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<p>Preface xi</p> <p>Contributors xiii</p> <p><b>1 Surface Plasmons for Biodetection 1<br /> </b><i>Pavel Adam, Marek Piliarik, Hana Šípová, Tomáš Špringer, Milan Vala, and Jiří Homola</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Principles of SPR Biosensors 2</p> <p>1.2.1 Surface Plasmons 2</p> <p>1.2.2 Excitation of Surface Plasmons 4</p> <p>1.2.3 Sensors Based on Surface Plasmons 7</p> <p>1.2.4 SPR Affinity Biosensors 8</p> <p>1.2.5 Performance Characteristics of SPR Biosensors 9</p> <p>1.3 Optical Platforms for SPR Sensors 12</p> <p>1.3.1 Prism-Based SPR Sensors 12</p> <p>1.3.2 SPR Sensors Based on Grating Couplers 20</p> <p>1.3.3 SPR Sensors Based on Optical Waveguides 23</p> <p>1.3.4 Commercial SPR Sensors 25</p> <p>1.4 Functionalization Methods for SPR Biosensors 26</p> <p>1.4.1 Functional Layers 27</p> <p>1.4.2 Attachment of Receptors to Functional Surfaces 29</p> <p>1.4.3 Molecular Recognition Elements 34</p> <p>1.5 Applications of SPR Biosensors 35</p> <p>1.5.1 Detection Formats 35</p> <p>1.5.2 Medical Diagnostics 36</p> <p>1.5.3 Environmental Monitoring 36</p> <p>1.5.4 Food Quality and Safety 38</p> <p>1.6 Summary 45</p> <p>References 45</p> <p><b>2 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry in Photonic Sensing: Principles and Applications for Safety and Security Monitoring 59<br /> </b><i>Benjamin R. Watts, Zhiyi Zhang, and Chang-Qing Xu</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 59</p> <p>2.2 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry 61</p> <p>2.3 Microchip-Based Flow Cytometry with Integrated Optics 66</p> <p>2.4 Applications 73</p> <p>2.5 Conclusion 81</p> <p>References 83</p> <p><b>3 Optofluidic Techniques for the Manipulation of Micro Particles: Principles and Applications to Bioanalyses 89<br /> </b><i>Honglei Guo, Gaozhi Xiao, and Jianping Yao</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 89</p> <p>3.2 Optofluidic Techniques for the Manipulation of Particles 90</p> <p>3.2.1 Fiber-Based Optofluidic Techniques 91</p> <p>3.2.2 Near-Field Optofluidic Techniques 96</p> <p>3.2.3 Optical Chromatography Techniques: Axial-Type and Cross-Type 102</p> <p>3.3 Enhancing Optical Manipulation with a Monolithically Integrated on-Chip Structure 104</p> <p>3.4 Applications 110</p> <p>3.5 Conclusion 112</p> <p>Acknowledgments 114</p> <p>References 114</p> <p><b>4 Optical Fiber Sensors and Their Applications for Explosive Detection 119<br /> </b><i>Jianjun Ma and Wojtek J. Bock</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 119</p> <p>4.2 A Brief Review of Existing Fiber-Optic-Based Explosive Detectors 123</p> <p>4.3 High Performance Fiber-Optic Explosive Detector Based on the AFP Thin Film 129</p> <p>4.3.1 Optimizing Fiber-Optic Explosive Detector Architecture 129</p> <p>4.3.2 Experimental Demonstration of Fluorescent Quenching Detection and Discussion 130</p> <p>4.3.3 Unique Advantage of the Optimized Detector—Dramatically Increased Fluorescence Collection through the End-Face-TIR Process 134</p> <p>4.4 Generating High Quality Polymer Film—Pretreatment with Adhesion Promoter 137</p> <p>4.5 Effect of Photodegradation on AFP Polymer 138</p> <p>4.6 Optimizing Polymer Concentration for Optimized AFP-Film Thickness 138</p> <p>4.7 Explosive Vapor Preconcentration and Delivery 139</p> <p>4.7.1 Adsorption/Desorption Zone 40 141</p> <p>4.7.2 Equilibrium Zone 46 142</p> <p>4.7.3 Chromatography Zone 52 142</p> <p>4.7.4 Preconditioning Zone 60 142</p> <p>4.7.5 Sensing Zone 42 142</p> <p>4.8 Future Directions and Conclusions 143</p> <p>References 144</p> <p><b>5 Photonic Liquid Crystal Fiber Sensors for Safety and Security Monitoring 147<br /> </b><i>Tomasz Wolinski</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 147</p> <p>5.2 Materials and Experimental Setups 149</p> <p>5.3 Principle of Operation 153</p> <p>5.3.1 Mechanism of Propagation in a PLCF 153</p> <p>5.3.2 LC Arrangement in PCF 154</p> <p>5.4 Tuning Possibility 157</p> <p>5.4.1 Thermal Tuning 157</p> <p>5.4.2 Electrical Tuning 159</p> <p>5.4.3 Pressure Tuning 162</p> <p>5.4.4 Optical Tuning 164</p> <p>5.4.5 Birefringence Tuning 166</p> <p>5.5 Photonic Devices 172</p> <p>5.5.1 Electrically Tuned Phase Shifter 173</p> <p>5.5.2 Thermally/electrically Tuned Optical Filters 174</p> <p>5.5.3 Electrically Controlled PLCF-based Polarizer 175</p> <p>5.5.4 Thermally Tunable Attenuator 175</p> <p>5.6 Photonic Liquid Crystal Fiber Sensors for Sensing and Security 176</p> <p>5.7 Conclusion 178</p> <p>Acknowledgments 178</p> <p>References 179</p> <p><b>6 Miniaturized Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Systems for Potential Air Vehicle Structural Health Monitoring Applications 183<br /> </b><i>Honglei Guo, Gaozhi Xiao, Nezih Mrad, and Jianping Yao</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 183</p> <p>6.2 Spectrum Fixed AWG-Based FBG Sensor System 186</p> <p>6.2.1 Operation Principle 186</p> <p>6.2.2 Applications 188</p> <p>6.3 Spectrum Tuning AWG-/EDG-Based FBG Sensor Systems 190</p> <p>6.3.1 Principle of Spectrum Tuning AWG 191</p> <p>6.3.2 Applications of Spectrum Tuning PLC 194</p> <p>6.4 Dual Function EDG-Based Interrogation Unit 215</p> <p>6.5 Conclusion 219</p> <p>Acknowledgments 220</p> <p>References 220</p> <p><b>7 Optical Coherence Tomography for Document Security and Biometrics 225<br /> </b><i>Shoude Chang, Youxin Mao, and Costel Flueraru</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 225</p> <p>7.2 Principle of OCT 229</p> <p>7.2.1 Coherence Gate 229</p> <p>7.2.2 Time Domain and Fourier Domain OCT 230</p> <p>7.2.3 Full-Field OCT (FF-OCT) 232</p> <p>7.3 OCT Systems: Hardware and Software 233</p> <p>7.3.1 OCT Systems and Components 233</p> <p>7.3.2 Algorithms Used in OCT Signal/Image Processing 236</p> <p>7.4 Sensing Through Volume: Applications 242</p> <p>7.4.1 Security Data Storage and Retrieval 242</p> <p>7.4.2 Internal Biometrics for Fingerprint Recognition 244</p> <p>7.5 Summary and Conclusion 251</p> <p>References 252</p> <p><b>8 Photonics-Assisted Instantaneous Frequency Measurement 259<br /> </b><i>Shilong Pan and Jianping Yao</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 259</p> <p>8.2 Frequency Measurement Using an Optical Channelizer 261</p> <p>8.2.1 Optical Phased Array WDM 262</p> <p>8.2.2 Free-Space Diffraction Grating 264</p> <p>8.2.3 Phase-Shifted Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating Arrays 265</p> <p>8.2.4 Integrated Optical Bragg Grating Fabry–Perot Etalon 266</p> <p>8.3 Frequency Measurement Based on Power Monitoring 266</p> <p>8.3.1 Chromatic-Dispersion-Induced Microwave Power Penalty 267</p> <p>8.3.2 Break the Lower Frequency Bound 273</p> <p>8.3.3 IFM Based on Photonic Microwave Filters with Complementary Frequency Responses 277</p> <p>8.3.4 First-Order Photonic Microwave Differentiator 280</p> <p>8.3.5 Optical Power Fading Using Optical Filters 284</p> <p>8.4 Other Methods for Frequency Measurement 287</p> <p>8.4.1 Fabry–Perot Scanning Receiver 287</p> <p>8.4.2 Photonic Hilbert Transform 287</p> <p>8.4.3 Monolithically Integrated EDG 289</p> <p>8.4.4 Incoherent Frequency-to-Time Mapping 290</p> <p>8.5 Challenges and Future Prospects 291</p> <p>8.6 Conclusion 292</p> <p>References 292</p> <p>Index 297</p>

<P><B>GAOZHI XIAO </B>is Senior Research Officer at the Institute for Microstructural Science at Canada’s National Research Council. He is an associate editor for <i>IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement</i> and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Electronics at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada.</P> <P><B>WOJTEK J. BOCK</B> is Canada Research Chair in Photonics. His areas of research include fiber optic sensors, metrology, and calibration parameters of non-electric optoelectronics.

<p><b>A cutting-edge look at safety and security applications of photonic sensors</b></p> <p>With its many superior qualities, photonic sensing technology is increasingly used in early-detection and early-warning systems for biological hazards, structural flaws, and security threats. <i>Photonic Sensing</i> provides for the first time a comprehensive review of this exciting and rapidly evolving field, focusing on the development of cutting-edge applications in diverse areas of safety and security, from biodetection to biometrics. <P>The book brings together contributions from leading experts in the field, fostering effective solutions for the development of specialized materials, novel optical devices, and networking algorithms and platforms. A number of specific areas of safety and security monitoring are covered, including background information, operation principles, analytical techniques, and applications. Topics include: <UL><LI> Document security and structural integrity monitoring, as well as the detection of food pathogens and bacteria </LI> <LI>Surface plasmon sensors, micro-based cytometry, optofluidic techniques, and optical coherence tomography</LI> <LI>Optic fiber sensors for explosive detection and photonic liquid crystal fiber sensors for security monitoring</li> <LI>Photonics-assisted frequency measurement with promising electronic warfare applications</LI></UL> <P>An invaluable, multidisciplinary resource for researchers and professionals in photonic sensing, as well as safety and security monitoring, this book will help readers jump-start their own research and development in areas of physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, mechanics, electronics, and defense.

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