Details

Phytonutrients


Phytonutrients


1. Aufl.

von: Andrew Salter, Helen Wiseman, Gregory Tucker

161,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 30.01.2012
ISBN/EAN: 9781118253632
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 312

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Beschreibungen

In many Western diets, the role of plants has been reduced in favour of more animal-based products and this is now being cited more widely as being the cause of increases in the incidence of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. This important book covers the biochemistry and nutritional importance of a wide range of phytonutrients, including all the major macronutrients as well as the micronutrients and 'non-essential' nutrients. <p> <i>Phytonutrients</i> is divided into three parts. The first deals with the role of plants in the human diet. Part II, representing the major part of the book covers in turn each of the major phytonutrient groups. Chapters include: non-lipid micronutrients, lipids and steroids, carotenoids, phenolics, vitamins C, E, folate/vitamin B12, phytoestrogens, other phytonutrients and minerals, and anti-nutritional factors. The final part of the book covers the methods used to manipulate levels of phytonutrients in the diet, such as fortification, supplementation and the use of genetically modified plants.</p> <p> <i>Phytonutrients</i> is an essential purchase for nutritionists, food scientists and plant biochemists, particularly those dealing with nutrients from plants, and their use in the human diet.</p>
Preface xi <p>Contributors xii</p> <p>Abbreviations xv</p> <p><b>1 Plant foods and health 1<br /> </b><i>Judith Buttriss</i></p> <p>Introduction 1</p> <p>Historical changes in the plant content of the human diet 1</p> <p>Changing composition of dietary constituents in the past 50 years 5</p> <p>Plants – nutrients and other constituents 6</p> <p>A summary of the evidence linking plant food intake and health 6</p> <p>Coronary heart disease and stroke 9</p> <p>Fruits and vegetables 9</p> <p>Pulses and nuts 13</p> <p>Cereals 15</p> <p>Antioxidant nutrients 17</p> <p>Other bioactive substances 18</p> <p>Antioxidant hypothesis 20</p> <p>Phytosterols and –stanols 20</p> <p>Conclusions for coronary heart disease and stroke 21</p> <p>Cancer 21</p> <p>Fruit and vegetables 21</p> <p>Legumes and nuts 26</p> <p>Foods containing fibre 26</p> <p>Vitamins 26</p> <p>Other plant-derived substances 28</p> <p>Conclusions for cancer 28</p> <p>Type 2 diabetes 29</p> <p>Age-related macular degeneration and cataract 29</p> <p>Age-related cognitive decline 30</p> <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 31</p> <p>Osteoporosis and bone health 31</p> <p>Plant foods and health: overall conclusions 32</p> <p>Recommendations and current policy on plant food intake 33</p> <p>Fruit and vegetables 33</p> <p>Wholegrain foods 35</p> <p>Current consumption patterns 35</p> <p>Conclusions 39</p> <p>Acknowledgement 40</p> <p><b>2 Carbohydrates and lipids 52<br /> </b><i>Andrew Salter and Gregory Tucker</i></p> <p>Introduction 52</p> <p>Major carbohydrates 53</p> <p>Sugars 54</p> <p>Polysaccharides 55</p> <p>Starch 55</p> <p>Cell wall polymers 58</p> <p>Biosynthesis of cell wall polymers 60</p> <p>Cell wall turnover 62</p> <p>Nutritional benefits of plant carbohydrates 64</p> <p>Major sources of dietary fibre within the diet and recommended intakes 64</p> <p>Definition and measurement of dietary fibre 65</p> <p>Physiological effects of dietary fibre 66</p> <p>Lipids 68</p> <p>Synthesis of fatty acids in plants 69</p> <p>Synthesis of glycerolipids in plants 70</p> <p>Modification of plant lipids 73</p> <p>Fatty acid composition of plant foods 76</p> <p>Vegetables 76</p> <p>Cereals 77</p> <p>Fruit 77</p> <p>Oil seeds 77</p> <p>Dietary lipids and human health 79</p> <p>Phytosterols 80</p> <p><b>3 Carotenoids 89<br /> </b><i>Úrsula Flores-Perez and Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion</i></p> <p>Introduction 89</p> <p>Structure, biosynthesis and function of plant carotenoids 90</p> <p>Dietary sources and health benefits 93</p> <p>Absorption and bioavailability of dietary carotenoids 97</p> <p>Carotenoid type 98</p> <p>Food matrix 98</p> <p>Carotenoid metabolism in humans 99</p> <p>Meeting the dietary demand and consequences for imbalance 101</p> <p>Acknowledgements 102</p> <p><b>4 Polyphenols 110<br /> </b><i>David Vauzour, Katerina Vafeiadou and Jeremy P. E. Spencer</i></p> <p>Introduction 110</p> <p>Polyphenol structure 110</p> <p>Phenolic acids and stilbenes 110</p> <p>Flavonoids 113</p> <p>Biosynthetic routes within the plant 115</p> <p>Shikimic precursor and benzoic acid biosynthesis 115</p> <p>Cinnamic acid biosynthesis 115</p> <p>Stilbene biosynthesis 119</p> <p>Flavonoid biosynthesis 119</p> <p>Major sources within the diet 121</p> <p>Phenolic acids and stilbenes 121</p> <p>Flavonoids 121</p> <p>Flavonols 121</p> <p>Flavanones 122</p> <p>Flavanols 123</p> <p>Flavones 123</p> <p>Anthocyanins 123</p> <p>Isoflavones 123</p> <p>Metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols 124</p> <p>Gastrointestinal tract metabolism 124</p> <p>Colonic metabolism 126</p> <p>Role in human health 127</p> <p>Flavonoids as classical antioxidants 128</p> <p>Non-antioxidant activities of fl avonoids 130</p> <p>Interactions with cell signalling pathways 131</p> <p>Other potential mechanisms of action 133</p> <p>Conclusion 133</p> <p>Summary 134</p> <p>Acknowledgements 134</p> <p><b>5 Vitamins C and E 146<br /> </b><i>David Gray, John Brameld and Gregory Tucker</i></p> <p>Introduction 146</p> <p>Vitamin C: structure and chemistry 146</p> <p>Dietary sources of vitamin C 147</p> <p>Vitamin C: biosynthesis and metabolism in plants 148</p> <p>Vitamin C functions in plants 152</p> <p>Vitamin C manipulation in plants 154</p> <p>Absorption and transport of vitamin C in mammals 155</p> <p>Vitamin E: structure and chemistry 156</p> <p>Dietary sources of vitamin E 159</p> <p>Vitamin E: biosynthetic pathways 159</p> <p>Roles of tocochromanols in plants 161</p> <p>Manipulation of tocochromanol concentration 162</p> <p>Absorption and transport of vitamin E in mammals 164</p> <p>Antioxidant functions of vitamin E 164</p> <p><b>6 Folate 173<br /> </b><i>Stéphane Ravanel and Fabrice Rébeillé</i></p> <p>Introduction 173</p> <p>One-carbon metabolism 174</p> <p>Generation and interconversion of C1-units 176</p> <p>Serine–glycine metabolism 176</p> <p>Formate activation 176</p> <p>Histidine catabolism 177</p> <p>Interconvertion of C1-substituted folates 178</p> <p>Utilisation of C1-units 179</p> <p>Methionine synthesis 179</p> <p>Purine ring formation 179</p> <p>Formylation of methionyl-tRNA 180</p> <p>Thymidylate synthesis 180</p> <p>Pantothenate synthesis 180</p> <p>Folate synthesis and distribution in plants 181</p> <p>Biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolate in plants 181</p> <p>Pterin branch 182</p> <p>pABA branch 183</p> <p>Assembly of the pterin, pABA and glutamate moieties 183</p> <p>Reduction and polyglutamylation 184</p> <p>Catabolism and salvage pathway 185</p> <p>Compartmentation and transport of folates 185</p> <p>Subcellular location of folates 185</p> <p>Folate transporters 186</p> <p>Folates distribution in plants 186</p> <p>Physiology of folate in human health and disease 188</p> <p>Absorption 188</p> <p>Transport, storage, catabolism and excretion 189</p> <p>Metabolic and clinical manifestations of folate deficiency 189</p> <p>Diagnosis of folate deficiency 190</p> <p>Folate bioavailability, requirements and food fortification 191</p> <p>Bioavailability 191</p> <p>Dietary intake recommendations 192</p> <p>Dietary sources of folate 192</p> <p>Food fortification 194</p> <p>Prospects for plant foods biofortification 195</p> <p><b>7 Phytoestrogens 203<br /> </b><i>Helen Wiseman</i></p> <p>Introduction 203</p> <p>Biosynthesis of phytoestrogens 203</p> <p>Introduction 203</p> <p>Isoflavonoids 203</p> <p>Prenylated flavonoids 205</p> <p>Stilbenes 205</p> <p>Lignans 205</p> <p>Genetic engineering 205</p> <p>Isoflavonoids 206</p> <p>Introduction 206</p> <p>Dietary sources and intakes 206</p> <p>Metabolism and bioavailability 208</p> <p>Isoflavonoids and cancer prevention 211</p> <p>Hormone-dependent cancer prevention by isoflavonoids 211</p> <p>Oestrogens and risk of breast cancer 213</p> <p>Oestrogen receptor-mediated events 213</p> <p>Animal models 215</p> <p>Mechanisms of anticancer action of isoflavonoids 217</p> <p>Clinical studies 219</p> <p>Protection by isoflavonoids against cardiovascular disease 220</p> <p>Cholesterol-lowering and isoflavonoids 220</p> <p>Antioxidant action 222</p> <p>Arterial function 225</p> <p>Cellular effects 226</p> <p>Protection by isoflavonoids against osteoporosis, cognitive decline and menopausal symptoms? 226</p> <p>Osteoporosis 226</p> <p>Menopausal symptoms and cognitive decline 227</p> <p>Isoflavonoids: potential risks 228</p> <p>Lignans 229</p> <p>Introduction 229</p> <p>Production of mammalian lignans 230</p> <p>Cardiovascular disease 230</p> <p>Breast cancer prevention 230</p> <p>Prostate cancer prevention 230</p> <p>Prevention of other types of cancer 231</p> <p>Other health benefits 231</p> <p>Prenylflavonoids 231</p> <p>Stilbenes 233</p> <p>Miroestrol 235</p> <p>Deoxybenzoins 235</p> <p>Coumestans 236</p> <p>Phytoestrogens and human health: conclusions 236</p> <p><b>8 Plant minerals 254<br /> </b><i>Martin R. Broadley and Philip J. White</i></p> <p>Introduction 254</p> <p>Genetic variation in plant mineral concentration 258</p> <p>Introduction 258</p> <p>Between-species genetic variation in plant mineral concentration 258</p> <p>Within-species genetic variation in plant mineral concentration 259</p> <p>Iron and zinc 260</p> <p>Iodine and selenium 263</p> <p>Calcium and magnesium 264</p> <p>Copper 266</p> <p>Has the mineral concentration of crops declined due to breeding for increased yield? 266</p> <p>Evidence for a decline in mineral concentration of horticultural crops 266</p> <p>Is there evidence for a decline in mineral concentration of staple crops? 267</p> <p>A case study on potatoes; a précis of White et al. (2009) 268</p> <p>Index 278</p>
<p>“A welcome addition to any academic library.  Summing Up: Highly recommended.  Upper-division undergraduates through professionals." (<i>Choice</i>, 1 December 2012)<br /> <br /> Selected as an "Outstanding Academic Title from 2012" by <i>Choice</i></p> <p> </p>
<b>Andrew Salter</b> is Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry in the School of Biosciences at the University of Nottingham. <p><b>Helen Wiseman</b> is Lecturer in Nutritional Sciences in the Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division at King's College London.</p> <p><b>Gregory Tucker</b> is Professor of Plant Biochemistry in the School of Biosciences at the University of Nottingham.</p>
Plants are a major source of nutrition in our diet, and offer an array of health benefits, yet many Western diets are still over-reliant upon animal-based foods. Growing evidence suggests that this emphasis on foods of animal origin may be linked to increased incidences of cancer and cardiovascular disorders, and that increased consumption of key plant-based foods may result in protection from some of these diseases. In fact, plants can provide us with almost all of our dietary requirements, including macronutrients such as carbohydrates and lipids, and micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. Many other phytochemicals, including carotenoids, polyphenols and phytoestrogens, whilst not essential, have also been shown to be beneficial to human health. <p><i>Phytonutrients</i> covers the role of plants in the human diet and argues for the beneficial effects of many other components of plants besides the obvious nutritional elements such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It addresses the biochemistry and nutritional importance of all the major macronutrients, as well as the micronutrients and non-essential nutrients. At a time when there is growing interest amongst plant scientists in the enhancement of nutrients within crops, this book also looks at how a better understanding of plant metabolism can facilitate the application of genetic engineering, for example to enhance levels of vitamin A and folate, or the manipulation of biosynthetic pathways to introduce novel nutrients into plants.</p> <p>With contributions from experts in both plant science and nutrition, this is an essential purchase for nutritionists, food scientists and plant biochemists, particularly those working with nutrients from plants and their use in the human diet. Students and researchers will prize the authors' scholarship and expertise, and readers from the agrifood industry will value the book's groundbreaking findings. Whether the reader's background is in plant science or nutrition, the authors' cross-disciplinary approach will encourage understanding, dialogue and collaboration between these often disparate fields of expertise.</p>

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