Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Foreword

Chapter 1: How Old is Nanotechnology?

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nano-Geosystem for Abiotic Nanoparticles Formation
1.3 Nano-Biosystem Consisting of Biotic Nanoparticles
1.4 Concluding Remarks
References

Chapter 2: Prehistoric Evidence of Nanotechnology

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evolutionary Study and Theories
2.3 Prehistoric Era
2.4 What Is Nanotechnology?
2.5 Was Nature the First to Fabricate Nanomaterials?
2.6 Concluding Remarks
References

Chapter 3: Nanotechnology in Ancient India

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Glimpses of Remnants of Nanotechnology-Based Materials Made in Ancient India
3.3 Advancement of Nanoscale Metallurgy in Ancient India
3.4 Applications of Nanometals in Ancient India
3.5 Nanomedicine Evolved in Ancient India that Still Prevails Today
3.6 Carbon Nanoforms Used in Cosmetics in Ancient India that Still Prevail Today
3.7 Concluding Remarks
References

Chapter 4: Are Bhasma Nanomedicine of Ancient Times

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bhasma: An Ancient Indian Medicine Concept also Followed by the Chinese and Egyptians
4.3 The Similarity of Bhasma Preparation to Contemporary Nanoparticle Synthesis Method
4.4 Various Medicinal Uses of Bhasma
4.5 Concluding Remarks
References

Chapter 5: The Maya’s Knowledge of Nanotechnology

5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Maya
5.3 The Maya Civilization
5.4 Some Characteristic Features of the Maya
5.5 Maya Blue and Maya Yellow – Ancient Nanostructured Materials
5.6 Concluding Remarks
References

Chapter 6: Did Nanotechnology Flourish During the Roman Empire and Medieval Periods?

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanotechnology During Roman Civilization
6.3 Nanotechnology During the Medieval Period of European Civilization
6.4 Conclusion
References

Chapter 7: European Nano Knowledge That Led to Faraday’s Understanding of Gold Nanoparticles

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Michael Faraday’s Painstaking Efforts
7.3 The Role of Gustav Mie and Richard Gans in Understanding Metal Nanoparticles
7.4 Zsigmondy’s Seed-Mediated Method
7.5 Research that Led to the Understanding of Metal Nanoparticles Optical Properties
7.6 Approaches to Fabricate Nanomaterials
7.7 Advancements in Various Fabrication Methods of Nanoparticles
7.8 Concluding Observations
References

Chapter 8: Contemporary History of Nanotechnology

8.1 Introduction to the Concept of Nano After 1959
8.2 Feynman’s Idea: Entry of Nanotechnology in Modern Science
8.3 Drexler’s Engines of Creation
8.4 Impetus Given by SEM, TEM and AFM
8.5 The Entry of Nano Forms of Carbon
8.6 Advancements in Various Fabrication Methods
8.7 Immeasurable Applications of Nanotechnology in All Fields of Science
8.8 Important Milestones of Nanotechnology
8.9 Summary
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 SEM images of common opal. (e) Fire opal-AG from Slovakia (Dubník, no. 637)...
Figure 1.2 SEM image of a nanobe. Dr. Philippa Uwins found nanobe structures in Australian...
Figure 1.3 Schematic of a 2D (left) and 3D (right) T4 virus....
Figure 1.4 Illustration of a prion....

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Clockwise from top: Ancient writings on stone, Mesopotamian clay tablet....
Figure 2.2 Twinned nanodiamonds of 1–3 nm size from the Murchison and Orgueil...
Figure 2.3 Ural Mountains of Russia, where the ancient coil-shaped artifacts were found....
Figure 2.4 A magnified image of one of the nano coils found in the Ural Mountains....

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 The inscribed sword of Tipu Sultan. One of the world’s rare artefacts....
Figure 3.2 Iron pillars of (a) Delhi, (b) Kodachadri, (c) Dhar, and (d) iron beams of the Konark....
Figure 3.3 SEM of carbon soot showing CNT. (Source: Image by Prof. Maheshwar Sharon....

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Mandar Hill, which was believed to be used in the samudra manthan....
Figure 4.2 SEM images of different Bhasma: (a) Mandura Bhasma....

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Map of the Maya area. This is a retouched image, which means that it has been....
Figure 5.2 Maya jade necklace obtained from excavation.....
Figure 5.3 Maya solar calendar. (Source: http://hesed.info/blog/mayan-calendar-vs-aztec-calendar)....
Figure 5.4 A Bonampak wall mural featuring musicians. (Source: photo © 2004 Jacob Rus;)....
Figure 5.5 Painting of a warrior with Maya blue (Spanish: azul Maya) in the background....
Figure 5.6 A Maya wall painting showing a yellow hue....

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 The colors of aqueous transition metal ions....
Figure 6.2 Ancient Egyptian’s decoded symbol for Gold based on Peter Loyson’s....
Figure 6.3 TEM images of OG, SG and Ag nanoparticle-nanocluster distribution...
Figure 6.4 TEM images of (a) red-brown copper-like luster and (b) olive-green yellowish....
Figure 6.5 Museum pieces of glass colored with Purple of Cassius. (Reproduced from [45])...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Types of reflection of light from flat surfaces....
Figure 7.2 Reflection of light from concave mirror....
Figure 7.3 Reflection of light on convex mirror....
Figure 7.4 Surface plasmon resonance oscillation of electrons of a noble metal nanoparticle...
Figure 7.5 Schematic of the discrete energy level of a semiconductor....
Figure 7.6 Schematic view of top-down and bottom-up approaches for nanomaterial synthesis....
Figure 7.7 Planetary ball mill (RETSCH PM 400: department of Physics, BHU)....
Figure 7.8 A rock tumbler/ball mill....
Figure 7.9 Schematic view of (a) motion of the ball and powder mixture and (b) arrangement....
Figure 7.10 Schematic diagram of (a) a reverse micelle (Reproduced from [63]) and (b) a more....
Figure 7.11 Schematic of physical vapor deposition (PVD)....
Figure 7.12 Schematic diagram of the chemical vapor deposition apparatus....
Figure 7.13 Schematic of sputtering....
Figure 7.14 Basic elements of a DC sputtering system....
Figure 7.15 Basic elements of an RF sputtering system....
Figure 7.16 Schematic of the arc discharge apparatus....
Figure 7.17 Cathodic arc source design (Sablev type). (Source: www.wikipedia.com)....
Figure 7.18 Schematic diagram of laser ablation apparatus....
Figure 7.19 Schematic of ion implantation system....
Figure 7.20 Schematic diagram of sol-gel method....
Figure 7.21 (a) Mechanism for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles by the microemulsion...
Figure 7.22 (a) SEM image of gold nanoparticle synthesized from Sargassum wightii....

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Mass spectrometry profiles from experiments carried out by (a) the Exxon team....
Figure 8.2 Carbon nanoforms....
Figure 8.3 Molecular models of (a) C₆₀; (b) C₇₀; (c) an elongated....
Figure 8.4 (a) Raman spectra of carbon nanotubes using different laser excitation....
Figure 8.5 Various applications of nanoparticles and nanotechnology....
Figure 8.6 Some nano-based cosmetics on the market....
Figure 8.7 Schematic of a liposome (left) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) (right)....
Figure 8.8 Schematic of a (left) dendrimer and (right) cubosome....
Figure 8.9 Some nanotechnology-based domestic products that are on the market....
Figure 8.10 A bullet-proof vest by First Choice Armor....

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Scales of Measurement....

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Detection of Nanoparticles in Ayurvedic Bhasma. (Source: Sharma 2016 [12])...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Components, Descriptions, Preparations and Uses of Various Metal Bhasma....
Table 4.2 Different Types of Suvarna (Gold) Bhasma and Their Uses....
Table 4.3 Different Types of Rajata (Silver) Bhasma and Their Uses [44]....
Table 4.4 Different Types of Tamra (Copper) Bhasma and Their Uses....
Table 4.5 Marketed Bhasma and Their Uses. (Adapted From [12])...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 History of Gold and Soluble Gold....

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Classification of Quantum Confined Structures....
Table 7.2 Various Organisms That Have Shown the Capacity to Biosynthesize Nanometals....

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Some of the Materials Which Have Potential in Spintronics....
Table 8.2 Milestones of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology....

Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Advances in Nanotechnology & Applications

Series Editor: Madhuri Sharon

The unique properties of nanomaterials encourage the belief that they can be applied in a wide range of fields, from medical applications to electronics, environmental sciences, information and communication, heavy industries like aerospace, refineries, automobile, consumer and sports good, etc.

This book series will focus on the properties and related applications of nanomaterials so as to have a clear fundamental picture as to why nanoparticles are being tried instead of traditional methods. Since nanotechnology is encompassing various fields of science, each book will focus on one topic and will detail the basics to advanced science for the benefit of all levels of researchers.

Series Editor: Madhuri Sharon, Director, Walchand Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology
W.H. Marg, Ashok Chowk, Solapur 413 006
Maharashtra,
India

E-mail:sharonmadhuri@gmail.com

Publishers at Scrivener
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This edition first published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-46008-4

Preface

Nanotechnology is a very rich field of science due to informational input by physicists, chemists, engineers, geologists and biologists. However, this book was written from a layman’s perspective and questions whether it is a new science, or, like other sciences, was already discovered and utilized by nature. Did nature, which created an entire universe made up of galaxies, the solar system, the Earth and even living beings from the smallest known entities, also create nanoparticles? It is a difficult subject to write about since compiling knowledge about nature that has not been recorded in an easily decipherable form, coupled with the possibility of some natural records having been lost during the long periods of history either by nature or us, makes most information unavailable to us. We realized that apart from nature, human beings have also knowingly or unknowingly fabricated and utilized nanoparticles for various reasons. Looking back through history and searching for the existence of nanoparticles, not visible to the eye, and nanotechnology, not yet known to us but seen in nature, has been an interesting journey for us. I hope we have made it interesting enough for the readers also.

Madhuri Sharon
September 2018

Foreword

It is a novel idea to write about nanotechnology in ancient periods. Since I have been a student of ancient Indian history and culture, it is difficult for me to review science, especially nanotechnology and its effect in ancient times.

Dr. Madhuri Sharon and her team-mates have very effectively described this rich field of science applied in the past. They have very lucidly described its application in prehistoric times. In ancient India, unknowingly, people have used it in the field of medicine, cosmetics, metallurgy, etc. Nanotechnology flourished in the Maya civilization of South America and also in Roman culture.

If you sincerely analyze the Vedic period and Ramayana era, nanoparticles and nanotechnology were utilized.

Thanks to Dr. Madhuri Sharon who introduced me to nano-technology a decade ago. I wish Dr. Sharon and her team great success.

Dr. Neelam Koomar
Retd. Head of the Department of History and Culture
T.M. Bhagalpur University, India

From Pre-Historic to Modern Times