intercalation/de-intercalation potentials for commonly used oxide…
Figure 4.3 Comparative rate capabilities of NMO samples in (a) 1 M sodium perchlorate…
Figure 4.4 (a) Rate performance of NCM and NP-NCM, and (b) ultra-fast charge capability of…
Figure 4.5 Change in lithiation and delithiation potential upon cycling (a) solid-state…
Figure 4.6 (a) Circles: Discharge capacity at a current rate of 1C as a function of average…
Figure 4.7 (a) Initial charge/discharge curves of Li_1.2Co_0.13Ni…
Figure 4.8 Open-circuit voltage (OCV) curves of Lithium batteries containing bulk and…
Figure 4.9 Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) for Na₃V₂(PO₄)…
Figure 4.10 The galvanostatic discharge and charge profiles of α-MnO₂ and…
Figure 4.11 (a) Cyclic voltammetry profiles of the NMO nanorod cathode, (b) typical charge/…
Figure 4.12 Electrochemical characterizations of the Na₄Fe(CN)₆/C…
Figure 4.13 Schematic illustration of LiFePO₄ nanoparticles using modified…
Figure 4.14 Representation of reaction mechanism involved in the sol–gel process to…
Figure 4.15 Illustration of gel-combustion method to prepare Li_1.2Mn_0.4…
Figure 4.16 Schematic illustration of hydrothermal process to prepare a composite consists…

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 TEM images of (a) FeS; (b) FeS@rGO composite; (c) high resolution image of…
Figure 5.2 (a) Voltage profiles of FeS@rGO at a current density of 100 mAg^–1…
Figure 5.3 The molecular structure of EDTA and PEI, and the bonding with transition metal…
Figure 5.4 The process to prepare nanoparticles from PACS method.
Figure 5.5 HRTEM images of carbon coated V₂O₅ (a), schematic mechanism…
Figure 5.6 Electrochemical performance of Co₃O₄ on nickel foam: (a)…
Figure 5.7 TEM images of LiMn₂O₄ (a), LiMn_1.9Ni_0.1…
Figure 5.8 Electrochemical analysis of LiMn_2-xNi_xO₄ (x = 0…

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Ragone plot of different battery systems.
Figure 6.2 Comparison of gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg) values of various types of…
Figure 6.3 Different configurations of Li-air batteries based on the type of electrolyte used.
Figure 6.4 Cycling behavior of an aprotic Li–O₂ cell.
Figure 6.5 Schematic diagrams of the hermetically sealed bulk electrolysis cell and the DEM…
Figure 6.6 (a) Galvanostatic cycling of Li–O₂ assembly at 200 mA/g…
Figure 6.7 Two general mechanisms of Li–O₂ battery discharge.
Figure 6.8 Factors affecting the effective heterogeneous electrocatalysis beyond carbon in…
Figure 6.9 Initial discharge profile of Li–O₂ cells (assembled individual…
Figure 6.10 (a) Li–O₂ cell discharge/charge profiles of carbon (black, 85…
Figure 6.11 Discharge behavior of pure DME based cells and comparison of performance in…
Figure 6.12 (a) XRD analysis showing Li₂O₂ peaks in DME based electrolyte…
Figure 6.13 Mechanism indicating the pore blockage during cycling.
Figure 6.14 Litihum dendrite formation mechanism in Li–air batteries.
Figure 6.15 (a) Galvanostatic discharge–charge of 1 mAh discharge when using 1 M LiTF…
Figure 6.16 (a) Specific energy and (b) energy density values based on active materials.
Figure 6.17 Schematic diagram and major technical challenges associated with the rechargeable…
Figure 6.18 Schematic behavior of super P carbon black (a) and MCF-C (b) after discharge…
Figure 6.19 Charge–discharge performance of Li–air battery with GNSs, BP-2000,…
Figure 6.20 TEM images of GNSs (a) and N-doped GNSs (b); XPS spectra of GNSs and N-doped GNSs…
Figure 6.21 SEM micrographs of nanosheet (a–c), nanoneedle (d–f), and nanoflower…
Figure 6.22 FESEM (a, b) and TEM (c, d) images of PNT–LSM catalyst; cyclic performance,…
Figure 6.23 Microstructural analysis of Ru–rGO and RuO₂.0.64H₂O…
Figure 6.24 SEM images of TPPy (a) and GPPy (b); charge/discharge curves of AB, GPPy, and TPPy…
Figure 6.25 SEM images of various morphologies of lithium peroxide in discharged cathode…
Figure 6.26 Morphologic growth process of discharge products at different discharge capacities…
Figure 6.27 Schematic diagram of aqueous lithium-air battery
Figure 6.28 Schematic diagram of the proposed WSLE with PEO₁₈LiTFSI–BaTiO…
Figure 6.29 Time dependent impedance behavior of Li/PEO₁₈LiTFSI-10 wt.% BaTiO₃…
Figure 6.30 SEM images of LTAP immersed in various aqueous solutions at 50°C for 3…
Figure 6.31 (a) Illustration of the composite formed between imidazole and hydrochloric acid…
Figure 6.32 Cross section of aqueous lithium–air cell of PolyPlus
Figure 6.33 Schematic representation of EDF’s rechargeable aqueous Li/air cell
Figure 6.34 Schematic diagram of hybrid lithium-air battery

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Number of publications in the field of NIB system [2].
Figure 7.2 Historical trend of sodium research.
Figure 7.3 Basic schematic of a NIB.
Figure 7.4 Different storage mechanism in a metal-ion battery [12].
Figure 7.5 (a) Charge–discharge and (b) cyclic voltammetry profiles of LiFePO…
Figure 7.6 Issues and challenges in a NIB.
Figure 7.7 Recent updates for NIB electrode materials. Voltage vs. capacity for reported…
Figure 7.8 Concept of full cell and half cells.
Figure 7.9 A brief view of different kinds of layered cathodes [2].
Figure 7.10 (a) Charge–discharge profiles of α-NaFeO₂ cathode in…
Figure 7.11 (a) Comparison of charge/discharge curves of sodium-ion batteries with layered…
Figure 7.12 (a) Charge–discharge profiles and (b) and cycling capability of NVP/C of…
Figure 7.13 (a) Charge–discharge profile, (b) cycle life, and (c) full cell demonstration…
Figure 7.14 Typical (a) charge–discharge and (b) cycle life of hard carbon anode with…
Figure 7.15 Charge–discharge profiles of (a) anatase-type TiO₂, (b) Li[Li…
Figure 7.16 (a) Group 14 and 15 elements having potential to combine with Na and sodium-rich…
Figure 7.17 (a) Na–Sn voltage curves calculated using DFT studies [45] and (b, c) the…
Figure 7.18 Charge–discharge profile of Sn-PAA anode, inset: cycle life [47].
Figure 7.19 (a) Cyclic voltammetry and (b) charge–discharge profile at different curr…
Figure 7.20 (a) Cyclic voltammetry (for Li and Na) and (b) charge–discharge profiles…
Figure 7.21 (a) Schematic illustration of a room-temperature Na–S cell (arrow shows…
Figure 7.22 (a) Cyclic voltammetry curve of sulfur copolymer for initial two cycles at the…
Figure 7.23 (a) Cyclic voltammograms of RT Na–S battery containing flexible CC@MnO…
Figure 7.24 (a) Composition of electrolytes and its basic elements and (b) effect of FEC to…
Figure 7.25 A thought comparison of NIB and LIB reversibility.
Figure 7.26 Cyclic voltammetry of TiO₂ in (a) Li and (b) Na-systems [33, 55].
Figure 7.27 Problem with conductive additive.
Figure 7.28 The (a) cycle life and (b) efficiency of super C-65 carbon [56].
Figure 7.29 Cyclic voltammograms for Super C-65 electrodes with (a) electrolyte-1 (b)…
Figure 7.30 (a) Schematics of sample preparation. SEM images of (b) cast electrode and (c-f)…
Figure 7.31 (a) Cycling life and (b) reversibility for Super C-65 with electrolyte-4 at a…
Figure 7.32 The process of applying the techniques.
Figure 7.33 Ideas on in situ cross sectional Raman mapping.
Figure 7.34 Ideas on in situ FTIR as a next generation characterization tool.
Figure 7.35 (a) In situ synchrotron XRD setup and (b) available cell design, (c) the…
Figure 7.36 (a) SEI characterization using SIMS-TOF of a cycled electrode (b) graphite anode…
Figure 7.37 Intermediate phases characterization involving in situ HR-TEM [63].
Figure 7.38 (a) Changes in lattice due to sodiation and (b) STEM-HAADF images of NaFe…
Figure 7.39 3D tomography studies [66].
Figure 7.40 Step-wise development pathway for sodium-ion battery anode.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 (a) Preparation of PVDF-TrFE/ Al₂O₃ electrospun membranes…
Figure 8.2 Schematic representation of the (SiO₂@PVDF/SiO₂) structure…
Figure 8.3 Schematic representation of a dual coating process [124].
Figure 8.4 TiO₂ coating process by alkaline etching and complexation hydrolysis…
Figure 8.5 Schematic representation of a sandwich structure composite separator [131].
Figure 8.6 Structure of an eggshell (a); extraction and regeneration processes [142].

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Schematic of (a) Helmholtz, (b) modified Gouy–Chapman and (c) Stern model.
Figure 9.2 Schematic of (a) Construction of supercapacitor cell, Stability window of EDLC…
Figure 9.3 (a) Textural properties and (b) variation of capacitance of AC with different…
Figure 9.4 Schematic of surfactant-templated mesoporous and AC synthesis from a lignin…
Figure 9.5 Nyquist plot of pristine and activated carbons (inset view shows the higher-…
Figure 9.6 CV of AC at (a) 2 mV s^–1 and (b) 100 mV s^–1…
Figure 9.7 (a) Electrical conductivity versus temperature plots and (b) Nyquist plot of AC…
Figure 9.8 Covalent surface modification of graphene at (a) Edge and (b) Basal plane.
Figure 9.9 (a) Synthesis procedure for benzoxazole and benzimidazole grafted rGO and (b)…
Figure 9.10 (a) FT-IR and (b) Raman spectra of graphite, GO, rGO-NH₂, and PANI-g-…
Figure 9.11 (a) Different kind of π–π interaction, (b) Schematic repres…
Figure 9.12 Schematic of (a) the formation process, and (b) proposed redox mechanism of…
Figure 9.13 (a) Possible configurations and (b) Large-area STM image of N dope graphene,…
Figure 9.14 (a) CV comparison of un-doped and B-dope rGO (at 10 mVs^–1),…
Figure 9.15 (a) CV, (b) CD, (c) Variation of specific capacitance with scan rate and (d)…
Figure 9.16 Schematic representation of (a) SW-CNT, (b) DW-CNT, and (c) MW-CNT
Figure 9.17 (a) FE-SEM image, (b) BET surface area and pore distribution as the function of…
Figure 9.18 EIS measurements with different temperature (a) low frequency region, (b) high…
Figure 9.19 Schematic representation of the general strategy for the preparation of flexible…
Figure 9.20 Schematic representation of the working principle of asymmetric supercapacitor.
Figure 9.21 (a) ASC constructed by Co(OH)2/GNS and AC/CFP, (b) charge balance by comparing…
Figure 9.22 (a) Low and (b) high magnification SEM image of AC + PTFE printed electrode,…

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 (a) Historic timeline for the development of supercapacitors
Figure 10.2 Schematic representation of charge storage mechanism of EDLCs, pseudocapacitors,…
Figure 10.3 Schematic illustration of possible design of materials and electrode
Figure 10.4 (a) SEM image of as-synthesized 3D-Ni(OH)₂/C/Cu electrode
Figure 10.5 (a) Reaction model of Co(OH)₂ and CoOOH phase transformation during…
Figure 10.6 (a) Models for different Fe-compounds showing the dissimilarities in crystal…
Figure 10.7 (a) Schematic illustration indicating the formation mechanism of 3DCGNC directly…
Figure 10.8 (a) Schematic illustration of synthetic procedure of porous MnO₂…
Figure 10.9 (a) Schematic representation of the asymmetric supercapacitor configuration. (b)…
Figure 10.10 Schematic representation of the construction process of hierarchical ZnCo…
Figure 10.11 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of ultrathin ZNACO nanosheets…
Figure 10.12 Schematic representation of (a) the overall synthesis process using a single-step…
Figure 10.13 (a) SEM images of Ni nanowires (inset. is the magnified SEM image), (b) SEM images…
Figure 10.14 Schematic diagram of the synthetic procedure; (b) typical WAXRD patterns of the…

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 (a) A schematic representation of the synthetic strategy for PEDOT coated on…
Figure 11.2 Comparison of specific capacitances of CPs and CPCs.
Figure 11.3 Schematic representation of AC-FCC//PANI-FCC asymmetric device exhibiting differ…
Figure 11.4 Schematic sketch of nucleation and growth mechanism of PANI nanowires on GO subs…
Figure 11.5 (a) A piece of PANI/CNTs paper electrode, (b) bent, (c) folded, (d) curled, (e)…
Figure 11.6 (a) Cyclic stability of the symmetric device up to 500 cycles, (inset curve for…
Figure 11.7 The digital photographs of the PPy/CFs/melamine sponge/PPy/CFs flexible electrod…
Figure 11.8 (a) Schematic representation of charge transfer in the CNT@PPy-CC core@shell…
Figure 11.9 Schematic diagram demonstrating the electrochemical performance (a) S-PPy/PET…
Figure 11.10 Digital images of (a) glowing three red LEDs, and (b1 and b2) rotating motor…
Figure 11.11 (a) Schematic representation of the asymmetric device, (b) digital photos of…
Figure 11.12 (a) Schematic representation of the synthesis of CSS/graphite/PEDOT/MnO…

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Properties of Li, Na, K, and Mg.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Predicted stable phases (at 0 K) from the computational screening^a…
Table 2.2 The computed formation energies for the defects (meV/defect) and the estimated…
Table 2.3 Potential shifts and the strain components in the dilute mixing limit…
Table 2.4 The energy barrier, ΔE, energy barrier after lattice relaxation,…
Table 2.5 Ground state phases and the decomposition energies for Li…
Table 2.6 Ground state compounds at Li₁₀MP₂X₁₂ composition…

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Conversion type anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
Table 3.2 Composition of the negative active material paste.
Table 3.3 Comparison of the capacities and plateau voltages for various Li based alloy anodes…

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Overview of metal–air battery chemistries.
Table 6.2 Summary of DEMS results for various salt and solvent combinations^a.
Table 6.3 Cathode weight gain during discharge^a.
Table 6.4 Reported capacity behavior of commercial carbon materials in non-aqueous Li…
Table 6.5 Comparison of electrochemical behavior of M_xO_y cathode…
Table 6.6 Summary of possible solid electrolytes for hybrid and aqueous Li–air batteries.
Table 6.7 Li/polymer interfacial resistance (at 60°C) in a Li/polymer/Li symmetric…
Table 6.8 Dendrite formation onset time and the capacity of lithium electrode with a 10…
Table 6.9 Requirements for durable, high-energy automotive Li/air batteries (N = nonaqueous…

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Theoretical volume expansion of Na-Me (Me = Sn, Si, Sb, P) compounds [2].
Table 7.2 Comparison of voltage and capacity of few LIB and NIB anodes.
Table 7.3 Brief description of characterization techniques.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Values of some relevant properties of polymers used as battery separators.
Table 8.2 Battery separator membranes prepared by solvent casting and their main character…
Table 8.3 Battery separator membranes prepared by electrospinning and their main character…
Table 8.4 Surface modified battery separator membranes and their main characteristics.
Table 8.5 Battery separator membranes modified after a coating process and their main char…
Table 8.6 Battery separator membranes based on natural and biopolymers and their main char…

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Pore Textural Properties of the Mesoporous Carbon Materials

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Comparative study of electrochemical performance of the metal hydroxide based…
Table 10.2 Comparative study of the electrochemical performance metal oxide based supercapa…
Table 10.3 Comparative study of the electrochemical performance metal chalcogenide based su…

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Electrochemical performance of various PANI based flexible electrode materials.
Table 11.2 Electrochemical performance of various PPy based flexible electrode materials.
Table 11.3 Electrochemical performance of various PEDOT based flexible electrode materials.

Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Edited by

Poulomi Roy

CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, India

and

Suneel Kumar Srivastava

School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

This edition first published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-51003-1

Preface

The rising energy demand and scarcity of fossil fuels are major concerns these days and have drawn much attention to utilizing renewable energy sources and better storage of energy. To address this energy demand, large part of research has been focused in developing high performance energy storage devices, and extensive studies have been carried out on electrodes, electrolytes, as well as separators used in different types of batteries and supercapacitors. The optimal design of electrodes is considered as one of the main routes to achieve high performance of the device. In this regard, nanostructured materials have drawn considerable attention due to their special properties of high surface areas providing large number of active sites for electrochemical action and low charge diffusion path length compared to their bulk counterparts. Various materials, from transition metal oxides, chalcogenides to carbonaceous materials to polymers with their unique properties, tailored morphology, and size can be used as effective electrode materials for different storage mechanism. The present book aims to cover all these aspects and discusses recent achievements and various device assembles. The book comprises three sections in which the first section discusses about the fundamental physics, characterization techniques related to different types of batteries and supercapacitors and the computational view-point to understand the lithium ion battery mechanism. The next section elaborately reviews different types of batteries and their performances reported till date. The third section is focused on supercapacitor based on different nanostructured materials and their performances as reported by various groups globally.

With all these components and knowing the importance of the field, it is anticipated that the content will further supplement better understanding and offers current trends of different device assembly to current ongoing works.

Dr. Poulomi Roy and Prof. Suneel Kumar Srivastava

August 2019