Details

Obesity

Science to Practice
1. Aufl.

von: Gareth Williams, Gema Fruhbeck
174,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	08.07.2009
ISBN/EAN:	9780470712214
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	600

In den Warenkorb

Als Gutschein

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

This comprehensive textbook addresses one of the major public health concerns of our era – obesity. Clearly and simply, Obesity: science to practice provides a balanced, coherent account of obesity: how to define and measure it, its epidemiology, the physiological basis, associated diseases, how to assess, manage and treat it, and also strategies for prevention. The book is generously illustrated, including graphs and flow charts for easy reference. The chapters cite key references so that interested readers may pursue a given topic in more detail. Well presented and thoroughly edited by one of the leading experts in the field, this is the textbook of choice for anyone working in obesity.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xiii List of Contributors xv 1 History of Obesity 3 George A. Bray Early human history 3 History of the biology of obesity 6 Descriptions and measurements of obesity 7 Metabolism and energy balance 8 Health hazards of obesity 10 Causes of obesity 12 Treatment of obesity 15 Growth of the scientifi c community 16 References 17 2 Epidemiology and Social Impact of Obesity 21 Neville Rigby, Rachel Leach, Tim Lobstein, Rachel Huxley, and Shiriki Kumanyika Definitions of obesity 21 Current and recent prevalences of obesity 25 Childhood obesity 31 Predicted increases in obesity in adults 34 Comorbidities of obesity 35 Costs of obesity to society 37 Conclusions 39 References 39 3 Key Methodologies in Obesity Research and Practice 45 Susan A. Jebb, Alexandra M. Johnstone, Janet Warren, Gail R. Goldberg, and Les Bluck Anthropometric indices 45 Measurements of body composition 49 Measurements of fat distribution 53 Measuring energy balance 55 Assessing insulin sensitivity 66 References 72 4 Adipose Tissue: Development, Anatomy and Functions 79 Dominique Langin, Gema Frühbeck, Keith N. Frayn, and Max Lafontan Introduction 79 Development of white adipose tissue 79 Structure of white adipose tissue 82 Fat storage and mobilization 88 Adipokines 93 Receptors expressed by adipose tissue 98 Brown adipose tissue 98 Adipose tissue development and dynamics 102 References 103 5 The Regulation of Energy Balance: An Overview 111 Gareth Williams Regulation of body fat and composition 111 Regulation of energy intake and expenditure 118 Lessons from other species: informative or misleading? 120 Causes of obesity 121 References 124 6 Control of Eating 127 Wolfgang Langhans, Joanne Harrold, Gareth Williams, and Nori Geary Flavour and orosensory signals 127 Gut signals 129 Metabolic signals 133 Adiposity signals 136 The neuroanatomy of eating regulation 140 The neuropharmacology of eating control 147 Modulating factors 151 References 152 7 Energy Balance in Humans 167 Ellen E. Blaak Energy balance 167 Energy intake 167 Energy expenditure 171 Altered sympathetic activity in obesity 178 Substrate oxidation and predisposition to obesity 179 References 181 8 Aetiology of Human Obesity 187 John R. Speakman and David Levitsky Lifestyle-related obesity 187 Changes in the prevalence of obesity over time 196 Drug-induced obesity 202 Endocrine causes of obesity 204 Specifi c genetic disorders 205 References 208 9 Health Hazards of Obesity: An Overview 215 Ronald C.W. Ma, Gary T.C. Ko, and Juliana C.N. Chan Measures of obesity as predictors of morbidity and mortality 215 Obesity and premature mortality 217 Cardiovascular disease 221 Type 2 diabetes 225 Malignancy 228 Gall-bladder disease 229 Osteoarthritis 229 Chronic renal failure 230 Ethnic differences in obesity-related predictors of disease 230 Conclusions 231 References 232 10 Metabolic Complications of Obesity 237 Ronald Ma and Juliana Chan Type 2 diabetes 237 The metabolic syndrome 241 Obesity and insulin resistance 244 Obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes 254 Dyslipidaemia in obesity and the metabolic syndrome 258 References 261 11 Liver Disease in Obesity 273 Nimantha de Alwis and Chris Day Epidemiology 273 Pathogenesis of NAFLD in obesity 273 Pathology of NAFLD 275 Natural history of NAFLD 275 Clinical presentation 276 Investigation of suspected NAFLD 277 Management of patients with NAFLD 279 References 282 12 Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity 287 Gianluca Iacobellis and Arya M. Sharma General links between obesity and cardiovascular disease 287 Impact of obesity on the heart 290 Obesity and hypertension 296 Obesity and congestive heart failure 299 Obesity and coronary artery disease 300 Obesity and arrhythmias 300 Cardiac-associated adipose tissue 301 Peripheral vascular disease 304 Cardiovascular disease in ‘metabolically healthy obesity’ 306 Investigation of cardiovascular disease in obesity 307 Management of cardiovascular disease in obese subjects 308 References 311 13 Obesity and Other Diseases 323 Mimi Chen and Robert Andrews Musculoskeletal disorders 323 Respiratory system 324 Endocrine system 328 Gastrointestinal tract 336 Obesity and cancer 336 Psychological and psychiatric disorders 339 References 339 14 Social and Psychological Factors in Obesity 347 Andrew J. Hill Stereotyping of obesity 347 Adult attitudes 349 Social disadvantage 349 Psychological well-being 354 The way forward 359 References 360 15 Assessment and Investigation of Obesity 367 Luc Van Gaal and Ilse Mertens Causes of obesity 367 Comorbidities and health risks of obesity 370 Practical assessment of obesity 375 Personal history 375 Review of systems 380 Clinical examination 380 Screening investigations 384 Assessment of the overweight patient 385 References 385 16 Managing Obesity: General Approach and Lifestyle Intervention 393 Susanne Wiesner and Jens Jordan Selection of patients for obesity management 393 Treatment targets 394 Lifestyle modifi cation 398 Physical activity 407 References 411 17 Pharmacological Approaches for Treating Obesity 421 John Wilding Historical context 421 Defining the effi cacy of anti-obesity drugs 424 Potential targets for intervention 425 Indications for pharmacotherapy in obesity 432 Currently available treatments 433 Use of anti-obesity drugs in children and adolescents 441 Drugs causing weight gain 441 Future directions 441 References 442 18 Surgical Approaches to the Management of Obesity 449 Mervyn Deitel Rationale of bariatric surgical procedures 449 History of bariatric surgery 449 Bariatric operations in current use 454 General aspects of bariatric surgery 460 Conclusions 464 References 464 19 Special Considerations in Managing Obesity 471 Mimi Chen and Robert Andrews Managing causes of secondary obesity 471 Management of intercurrent conditions in obesity 474 Managing type 2 diabetes in obese patients 479 Management of IFG and IGT 488 Management of dyslipidaemia 489 Complementary therapies and obesity 490 References 492 20 Eating Disorders in Obesity 499 Susan M. Byrne and Emma R. Dove Binge eating and binge eating disorder 499 Night eating syndrome 502 Psychopathology associated with BED and NES in obese individuals 502 Body dissatisfaction and preoccupation with weight and shape 503 Assessment and treatment of eating disorders in obese individuals 503 References 505 21 Obesity in Childhood 509 Julian Shield and Carolyn Summerbell Defining obesity in children 509 Aetiology of childhood obesity 512 Consequences of childhood obesity 520 Investigation and assessment 522 Treatment of childhood obesity 525 Prevention of childhood obesity 531 References 533 22 Prevention of Obesity 543 Tim Lobstein Primary and secondary obesity prevention 543 Extending the evidence base through future studies 554 Tertiary prevention 554 Cost-effectiveness of obesity prevention strategies 556 Investing in health 557 Inequalities and health promotion 557 Conclusions 558 References 558 23 A Look to the Future 565 Gareth Williams and Gema Frühbeck Obesity and its fellow-travellers: here to stay 565 More secrets from fat? 566 Energy balance and obesity: signals and noise 567 Managing obesity: must do better 567 Prevention: better than cure, but ... 569 Whose problem is it anyway? 569 Index 571

Autorenportrait

Gareth Williams, MD, ScD FRCP Edin, Professor of Medicine, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK. Gema Fruhbeck, Department of Endocrinology, Clinica Universitaria and Metabolic Research Laboratory, University of Navarra, Spain.