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<p>Foreword x<br /> <i>Dr Arthur Paynter</i></p> <p>Acknowledgements xiii</p> <p><b>1 Identifying Signs of Neuromotor Immaturity in Children and Adults 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 How to use this Manual 2</p> <p>1.3 Overview 3</p> <p>1.4 Relationship between Neuromotor Immaturity and Learning Outcomes 4</p> <p>Literature review 4</p> <p>1.5 Neuromotor Immaturity in Adolescents 6</p> <p>1.6 Relevance of the INPP Screening Test to Health Practitioners 8</p> <p>1.7 What is the INPP Method? 8</p> <p>Why assess posture and balance? 9</p> <p>Why carry out assessments for balance? 9</p> <p>What is the significance of static balance and dynamic balance to learning? 10</p> <p>What is the significance of postural control to learning? 10</p> <p>What is the link between primitive reflexes, balance and postural control? 11</p> <p>1.8 How Does the Vestibular System Work? 11</p> <p>1.9 Primitive Reflexes 12</p> <p>Why have these four reflexes been selected for evaluation? 12</p> <p>1.10 What Evidence is there that Intervention in the Form of Movement Programmes Aimed at the Level of Primitive Reflexes Improves Reflex Status and Educational Outcomes? 18</p> <p>1.11 What was known about Exercises to Inhibit Primitive Reflexes? When was the INPP Method Developed? What has been your Personal Experience Since then? 19</p> <p>1.12 What is the Difference between the INPP Method, Sensory Integration (SI), Vojta Therapy, Bobath Therapy and Others Working with Primitive Reflexes? What are the Criteria for Referral to a Particular Therapy? 20</p> <p>The INPP method 20</p> <p>Sensory Integration (SI) therapy 21</p> <p>Vojta therapy 22</p> <p>Bobath therapy 26</p> <p>1.13 What are the Top Five Medical Diagnoses Where Referral to INPP Should Routinely be considered After Checking the Reflexes by Clinicians? 27</p> <p>1.14 Screening Tests 27</p> <p>How to use the screening test 28</p> <p>References 28</p> <p><b>2 Screening Test for Use with Children 32</b></p> <p>2.1 General Instructions 32</p> <p>2.2 Scoring 32</p> <p>2.3 Tests 33</p> <p>The Romberg test 34</p> <p>One-leg stand or Unipedal Stance Test (UPST) 37</p> <p>Tests for ‘soft signs’ of neurological dysfunction: The Tandem and Fog walks 39</p> <p>The Tandem walk 40</p> <p>The Fog walk (1963) (walking on the outsides of the feet) 42</p> <p>Finger and thumb opposition test 44</p> <p>2.4 Tests for Primitive Reflexes 46</p> <p>Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) 46</p> <p>Test procedure: Ayres quadruped test for the ATNR 47</p> <p>Adapted Hoff–Schilder test for the ATNR (from seven years of age) 48</p> <p>The Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) 50</p> <p>Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR): Erect test 52</p> <p>The Moro reflex 54</p> <p>2.5 Sample Score Sheets 56</p> <p>2.6 Sample Observation Sheets 57</p> <p>2.7 Interpreting the Scores 58</p> <p>Children 58</p> <p>References 59</p> <p><b>3 Neuromotor Immaturity in Adults 61</b></p> <p>3.1 The Role of the Vestibular System and Its Connections 61</p> <p>3.2 Historical Background to Links between Vestibular–Cerebellar Dysfunction and Anxiety, Agoraphobia and Panic Disorder 64</p> <p>3.3 Vestibular Dysfunction: Cause or Effect? 68</p> <p>3.4 Rationale for a Somatogenic/Psychosomatic Basis to Some Anxiety Disorders 68</p> <p>3.5 Postural Righting Reactions 71</p> <p>Labyrinthine Head Righting Reflexes (LHRRs) 71</p> <p>3.6 The Moro Reflex: A Trigger for Panic? 72</p> <p>3.7 How to Use the INPP Screening Test 74</p> <p>3.8 The INPP Adult Screening Questionnaire 76</p> <p>3.9 Interpreting the INPP Adult Screening Questionnaire 79</p> <p>References 80</p> <p><b>4 INPP Screening Test for Signs of Neuromotor Immaturity in Adults 83</b></p> <p>4.1 General Instructions 83</p> <p>4.2 Scoring 83</p> <p>4.3 Screening Tests for Use with Adults 83</p> <p>4.4 Tests for Balance and ‘Soft Signs’ of Neurological Dysfunction (ND) 84</p> <p>4.5 Tests for Balance and Proprioception 86</p> <p>The Romberg test 86</p> <p>The Mann test (advanced Romberg test) 89</p> <p>The tandem walk 91</p> <p>The Fog walk (1963) (walking on the outsides of the feet) 93</p> <p>4.6 Tests for Primitive Reflexes 95</p> <p>Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR) 95</p> <p>Ayres quadruped test for the ATNR 96</p> <p>Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex adapted Hoff–Schilder (erect) test 97</p> <p>The Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR) 99</p> <p>Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR): Erect test 101</p> <p>Moro reflex 103</p> <p>Erect (drag) test for the Moro reflex 105</p> <p>4.7 Adult screening test 107</p> <p>4.8 Interpreting the scores 109</p> <p>References 110</p> <p>Resources 111</p> <p>Index 121</p>

"This book is a good starting point for clinicians for assessing neuromotor immaturities. It will help you to understand the current neurological status of your patient and the need for further assessment, therapy or referral." Pregnancy and Paediatrics Faculty of the Royal College of Chiropractors Newsletter, February 2015

<p><b>Sally Goddard Blythe</b> is International Director of The Institute for Neuro-Physiological Psychology (INPP) in Chester, UK. She is the author of seven books on child development, including <i>Assessing Neuromotor Readiness for Learning: The INPP Developmental Screening Test and School Intervention Programme</i> (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), <i>The Genius of Natural Childhood</i> (2011), and <i>Attention, Balance and Coordination: The A.B.C. of Learning Success</i> (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).</p>

<p>Undiagnosed neuromotor immaturity is increasingly being held responsible for a broad range of symptoms, including anxiety, behavioral disorders, and learning difficulties. Available to healthcare professionals for the first time, this book contains proven screening tests to measure neuromotor immaturity in children and adults in order to provide a basis for referral and help. Based on the pioneering work of Sally Goddard Blythe and the Institute for Neuro-Physiological Psychology, it provides reproducible scoring and observation sheets for use in practice.</p> <p>The screening tests allow healthcare practitioners to assess disorders of movement that can negatively affect educational performance and emotional function in children and adolescents, as well as the thoughts and behavior of adults.  It is a novel approach for healthcare professionals who observe aberrant reflexes in their patients in the absence of more serious pathology. The perfect complement to <i>Assessing Neuromotor Readiness for Learning</i>, these tests makes new resources and information available to patients who are often overlooked by standard clinical and educational services.</p>

GB