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<p>Preface ix</p> <p>List of Symbols xi</p> <p>Introduction xv</p> <p><b>Chapter 1. Background Noise in Electronics </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1. Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2. Spontaneous fluctuations in electronic components 2</p> <p>1.2.1. Introduction 2</p> <p>1.2.2. Thermal noise 2</p> <p>1.2.3. Shot noise 7</p> <p>1.2.4. Generation / recombination noise 7</p> <p>1.2.5. Excess noise 8</p> <p>1.3. Noise factor 9</p> <p>1.3.1. Definition 9</p> <p>1.3.2. Reference temperature for the noise factor 11</p> <p>1.3.3. Importance of the noise factor in telecommunications 12</p> <p>1.4. Noise in two-ports 13</p> <p>1.4.1. Representation of noise in two-ports 13</p> <p>1.4.2. Expression of the noise factor of a two-port 15</p> <p>1.4.3. Minimum noise factor of a two-port 16</p> <p>1.4.4. Inverse relations 19</p> <p>1.5. Characterization of noise in a two-port 20</p> <p>1.6. Conclusion 22</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Friis Formula 23</b></p> <p>2.1. Introduction 23</p> <p>2.2. Calculation method 24</p> <p>2.3. Calculation of the admittance parameters of the Q1, Q2 association in cascade 26</p> <p>2.4. Contribution of noise generators <i>e₁</i>, <i>i₁</i>, <i>e₂ </i>and <i>i₂ </i>to <i>I₁ </i>and <i>I₄ </i>27</p> <p>2.4.1. Introduction 27</p> <p>2.4.2. Contribution of the noise generator <i>e₁</i>27</p> <p>2.4.3. Contribution of the noise generator <i>i₁ </i>28</p> <p>2.4.4. Contribution of the noise generator <i>e₂ </i>28</p> <p>2.4.5. Contribution of the noise generator <i>i₂ </i>29</p> <p>2.5. <i>e_Tot </i>and <i>i_Tot </i>identification 30</p> <p>2.6. Calculation of F₁₂(YS) 30</p> <p>2.7. Friis Formula 31</p> <p>2.7.1. Introduction 31</p> <p>2.7.2. Transducer power gain 32</p> <p>2.7.3. Available power gain 34</p> <p>2.8. Conclusion 35</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. Adapted Attenuator and Noise Factor </b><b>37</b></p> <p>3.1. Introduction 37</p> <p>3.2. Calculation of Y and S parameters 38</p> <p>3.3. General representation of noise in two-ports 39</p> <p>3.4. Equivalent noise generators at the input of the adapted attenuator 40</p> <p>3.5. Noise factor on 50 Ω of the adapted attenuator 41</p> <p>3.6. Using Bosma’s theorem 43</p> <p>3.7. Consequences on the structure of a receiver 46</p> <p>3.8. Equivalent noise resistance and noise conductance at the input 47</p> <p>3.9. Conclusion 48</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. Noise Factor Measurement on 50 </b><b>Ω 51</b></p> <p>4.1. Introduction 51</p> <p>4.2. Noise factor measurement by Y factor 52</p> <p>4.3. Second stage correction 54</p> <p>4.4. Measurement procedure and calculation of the noise factor of the DUT 55</p> <p>4.5. Available power gain and insertion power gain of the DUT 57</p> <p>4.6. Sample results 60</p> <p>4.7. Conclusion 62</p> <p><b>Chapter 5. Characterization in Noise </b><b>65</b></p> <p>5.1. Introduction 65</p> <p>5.2. The tuner 67</p> <p>5.2.1. Tuner constitution 67</p> <p>5.2.2. Noise behavior of the noise diode + tuner assembly 68</p> <p>5.2.3. Tuner calibration procedure 71</p> <p>5.3. Characterization in noise of the noise measurement chain 73</p> <p>5.4. Characterization in <i>S </i>parameters of the device under test 74</p> <p>5.5. Noise characterization of the device under test 74</p> <p>5.6. Validation of a noise characterization bench 75</p> <p>5.6.1. Introduction 75</p> <p>5.6.2. 2.5 dB adapted attenuator 76</p> <p>5.6.3. Coaxial cable 78</p> <p>5.7. Conclusion 79</p> <p><b>Chapter 6. Exercises and Answers </b><b>81</b></p> <p>6.1. Exercises 81</p> <p>6.2. Solutions 91</p> <p>Conclusion 117</p> <p>Appendix 1 119</p> <p>Appendix 2 125</p> <p>Appendix 3 135</p> <p>Appendix 4 149</p> <p>Bibliography 163</p> <p>Index 165</p>

<b>François Fouquet</b> is a Doctor of Electronics and a teacher–researcher at ESIGELEC, France. His research focuses on the modeling the aging of wide-bandgap semi-conductor components.

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