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<p>Introduction . xiii</p> <p><b>Part 1. Production: Global Knowledge and Science in the Digital Era  1</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 1. Current Knowledge Dynamics 3</b></p> <p>1.1. Transparency of scientific data 4</p> <p>1.2. Transparency of experimental protocol  6</p> <p>1.3. A necessary form of research engineering 7</p> <p>1.4. Confusion between data and scientific results: avoiding manipulation of research results 8</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Digital Conditions for Knowledge Production  11</b></p> <p>2.1. An economic system oriented toward innovation  11</p> <p>2.2. What of knowledge and indeed the concept of the commons? 13</p> <p>2.3. From analog to digital 14</p> <p>2.4. User–producer: civil society enters the knowledge production system  16</p> <p>2.5. The interactions between the various spheres of knowledge production 18</p> <p>2.6. Collaboration between society and knowledge: producing authorities should be put into perspective 20</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. The Dual Relationship between the User and the Developer 23</b></p> <p>3.1. Legal arrangements for knowledge-sharing using development platforms 23</p> <p>3.2. The user contributes to the creation and development of content process 25</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. Researchers’ Uses and Needs for Scientific and Technical Information  29</b></p> <p>4.1. The CNRS survey 29</p> <p>4.2. Diverse uses and dual needs 31</p> <p>4.3. An explanation through differentiated scientific analysis  33</p> <p><b>Chapter 5. New Tools for Knowledge Capture  37</b></p> <p>5.1. The growth of metadata exploitation  37</p> <p>5.2. Are we moving toward a semantic Web? 38</p> <p>5.3. Tools and limits for metadata processing 39</p> <p>5.4. The challenges of the semantic Web  40</p> <p><b>Chapter 6. Modes of Knowledge Sharing and Technologies  43</b></p> <p>6.1. Data storage technologies and access allowing knowledge sharing 43</p> <p>6.2. Exchange platforms and catalogs  44</p> <p>6.3. Knowledge-processing and digital editions  45</p> <p><b>Part 2. Sharing Mechanisms: Knowledge Sharing and the Knowledge-based Economy 47</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 7. Business Model for Scientific Publication 49</b></p> <p>7.1. The current economic model is changing so as to adapt to new conditions for knowledge sharing  49</p> <p>7.2. Creation of a new model 51</p> <p>7.3. The issues raised by the creation of a new economic model  52</p> <p>7.4. A new economic model struggling to fine its niche 54</p> <p><b>Chapter 8. Actor Strategy: International Scientific Publishing, Services with High Added Value and Research Communities 57</b></p> <p>8.1. Publishing, editing and existing: live issues within the publication of Scientific and Technical Information (STI) 58</p> <p>8.2. Who is subject to it? The other players in scientific publishing  59</p> <p>8.3. The characteristics of SMS (Science of Man and Society)  60</p> <p>8.4. Existing without publishing? New STI directions  62</p> <p>8.5. Alternatives to scientific publishing  63</p> <p><b>Chapter 9. New Approaches to Scientific Production 67</b></p> <p>9.1. New means of access to scientific production: innovative models  67</p> <p>9.2. Two main objectives: accelerating knowledge sharing and promoting scientific collaboration 71</p> <p>9.3. The need for new analytical tools and the risk of reprivatization of scientific knowledge. 72</p> <p>9.4. The absence of the usage doctrine and the risk of reprivatization of science: the case of social networks  74</p> <p><b>Chapter 10. The Geopolitics of Science 77</b></p> <p>10.1. National convergent research models 78</p> <p>10.2. Science is a source of international cooperation  81</p> <p>10.3. International scientific cooperation is accelerating 84</p> <p><b>Chapter 11. Copyright Serving the Market 85</b></p> <p><b>Part 3. Enhancement Knowledge Rights and Public Policies in the Wake of Digital Technology 89</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 12. Legal Protection of Scientific Research Results in the Humanities and Social Sciences  91</b></p> <p>12.1.Different legal protections for different kinds of science 91</p> <p>12.2. Why protect? 92</p> <p>12.3. How to protect  93</p> <p>12.4. Protect against whom? 98</p> <p>12.5. Changing the challenges of Internet protection 99</p> <p>12.6. Legal obstacles related to the author’s right 100</p> <p><b>Chapter 13. Development of Knowledge and Public Policies 103</b></p> <p>13.1. Knowledge enhancement concerns everyone  104</p> <p>13.2. What are the public policies for enhancing knowledge?  105</p> <p>13.3. State establishment of connections between actors: a key tool in knowledge enhancement  107</p> <p>13.4. Comparing the United States and the European Union  109</p> <p><b>Chapter 14. From Author to Enhancer  111</b></p> <p>14.1. Enhancing scientific research is a complex process  112</p> <p>14.2. Scientific research enhancement follows a legislative framework intended to promote innovation  114</p> <p><b>Chapter 15. The Right to Knowledge: Moving Toward a Universal Law? 117</b></p> <p>15.1. Unclear regulatory frameworks  118</p> <p>15.2. Developing legal frameworks related to the Internet is complicated 121</p> <p>15.3. Proposals for developing legal frameworks for the Internet  123</p> <p><b>Chapter 16. Governing by Algorithm 127</b></p> <p>16.1. Statistics that foreshadow algorithms 128</p> <p>16.2. Algorithmic governance and democratic opportunities  130</p> <p><b>Chapter 17. Public Data and Science in e-Government  133</b></p> <p>17.1. Disseminating data and disseminating science: a new requirement 134</p> <p>17.2. Public data in the e-government  137</p> <p>17.3. Science within e-government 139</p> <p><b>Chapter 18. Surveillance, Sousveillance, Improper Capturing 141</b></p> <p>18.1. The traditional legal framework for information capture 142</p> <p>18.2. The clear need for a specific law 145</p> <p><b>Chapter 19. Public Knowledge Policies in the Digital Age  149</b></p> <p>19.1. GAFA domination and the oligopolization of the market 150</p> <p>19.2. Isolated digital ecosystems 152</p> <p>19.3. Regulation through competition law 153</p> <p>19.4. Data protection: moving toward a law for the digital community 154</p> <p><b>Chapter 20. The Politics of Creating Artificial Intelligence  157</b></p> <p>20.1. History 158</p> <p>20.2. Artificial intelligence has become a priority for public and private actors  160</p> <p>20.4. The appearance of legal problems 162</p> <p><b>Chapter 21. Security Policies in Artificial Intelligence 165</b></p> <p>21.1. Security as a comment on machines and data  166</p> <p>21.2. From the security of machines to the security of humans 169</p> <p>Conclusion 175</p> <p>Postscript  177</p> <p>Glossary  179</p> <p>Bibliography  185</p> <p>Index 201</p>

“Sharing economy models are rippling through the world of scientific knowledge and research; open access brings challenges for developers, researchers, and policy makers – all treated here in the context of law-making” <b>The Magpi, issue 60, Aug 2017</b>

<strong>Renaud Fabre</strong>, Head of STI Department of the CNRS, France.

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