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<p>Preface xv</p> <p>Acknowledgments xvii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p>1-1 The Importance of Principles 2</p> <p>1-2 The Importance of Sustainability 4</p> <p>References 4</p> <p><b>2 Water Quality and Public Health 5</b></p> <p>2-1 Relationship between Water Quality and Public Health 5</p> <p>2-2 Source Waters for Municipal Drinking Water Systems 9</p> <p>2-3 Regulations of Water Treatment in the United States 17</p> <p>2-4 Evolving Trends and Challenges in Drinking Water Treatment 21</p> <p>2-5 Summary and Study Guide 23</p> <p>References 24</p> <p><b>3 Process Selection 25</b></p> <p>3-1 Process Selection Based on Contaminant Properties 26</p> <p>3-2 Other Considerations in Process Selection 30</p> <p>3-3 Sustainability and Energy Considerations 34</p> <p>3-4 Design and Selection of Process Trains 39</p> <p>3-5 Summary and Study Guide 42</p> <p>Homework Problems 43</p> <p>References 45</p> <p><b>4 Fundamental Principles of Environmental Engineering 47</b></p> <p>4-1 Units of Expression for Chemical Concentrations 48</p> <p>4-2 Chemical Equilibrium 51</p> <p>4-3 Chemical Kinetics 60</p> <p>4-4 Reactions Used in Water Treatment 63</p> <p>4-5 Mass Balance Analysis 66</p> <p>4-6 Introduction to Reactors and Reactor Analysis 73</p> <p>4-7 Reactions in Batch Reactors 77</p> <p>4-8 Hydraulic Characteristics of Ideal Flow Reactors 80</p> <p>4-9 Reactions in Ideal Flow Reactors 84</p> <p>4-10 Measuring the Hydraulic Characteristics of Flow Reactors with Tracer Tests 88</p> <p>4-11 Describing the Hydraulic Performance of Real Flow Reactors 95</p> <p>4-12 Reactions in Real Flow Reactors 101</p> <p>4-13 Introduction to Mass Transfer 103</p> <p>4-14 Molecular Diffusion 104</p> <p>4-15 Diffusion Coefficients 106</p> <p>4-16 Models and Correlations for Mass Transfer at an Interface 115</p> <p>4-17 Evaluating the Concentration Gradient with Operating Diagrams 126</p> <p>4-18 Summary and Study Guide 131</p> <p>Homework Problems 133</p> <p>References 138</p> <p><b>5 Coagulation and Flocculation 139</b></p> <p>5-1 Role of Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 140</p> <p>5-2 Stability of Particles in Water 142</p> <p>5-3 Principles of Coagulation 149</p> <p>5-4 Coagulation Practice 150</p> <p>5-5 Principles of Mixing for Coagulation and Flocculation 162</p> <p>5-6 Rapid-Mix Practice 163</p> <p>5-7 Principles of Flocculation 165</p> <p>5-8 Flocculation Practice 170</p> <p>5-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 186</p> <p>5-10 Summary and Study Guide 187</p> <p>Homework Problems 188</p> <p>References 190</p> <p><b>6 Sedimentation 193</b></p> <p>6-1 Principles of Discrete (Type I) Particle Settling 196</p> <p>6-2 Discrete Settling in Ideal Rectangulor Sedimentation Basins 201</p> <p>6-3 Principles of Flocculant (Type II) Particle Settling 205</p> <p>6-4 Principles of Hindered (Type III) Settling 206</p> <p>6-5 Conventional Sedimentation Basin Design 211</p> <p>6-6 Alternative Sedimentation Processes 220</p> <p>6-7 Physical Factors Affecting Sedimentation 228</p> <p>6-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 230</p> <p>6-9 Summary and Study Guide 231</p> <p>Homework Problems 232</p> <p>References 234</p> <p><b>7 Rapid Granular Filtration 235</b></p> <p>7-1 Physical Description of a Rapid Granular Filter 236</p> <p>7-2 Process Description of Rapid Filtration 242</p> <p>7-3 Particle Capture in Granular Filtration 246</p> <p>7-4 Head Loss through a Clean Filter Bed 255</p> <p>7-5 Modeling of Performance and Optimization 258</p> <p>7-6 Backwash Hydraulics 266</p> <p>7-7 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 273</p> <p>7-8 Summary and Study Guide 274</p> <p>Homework Problems 275</p> <p>References 278</p> <p><b>8 Membrane Filtration 281</b></p> <p>8-1 Classification of Membrane Processes 282</p> <p>8-2 Comparison to Rapid Granular Filtration 284</p> <p>8-3 Principal Features of Membrane Filtration Equipment 286</p> <p>8-4 Process Description of Membrane Filtration 296</p> <p>8-5 Particle Capture in Membrane Filtration 301</p> <p>8-6 Hydraulics of Flow through Membrane Filters 305</p> <p>8-7 Membrane Fouling 309</p> <p>8-8 Sizing of Membrane Skids 316</p> <p>8-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 319</p> <p>8-10 Summary and Study Guide 321</p> <p>Homework Problems 322</p> <p>References 325</p> <p><b>9 Reverse Osmosis 327</b></p> <p>9-1 Principal Features of a Reverse Osmosis Facility 329</p> <p>9-2 Osmotic Pressure and Reverse Osmosis 335</p> <p>9-3 Mass Transfer of Water and Solutes through RO Membranes 339</p> <p>9-4 Performance Dependence on Temperature and Pressure 343</p> <p>9-5 Concentration Polarization 348</p> <p>9-6 Fouling and Scaling 353</p> <p>9-7 Element Selection and Membrane Array Design 359</p> <p>9-8 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 361</p> <p>9-9 Summary and Study Guide 364</p> <p>Homework Problems 365</p> <p>References 368</p> <p><b>10 Adsorption and Ion Exchange 369</b></p> <p>10-1 Introduction to the Adsorption Process 370</p> <p>10-2 Adsorption Equilibrium 377</p> <p>10-3 Adsorption Kinetics 382</p> <p>10-4 Introduction to the Ion Exchange Process 386</p> <p>10-5 Ion Exchange Equilibrium 395</p> <p>10-6 Ion Exchange Kinetics 399</p> <p>10-7 Fixed-Bed Contactors 400</p> <p>10-8 Suspended-Media Reactors 423</p> <p>10-9 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 429</p> <p>10-10 Summary and Study Guide 430</p> <p>Homework Problems 431</p> <p>References 435</p> <p><b>11 Air Stripping and Aeration 437</b></p> <p>11-1 Types of Air Stripping and Aeration Contactors 438</p> <p>11-2 Gas–Liquid Equilibrium 443</p> <p>11-3 Fundamentals of Packed Tower Air Stripping 449</p> <p>11-4 Design and Analysis of Packed-Tower Air Stripping 459</p> <p>11-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 471</p> <p>11-6 Summary and Study Guide 472</p> <p>Homework Problems 473</p> <p>References 475</p> <p><b>12 Advanced Oxidation 477</b></p> <p>12-1 Introduction to Advanced Oxidation 479</p> <p>12-2 Ozonation as an Advanced Oxidation Process 486</p> <p>12-3 Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone Process 494</p> <p>12-4 Hydrogen Peroxide/UV Light Process 505</p> <p>12-5 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 518</p> <p>12-6 Summary and Study Guide 519</p> <p>Homework Problems 520</p> <p>References 522</p> <p><b>13 Disinfection 525</b></p> <p>13-1 Disinfection Agents and Systems 526</p> <p>13-2 Disinfection with Free and Combined Chlorine 532</p> <p>13-3 Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide 538</p> <p>13-4 Disinfection with Ozone 538</p> <p>13-5 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Light 543</p> <p>13-6 Disinfection Kinetics 555</p> <p>13-7 Disinfection Kinetics in Real Flow Reactors 565</p> <p>13-8 Design of Disinfection Contactors with Low Dispersion 567</p> <p>13-9 Disinfection By-products 572</p> <p>13-10 Residual Maintenance 575</p> <p>13-11 Energy and Sustainability Considerations 576</p> <p>13-12 Summary and Study Guide 578</p> <p>Homework Problems 579</p> <p>References 581</p> <p><b>14 Residuals Management 585</b></p> <p>14-1 Defining the Problem 586</p> <p>14-2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Residuals 591</p> <p>14-3 Alum and Iron Coagulation Sludge 595</p> <p>14-4 Liquid Wastes from Granular Media Filters 599</p> <p>14-5 Management of Residual Liquid Streams 601</p> <p>14-6 Management of Residual Sludge 604</p> <p>14-7 Ultimate Reuse and Disposal of Semisolid Residuals 614</p> <p>14-8 Summary and Study Guide 616</p> <p>Homework Problems 617</p> <p>References 618</p> <p>Appendix A Conversion Factors 621</p> <p>Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air 627</p> <p>B-1 Density of Air at Other Temperatures 629</p> <p>B-2 Change in Atmospheric Pressure with Elevation 629</p> <p>Appendix C Physical Properties of Water 631</p> <p>Appendix D Periodic Table 633</p> <p>Appendix E Electronic Resources Available on the John Wiley & Sons Website for This Textbook 635</p> <p>Index 637</p>

<p><b>KERRY J. HOWE</b> is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of New Mexico and former principal engineer at MWH. His teaching and research focuses on water quality, membrane processes, desalination, and advanced water treatment technologies. <b>DAVID W. HAND</b> is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan Technological University. He has authored or coauthored over 130 technical publications including six textbooks, two patents, and eight copyrighted software programs. <b>JOHN C. CRITTENDEN</b><small> </small>is Director of the Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems as well as Hightower Chair and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. <b>R. RHODES TRUSSELL</b> is the founder of Trussell Technologies and former senior vice president at MWH. He has served as Chair of the Water Science and Technology Board for the National Academies and, in 2010, was awarded the prestigious A. P. Black Research Award from the American Water Works Association. <b>GEORGE TCHOBANOGLOUS</b> is Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Davis. He is the author or coauthor of more than 500 technical papers and a number of textbooks, including <i>Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse</i> and <i>Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications.</i>

<p><b>BY A BESTSELLING AUTHOR TEAM—THE MUST-HAVE REFERENCE ON WATER TREATMENT PRINCIPLES FOR STUDENTS</b> <p>From the same distinguished author team that brought you the bestselling reference <i>Water Treatment</i> comes this new offering for students wishing to gain a solid understanding of the latest developments in water treatment processes. It maintains the same quality writing, illustrations, and worked examples as the author team's larger <i>Water Treatment</i> but does so in a more digestible and specifically focused format. It covers conventional processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration—but unlike any other water treatment book of this size, it gives equal coverage to advanced technologies like adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation. <p>Complete with example problems, chapter summaries, end-of-chapter review questions, and access to a solutions manual online, <i>Principles of Water Treatment</i> provides all of the tools necessary for a civil or environmental engineering or water resources student to launch a successful and rewarding career. <p><b>MWH</b> is a global consulting firm with more than 7,000 professionals and 180 offices in thirty-five countries that provides services to a full range of water-related projects and programs ranging from water supply, treatment and storage, dams, water management for the natural resources industry, and coastal restoration to renewable power and environmental services.

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