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Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment


Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment


1. Aufl.

von: Sven Beer, Mats Björk, John Beardall

44,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 11.03.2014
ISBN/EAN: 9781118803387
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 224

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Beschreibungen

<p>"Marine photosynthesis provides for at least half of the primary production worldwide..."</p> <b>Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment</b> constitutes a comprehensive explanation of photosynthetic processes as related to the special environment in which marine plants live. The first part of the book introduces the different photosynthesising organisms of the various marine habitats: the phytoplankton (both cyanobacteria and eukaryotes) in open waters, and macroalgae, marine angiosperms and photosymbiont-containing invertebrates in those benthic environments where there is enough light for photosynthesis to support growth, and describes how these organisms evolved. The special properties of seawater for sustaining primary production are then considered, and the two main differences between terrestrial and marine environments in  supporting photosynthesis and plant growth are examined, namely irradiance and inorganic carbon. The second part of the book outlines the general mechanisms of photosynthesis, and then points towards the differences in light-capturing and carbon acquisition between terrestrial and marine plants. This is followed by discussing the need for a CO<sub>2</sub> concentrating mechanism in most of the latter, and a description of how such mechanisms function in different marine plants. Part three deals with the various ways in which photosynthesis can be measured for marine plants, with an emphasis on novel <i>in situ</i> measurements, including discussions of the extent to which such measurements can serve as a proxy for plant growth and productivity. The final chapters of the book are devoted to ecological aspects of marine plant photosynthesis and growth, including predictions for the future.
<p>About the authors ix</p> <p>Preface xi</p> <p>About the companion website xiii</p> <p><b>Part I Plants and the Oceans 1</b></p> <p>Introduction 1</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 The evolution of photosynthetic organisms in the oceans 5</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 2 The different groups of marine plants 15</b></p> <p>2.1 Cyanobacteria 16</p> <p>2.2 Eukaryotic microalgae 17</p> <p>2.3 Photosymbionts 23</p> <p>2.4 Macroalgae 27</p> <p>2.5 Seagrasses 34</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Seawater as a medium for photosynthesis and plant growth 39</b></p> <p>3.1 Light 40</p> <p>3.2 Inorganic carbon 45</p> <p>3.3 Other abiotic factors 52</p> <p>Summary notes of Part I 55</p> <p><b>Part II Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, and Carbon Acquisition in Marine Plants 57</b></p> <p>Introduction to Part II 57</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Harvesting of light in marine plants: The photosynthetic pigments 61</b></p> <p>4.1 Chlorophylls 61</p> <p>4.2 Carotenoids 63</p> <p>4.3 Phycobilins 64</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Light reactions 67</b></p> <p>5.1 Photochemistry: excitation, de-excitation, energy transfer and primary electron transfer 67</p> <p>5.2 Electron transport 74</p> <p>5.3 ATP formation 76</p> <p>5.4 Alternative pathways of electron flow 77</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Photosynthetic CO2-fixation and -reduction 81</b></p> <p>6.1 The Calvin cycle 81</p> <p>6.2 CO2-concentrating mechanisms 89</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Acquisition of carbon in marine plants 95</b></p> <p>7.1 Cyanobacteria and microalgae 96</p> <p>7.2 Photosymbionts 101</p> <p>7.3 Macroalgae 104</p> <p>7.4 Seagrasses 118</p> <p>7.5 Calcification and photosynthesis 122</p> <p>Summary notes of Part II 124</p> <p><b>Part III Quantitative Measurements, and Ecological Aspects, of Marine Photosynthesis 127</b></p> <p>Introduction to Part III 127</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Quantitative measurements 129</b></p> <p>8.1 Gas exchange 131</p> <p>8.2 How to measure gas exchange 133</p> <p>8.3 Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry 137</p> <p>8.4 How to measure PAM fluorescence 142</p> <p>8.5 What method to use: Strengths and limitations 146</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 Photosynthetic responses, acclimations and adaptations to light 157</b></p> <p>9.1 Responses of high- and low-light plants to irradiance 157</p> <p>9.2 Light responses of cyanobacteria and microalgae 163</p> <p>9.3 Light effects on photosymbionts 164</p> <p>9.4 Adaptations of carbon acquisition mechanisms to light 169</p> <p>9.5 Acclimations of seagrasses to high and low irradiances 169</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 Photosynthetic acclimations and adaptations to stress in the intertidal 175</b></p> <p>10.1 Adaptations of macrophytes to desiccation 175</p> <p>10.2 Other stresses in the intertidal 181</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 How some marine plants modify the environment for other organisms 183</b></p> <p>11.1 Epiphytes and other ‘thieves’ 183</p> <p>11.2 Ulva can generate its own empires 185</p> <p>11.3 Seagrasses can alter environments for macroalgae and vice versa 187</p> <p>11.4 Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae 189</p> <p><b>Chapter 12 Future perspectives on marine photosynthesis 191</b></p> <p>12.1 ‘Harvesting’ marine plant photosynthesis 191</p> <p>12.2 Predictions for the future 192</p> <p>12.3 Scaling of photosynthesis towards community and ecosystem production 194</p> <p>Summary notes of Part III 197</p> <p>References 199</p> <p>Index 203</p>
<p><b>Sven Beer</b>, Professor of Marine Botany, Tel Aviv University, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.</p> <p><b>Mats Björk</b>, Botany Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.</p> <p><b>John Beardall</b>, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia.</p>
<p>"<i>Marine photosynthesis provides for at least half of the planet's primary production and forms the basis of nearly all marine food webs</i>..."</p> <p><b>Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment</b> provides a comprehensive explanation of photosynthetic processes as they relate to the special environment in which marine plants live. The first part of the book introduces the reader to the variety of photosynthesising organisms in marine habitats: the phytoplankton (both cyanobacteria and eukaryotes) in open waters, and macroalgae, marine angiosperms and photosymbiont-containing invertebrates in those benthic environments where there is enough light for photosynthesis to support growth. The evolutionary origins of these organisms are also considered. The special properties of seawater for sustaining primary production are then discussed, and the two main differences between terrestrial and marine environments in  supporting photosynthesis and plant growth, namely irradiance and inorganic carbon, are examined. The second part of the book outlines the general mechanisms of photosynthesis, and then points towards the differences in light-capturing and carbon acquisition between terrestrial and marine plants. This is followed by a discussion of the need of marine plants for enhancing their inorganic carbon supply, and a description of how such CO<sub>2</sub> concentrating mechanisms function in different marine plants. Part three deals with the various ways in which photosynthesis can be measured for marine plants, with an emphasis on novel <i>in situ</i> measurements, including discussions of the extent to which such measurements can serve as a proxy for plant growth and productivity. The final chapters of the book are devoted to ecological aspects of marine plant photosynthesis and growth, including predictions for the future.</p>

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