Preface. <p>Contributors list.</p> <p><b>Part I GENERAL ASPECTS.</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Sources and composition of sewage effluent; treatment systems and methods</b> (<i>Renato Iannelli and David Giraldi</i>).</p> <p>1.1 Sources of usable wastewater.</p> <p>1.2 Main characteristics of usable wastewater.</p> <p>1.3 Wastewater treatments.</p> <p>1.4 Framework for the selection of the optimal treatment train.</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 Health considerations in the recycling of water and use of treated wastewater in agriculture and other non-potable purposes</b> (<i>Hillel Shuval</i>).</p> <p>2.1 Introduction.</p> <p>2.2 Rationale: why should society allow, regulate, and thus encourage exposure of the population to known health risks?</p> <p>2.3 Persistence of pathogenic microorganisms in water, soil, and on crops from wastewater-irrigation.</p> <p>2.4 Disease transmission by wastewater-irrigation.</p> <p>2.5 Control of crops and irrigation methods to reduce health risks.</p> <p>2.6 Development of health standards and guidelines for wastewater use.</p> <p>2.7 Conclusions.</p> <p>Chapter 3 Irrigation with recycled water: guidelines and regulations (<i>Nikolaos V. Paranychianakis, Miquel Salgot and Andreas N. Angelakis</i>)</p> <p>Terminology definitions.</p> <p>3.1 Introduction.</p> <p>3.2 Historical development of water recycling and reuse regulations.</p> <p>3.3 Water recycling in agriculture: quality issues.</p> <p>3.4 Treatment requirements and TWW quality monitoring.</p> <p>3.5 Water reuse criteria: irrigation of agricultural crops and landscapes.</p> <p>3.6 Conclusions.</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Economic aspects of irrigation with treated wastewater</b> (<i>Efrat Hadas and Yoav Kislev</i>).</p> <p>4.1 Introduction.</p> <p>4.2 Wastewater in agriculture.</p> <p>4.3 Wastewater and the regulation of its reuse.</p> <p>4.4 Treatment.</p> <p>4.5 Cost.</p> <p>4.6 Replacement of fertilizers.</p> <p>4.7 Cost allocation and prices.</p> <p>4.8 Further considerations and alternatives.</p> <p>4.9 Agreements.</p> <p>4.10 The role of the government.</p> <p>4.11 Concluding comments.</p> <p><b>Part II IMPACTS ON THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT AND CROPS.</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Major minerals.</b></p> <p>5.1 Nitrogen in treated wastewater-irrigation (<i>Asher Bar-Tal</i>).</p> <p>5.2 Phosphorus (<i>Bnayahu Bar-Yosef</i>).</p> <p>5.3 Calcium and carbonate (<i>Gil Eshel and Michael J. Singer</i>).</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Toxic elements.</b></p> <p>6.1 Boron (<i>Uri Yermiyahu, Alon Ben-Gal and Rami Keren</i>).</p> <p>6.2 Chlorides in treated wastewater and their effects on plants (<i>Uzi Kafkafi</i>).</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Heavy metals in soils irrigated with wastewater</b> (<i>Amir Hass, Uri Mingelgrin and Pinchas Fine</i>).</p> <p>List of acronyms.</p> <p>7.1 Introduction.</p> <p>7.2 Heavy metals in effluents.</p> <p>7.3 Organic matter: composition in wastewater effluents and behavior in soil.</p> <p>7.4 Attenuation of heavy metals in soils irrigated with effluents.</p> <p>7.5 Loading limits of metals.</p> <p>7.6 Metals: interaction with soil components.</p> <p>7.7 Distribution of metals among the soil’s solid fractions.</p> <p>7.8 The stability, pH and Eh of free oxides, and their effect on the geochemical distribution of metals.</p> <p>7.9 Heavy metal solubility and speciation in the soil solution.</p> <p>7.10 Mobility of heavy metals in the soil profile.</p> <p>7.11 Availability to plants.</p> <p>7.12 Summary and conclusions.</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Salinity</b> (<i>Nico E. Marcar, Tivi Theiveyanathan and Daryl P. Stevens</i>).<br /> </p> <p>8.1 The nature of salinity.</p> <p>8.2 Measuring salinity.</p> <p>8.3 Mechanism of soil salinisation.</p> <p>8.4 Salinity in wastewater.</p> <p>8.5 Effects of salinity on plant growth and water use.</p> <p>8.6 Water use.</p> <p>8.7 Managing root-zone salinity.</p> <p>8.8 Summary and conclusions.</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 Physical aspects</b> (<i>Guy J. Levy and Shmuel Assouline</i>).</p> <p>9.1 Introduction.</p> <p>9.2 Soil structural stability.</p> <p>9.3 Soil hydraulic properties.</p> <p>9.4 Soil surface sealing, infiltration and runoff.</p> <p>9.5 Soil erosion.</p> <p>9.6 Water repellency.</p> <p>9.7 Concluding comments.</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 Fouling in microirrigation systems applying treated wastewater effluents</b> (<i>Carlos G. Dosoretz, Jorge Tarchitzky, Ilan Katz, Elisha Kenig and Yona Chen</i>).</p> <p>10.1 Introduction.</p> <p>10.2 Quality of treated effluents as a source of irrigation water.</p> <p>10.3 Emitter clogging in relation to irrigation water quality.</p> <p>10.4 Management of emitter clogging.</p> <p>10.5 Recovery of clogged emitters.</p> <p>10.6 Concluding remarks and future prospects.</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 Effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on soil microbiology</b> (<i>Dror Minz, Rachel Karyo and Zev Gerstl</i>).</p> <p>11.1 Introduction.</p> <p>11.2 Soil microbial ecology and activities.</p> <p>11.3 Human pathogens.</p> <p>11.4 Summary and conclusions.</p> <p><b>Chapter 12 Impact of irrigation with treated wastewater on pesticides and other organic microcontaminants in soils</b> (<i>Zev Gerstl and Ellen R. Graber</i>).</p> <p>12.1 Introduction.</p> <p>12.2 The effect of DOM on the chemical behavior of organic xenobiotics.</p> <p>12.3 Effluent-borne organic contaminants.</p> <p>12.4 Summary and conclusions.</p> <p><b>Chapter 13 Organic matter in wastewater and treated wastewaterirrigated soils: properties and effects</b> (<i>Yona Chen, Carlos G. Dosoretz, Ilan Katz, Elizabeth J</i><i>ueschke, Bernd Marschner and Jorge Tarchitzky</i>).</p> <p>13.1 Introduction.</p> <p>13.2 Organic matter in wastewater.</p> <p>13.3 Soil organic matter (SOM).</p> <p>13.4 The influence of treated-wastewater-borne organic matter on soil organic matter.</p> <p>13.5 The influence of treated-wastewater-borne organic matter on soil properties.</p> <p>13.6 Concluding remarks.</p> <p><b>Chapter 14 Analysis of transport of mixed Na/Ca salts in a three-dimensional heterogeneous variably saturated soil</b> (<i>David Russo</i>).</p> <p>14.1 Introduction.</p> <p>14.2 Modeling of transport of mixed Na/Ca salts in spatially heterogeneous, variably saturated soils.</p> <p>14.3 Simulation of transport of mixed Na/Ca salts in spatially heterogeneous, variably saturated soils.</p> <p>14.4 Summary and concluding remarks.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>Index.</b></p>