<b>Preface.</b> <p><b>Foreword.</b></p> <p><b>Contributors.</b></p> <p><b>1. All that Glitters</b> <i><b>Is</b></i> <b>Gold!</b> (<i>Robert D. Blackledge and Edwin L. Jones, Jr.</i>).</p> <p>1.1 What Is Glitter?</p> <p>1.2 The Ideal Contact Trace.</p> <p>1.2.1 Nearly Invisible.</p> <p>1.2.2 High Probability of Transfer and Retention.</p> <p>1.2.3 Highly Individualistic.</p> <p>1.2.4 Quickly and Easily Collected, Separated, and Concentrated.</p> <p>1.2.5 Easily Characterized.</p> <p>1.2.6 Computerized Database Capability.</p> <p>1.3 Characterization Methods.</p> <p>1.3.1 Color.</p> <p>1.3.2 Morphology.</p> <p>1.3.3 Shape.</p> <p>1.3.4 Size.</p> <p>1.3.5 Specifi c Gravity.</p> <p>1.3.6 Thickness.</p> <p>1.3.7 Cross Section.</p> <p>1.3.8 Infrared Spectra.</p> <p>1.3.9 Raman Microspectroscopy.</p> <p>1.3.10 Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy.</p> <p>1.4 Glitter as Evidence in Criminal Cases.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>2. Forensic Analysis of Automotive Airbag Contact—Not Just a Bag of Hot Air</b> (<i>Glenn D. Schubert</i>).</p> <p>2.1 History of Airbags.</p> <p>2.2 How Do Airbags Work?</p> <p>2.3 Types of Forensic Evidence to Look for.</p> <p>2.4 Airbag Case Reports and Examples.</p> <p>2.5 Changes that Are Occurring.</p> <p>2.6 Final Discussion.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>3. Ink Analysis Using UV Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry</b> (<i>John Allison</i>).</p> <p>3.1 Introduction.</p> <p>3.2 The Instrumentation.</p> <p>3.3 The Analyte Target Molecules.</p> <p>3.4 LDMS for the Analysis of Dyes in Pen Inks.</p> <p>3.5 Related Applications.</p> <p>3.6 LDMS Analyses that "Don't Work."</p> <p>3.7 Conclusions.</p> <p>Acknowledgments.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>4. Condom Trace Evidence in Sexual Assaults: Recovery and Characterization</b> (<i>Wolfgang Keil</i>).</p> <p>4.1 Introduction.</p> <p>4.1.1 Forensic Signifi cance.</p> <p>4.1.2 Production, Sale, and Use of Condoms.</p> <p>4.1.3 Condom Production.</p> <p>4.2 Examination for Condom Residue Traces.</p> <p>4.3 Forensic Evaluation of the Substances and Examinations.</p> <p>4.4 Case Studies.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>5. Latent Invisible Trace Evidence: Chemical Detection Strategies</b> (<i>Gabor Patonay, Brian Eckenrode, James John Krutak, Jozef Salon,and Lucjan Strekowski</i>).</p> <p>5.1 Introduction.</p> <p>5.2 Latent Bloodstain Detection.</p> <p>5.3 Fingerprint Detection with Near-Infrared Dyes.</p> <p>5.4 Pepper Spray Detection.</p> <p>5.4.1 Pepper Spray Detection Using Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dyes.</p> <p>5.4.2 Pepper Spray Detection Using Chemical Derivatization.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>6. Applications of Cathodoluminescence in Forensic Science</b> (<i>Christopher S. Palenik and JoAnn Buscaglia</i>).</p> <p>6.1 Introduction.</p> <p>6.2 Theory.</p> <p>6.2.1 Luminescence Terminology.</p> <p>6.2.2 Electron Source.</p> <p>6.2.3 Cathodoluminesence.</p> <p>6.2.4 Limitations.</p> <p>6.3 Instrumentation.</p> <p>6.3.1 Electron Source.</p> <p>6.3.2 Microscope.</p> <p>6.3.3 Camera.</p> <p>6.3.4 Spectrometer.</p> <p>6.3.5 SEM-CL.</p> <p>6.4 Techniques and Forensic Considerations.</p> <p>6.4.1 Instrumental Conditions.</p> <p>6.4.2 Sample Preparation and Preservation.</p> <p>6.4.3 Image Collection.</p> <p>6.4.4 Spectral Collection.</p> <p>6.4.5 Luminescence Fading.</p> <p>6.4.6 Sample Alteration.</p> <p>6.5 Luminescent Minerals.</p> <p>6.5.1 Calcium Carbonate Group.</p> <p>6.5.2 Feldspar Group.</p> <p>6.5.3 Quartz.</p> <p>6.5.4 Accessory Minerals.</p> <p>6.6 Forensic Applications.</p> <p>6.6.1 Screening and Comparison.</p> <p>6.6.2 Identifi cation.</p> <p>6.6.3 Authentication.</p> <p>6.6.4 Provenance.</p> <p>6.7 Geological Samples: Soil and Sand.</p> <p>6.8 Anthropogenic Materials.</p> <p>6.8.1 Cement and Concrete.</p> <p>6.8.2 Slag, Fly Ash, and Bottom Ash.</p> <p>6.8.3 Glass.</p> <p>6.8.4 Paint.</p> <p>6.8.5 Duct Tape.</p> <p>6.9 Conclusions and Outlook.</p> <p>Acknowledgments.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>7. Forensic Application of DART</b><b>TM</b> <b>(Direct Analysis in Real Time) Mass Spectrometry</b> (<i>James A. Laramée, Robert B. Cody, J. Michael Nilles, and H. Dupont Durst</i>).</p> <p>7.1 Introduction.</p> <p>7.2 Experimental.</p> <p>7.3 Drug and Pharmaceutical Analysis.</p> <p>7.3.1 Confi scated Samples.</p> <p>7.3.2 Endogenous Drugs.</p> <p>7.3.3 Drug Residues on Surfaces.</p> <p>7.4 Samples from the Human Body.</p> <p>7.4.1 Fingerprints.</p> <p>7.4.2 Bodily Fluids.</p> <p>7.5 Condom Lubricants.</p> <p>7.6 Dyes.</p> <p>7.6.1 Self-Defense Sprays.</p> <p>7.6.2 Currency-Pack Dye.</p> <p>7.7 Explosives.</p> <p>7.8 Arson Accelerants.</p> <p>7.9 Chemical Warfare Agents.</p> <p>7.10 Elevated-Temperature DART for Material Identifi cation.</p> <p>7.11 Glues.</p> <p>7.12 Plastics.</p> <p>7.13 Fibers.</p> <p>7.14 Identifi cation of Inks.</p> <p>7.15 Conclusion.</p> <p>Acknowledgments.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>8. Forensic Analysis of Dyes in Fibers Via Mass Spectrometry</b> (<i>Linda A. Lewis and Michael E. Sigman</i>).</p> <p>8.1 Introduction.</p> <p>8.2 Conventional Fiber Color Comparison Methods Employed in Forensic Laboratories.</p> <p>8.3 Shortcomings Associated with UV–Vis Based Comparative Analysis for Trace-Fiber Color Evaluations.</p> <p>8.4 General Overview of Modern Dye Ionization Techniques for Mass Analysis.</p> <p>8.5 Trace-Fiber Color Discrimination by Direct ESI-MS Analysis.</p> <p>8.6 Examples of Negative Ion ESI-MS Analysis of Colored Nylon Windings.</p> <p>8.7 Examples of Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) Applications to Elucidate Structure.</p> <p>8.8 LC-MS Analysis of Dyes Extracted from Trace Fibers.</p> <p>8.9 Proposed Protocols to Compare Trace-Fiber Extracts.</p> <p>8.9.1 Direct Infusion MS/MS Protocol.</p> <p>8.9.2 Generalized LC-MS and LC-MS/MS Protocol.</p> <p>8.10 Conclusions.</p> <p>Acknowledgments.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>9. Characterization of Surface-Modifi ed Fibers</b> (<i>Robert D. Blackledge and Kurt Gaenzle</i>).</p> <p>9.1 Fibers as Associative Evidence.</p> <p>9.2 Surface-Modifi ed Fibers.</p> <p>9.3 Preliminary Examinations.</p> <p>9.3.1 Infrared Spectra and Properties Measured by Polarized Light Microscopy.</p> <p>9.3.2 Infrared Mapping with an FTIR Microscope.</p> <p>9.3.3 Raman Mapping.</p> <p>9.3.4 AATCC Test Method 118-2002.</p> <p>9.3.5 A Simple Example.</p> <p>9.4 Distinguishing Tests.</p> <p>9.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy.</p> <p>9.4.2 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.</p> <p>9.4.3 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.</p> <p>Acknowledgments.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>10. Characterization of Smokeless Powders</b> (<i>Wayne Moorehead</i>).</p> <p>10.1 Introduction.</p> <p>10.2 Purpose of Analysis.</p> <p>10.2.1 Identifi cation of Smokeless Powder.</p> <p>10.2.2 Determining Brand.</p> <p>10.3 Brief History of Smokeless Powder.</p> <p>10.4 Characterization Toward Smokeless Powder Identification.</p> <p>10.5 Characterization Toward Brand Identification.</p> <p>10.5.1 Characterization by Morphology.</p> <p>10.5.2 Micromorphology.</p> <p>10.5.3 Other Characteristics.</p> <p>10.6 Micrometry.</p> <p>10.7 Mass.</p> <p>10.8 FTIR Spectroscopy.</p> <p>10.8.1 Transmission Micro-FTIR.</p> <p>10.8.2 ATR-FTIR.</p> <p>10.9 Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry.</p> <p>10.9.1 Gas Chromatography.</p> <p>10.9.2 Liquid Chromatography.</p> <p>10.10 Conclusion.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>11. Glass Cuts</b> (<i>Helen R. Griffin</i>).</p> <p>11.1 A Homicide.</p> <p>11.2 A Robbery.</p> <p>11.3 A Hit and Run.</p> <p>11.4 Cutting Versus Tearing.</p> <p>11.5 Slash Cuts Made by Glass.</p> <p>11.5.1 Associated Glass.</p> <p>11.5.2 Fabric Type.</p> <p>11.5.3 Blade Characteristics.</p> <p>11.6 Conclusion.</p> <p>Acknowledgments.</p> <p>References.</p> <p>Additional Sources.</p> <p><b>12. Forensic Examination of Pressure Sensitive Tape</b> (<i>Jenny M. Smith</i>).</p> <p>12.1 Introduction.</p> <p>12.2 Product Variability.</p> <p>12.3 Tape Construction.</p> <p>12.3.1 Tape Backings.</p> <p>12.3.2 Adhesive Formulations.</p> <p>12.3.3 Common Reinforcement Fabrics.</p> <p>12.4 Duct Tape.</p> <p>12.5 Electrical Tape.</p> <p>12.6 Polypropylene Packaging Tape.</p> <p>12.6.1 Oriented Films.</p> <p>12.6.2 Polarized Light Microscopy Examinations of Packing Tapes.</p> <p>12.6.3 Is It MOPP or BOPP?</p> <p>12.6.4 Thickness.</p> <p>12.6.5 Degree of Offset from the Machine Edge.</p> <p>12.7 Strapping/Filament Tapes.</p> <p>12.8 Masking Tape.</p> <p>12.9 Initial Handling.</p> <p>12.9.1 Sharing Evidence with Other Sections.</p> <p>12.9.2 Untangling Tape and Recovering Trace Evidence.</p> <p>12.10 Methods.</p> <p>12.10.1 Physical End Matching.</p> <p>12.10.2 Physical Characteristics.</p> <p>12.10.3 Separation of Backing, Reinforcement, and Adhesive.</p> <p>12.10.4 FTIR Analysis.</p> <p>12.10.5 Elemental Analysis.</p> <p>12.10.6 Polarized Light Microscopy.</p> <p>12.10.7 Pyrolysis GC/MS.</p> <p>12.10.8 Sourcing Tape Products to a Manufacturer.</p> <p>12.11 Case Example.</p> <p>Acknowledgments.</p> <p>References.</p> <p>Additional Sources.</p> <p><b>13. Discrimination of Forensic Analytical Chemical Data Using Multivariate Statistics</b> (<i>Stephen L. Morgan and Edward G. Bartick</i>).</p> <p>13.1 Patterns in Data.</p> <p>13.2 Experimental Design and Preprocessing.</p> <p>13.3 Dimensionality Reduction by Principal Component Analysis for Visualizing Multivariate Data.</p> <p>13.4 Visualizing Group Differences by Linear Discriminant Analysis.</p> <p>13.5 Group Separation, Classifi cation Accuracy, and Outlier Detection.</p> <p>13.6 Selected Applications.</p> <p>13.7 Conclusion.</p> <p>Acknowledgments.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>14. The Color Determination of Optically Variable Flake Pigments</b> (<i>Michael R. Nofi</i>).</p> <p>14.1 Introduction.</p> <p>14.2 OVP: Form, Characteristics, and Function.</p> <p>14.3 Color Measurement.</p> <p>14.4 Color Blending.</p> <p>14.5 Additive Color Theory.</p> <p>14.6 Methods of Formulating OVP.</p> <p>14.7 Blending of Pigments.</p> <p>14.8 Microspectrophotometry.</p> <p>14.9 Measurement Geometry.</p> <p>14.10 Switching Objective Magnifi cations.</p> <p>14.11 Determining Sample Size.</p> <p>14.12 Measurement Uncertainty.</p> <p>14.13 Sample Preparation and Measurement.</p> <p>14.14 Spectral Profi ling.</p> <p>14.15 Statistical Methods of Evaluation.</p> <p>14.16 Challenges for the Future.</p> <p>14.17 Other forensic Methods.</p> <p>Acknowledgments.</p> <p>References.</p> <p>Additional Sources.</p> <p><b>15. Forensic Science Applications of Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis</b> (<i>James R. Ehleringer, Thure E. Cerling, and Jason B. West</i>).</p> <p>15.1 What Are Stable Isotopes?</p> <p>15.2 What Are the Units for Expressing the Abundance of Stable Isotopes?</p> <p>15.3 What Is the Basis for Variations in Stable Isotope Abundances?</p> <p>15.4 What Instrumentation Is Needed for High-Precision Stable Isotope Measurements?</p> <p>15.5 How Can Stable Isotope Analyses Assist Forensics Cases?</p> <p>15.6 Stable Isotope Abundances in Forensic Evidence.</p> <p>15.6.1 Food Products, Food Authenticity, and Adulteration.</p> <p>15.6.2 Doping and Drugs of Abuse.</p> <p>15.6.3 Sourcing of Humans, Animals, and Animal Products.</p> <p>15.6.4 Humans: Bones, Hair, and Teeth.</p> <p>15.6.5 Stable Isotope Abundances of Manufactured Items.</p> <p>References.</p> <p><b>Index.</b></p>