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<p>List of Contributors xix</p> <p>Preface xxvii</p> <p><b>1 Mycobial Nanotechnology in Bioremediation of Wastewater 1<br /> </b><i>Vikanksha Thakur, Arun Kumar, and Jatinder Singh</i></p> <p>1.1 Fungi 1</p> <p>1.2 Nanotechnology Aspects 2</p> <p>1.3 The Production of Nanoparticles Using an Origin of Fungi 2</p> <p>1.4 Categories and Characteristics of Synthesized Nanoparticles 4</p> <p>1.5 Various Usage of Nanomaterials 6</p> <p>1.6 Mycobial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater 7</p> <p>1.7 Benefits of Mycobial Bioremediation 8</p> <p>1.8 Constraints of Mycobial Bioremediation 9</p> <p>1.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 9</p> <p>References 9</p> <p><b>2 Microbial Enzymes in Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants: Mechanisms and Applications 12<br /> </b><i>Bharati Lap, Ashim Debnath, Gourav Kumar Singh, Priyank Chaturvedi, Joy Kumar Dey, and Sajal Saha</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 12</p> <p>2.2 Conclusion 18</p> <p>References 18</p> <p><b>3 Microbe Assisted Remediation of Xenobiotics: A Sustainable Solution 20<br /> </b><i>Azha Ufaq Nabi, Faamiya Shajar, and Reiaz Ul Rehman</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 20</p> <p>3.2 Bioremediation 24</p> <p>3.3 Environmental Factors 25</p> <p>3.4 <i>Ex Situ</i> Bioremediation Strategies 27</p> <p>3.5 Genetic Engineering Approaches 28</p> <p>3.6 The Beneficial Role of Microbes in Degradation of Different Pollutants 29</p> <p>3.7 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Detoxification by Microbes 30</p> <p>3.8 Intracellular Sequestration 30</p> <p>3.9 Extracellular Sequestration 30</p> <p>3.10 Reduction of Heavy Metal Ions by Microbial Cell 31</p> <p>3.11 The Degradation Mechanism of the Complex Dye Structure by Microbes 31</p> <p>3.12 In Domestic and Agricultural Lignocellulose Wastes Remediation 33</p> <p>3.13 Conclusion 34</p> <p>References 34</p> <p><b>4 Bioremediation Strategies as Sustainable Bio-Tools for Mitigation of Emerging Pollutants 42<br /> </b><i>Hamza Rafeeq, Zainab Riaz, Anum Shahzadi, Shazaf Gul, Fatima Idress, Sidra Ashraf, and Asim Hussain</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 42</p> <p>4.2 Bioremediation by Microbial Strains 43</p> <p>4.3 Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation 44</p> <p>4.4 Classification of Bioremediations 46</p> <p>4.5 Bioremediation of Various Pollutants 50</p> <p>4.6 Recent Advancement and Challenges in Bioremediation 53</p> <p>4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages 57</p> <p>4.8 Conclusion 58</p> <p>4.9 Future Perspective 58</p> <p>References 58</p> <p><b>5 How Can Plant-microbe Interactions be used for the Bioremediation of Metals in Water Bodies? 65<br /> </b><i>Gabriela Petroceli-Mota, Emilane Pinheiro da Cruz Lima, Mariana Miranda de Abreu, Glacielen Ribeiro de Souza, Jussara Tamires de Souza Silva, Gabriel Quintanilha-Peixoto, Alessandro Coutinho Ramos, Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis, and Aline Chaves Intorne</i></p> <p>5.1 Water Contamination Issues 65</p> <p>5.2 Metal Contamination Effects 66</p> <p>5.3 Metal Bioremediation 69</p> <p>5.4 Aquatic Macrophytes in Metal Phytoremediation Processes 70</p> <p>5.5 Microorganisms in Metal Remediation 72</p> <p>5.6 Interaction Between Aquatic Macrophytes and Microorganisms 74</p> <p>5.7 Conclusion 76</p> <p>References 76</p> <p><b>6 Extremophilic Microorganisms for Environmental Bioremediation 82<br /> </b><i>Nazim Hussain, Mehvish Mumtaz, Warda Perveez, and Hafsa</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 82</p> <p>6.2 Extremophiles 82</p> <p>6.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms Under Extreme Conditions 83</p> <p>6.4 Extremophiles Applications for Environmental Bioremediation 90</p> <p>6.5 Bioremediation of Petroleum Product 92</p> <p>6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 99</p> <p>References 99</p> <p><b>7 Bacterial/Fungal Inoculants: Application as Bio Stimulants 108<br /> </b><i>V. Mamtha, Swati, K. Sowmiya, and Haralakal Keerthi Kumari</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 108</p> <p>7.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) 111</p> <p>7.3 Conclusion 114</p> <p>References 114</p> <p><b>8 Microbial Inoculants and Their Potential Application in Bioremediation: Emphasis on Agrochemicals 118<br /> </b><i>Shriniketan Puranik, Kallinkal Sobha Sruthy, Menpadi Manoj, Konaghatta Vijayakumar Vikram, Praveen Karijadar, Sandeep Kumar Singh, and Livleen Shukla</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 118</p> <p>8.2 Pollution of Different Matrices by Agrochemicals 119</p> <p>8.3 Different Strategies Employed in Bioremediation 122</p> <p>8.4 Microbe-Mediated Bioremediation and Recent Advances 127</p> <p>8.5 Novel Enzymes or Genes Involved in Bioremediation of Pollutants 131</p> <p>8.6 Conclusion 135</p> <p>References 135</p> <p><b>9 Porous Nanomaterials for Enzyme Immobilization and Bioremediation Applications 146<br /> </b><i>Nazim Hussain, Areej Shahbaz, Hafiza Ayesha Malik, Farhana Ehsan, José Cleiton Sousa dos Santos, and Aldona Balčiūnaitė</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 146</p> <p>9.2 Enzyme Immobilization 147</p> <p>9.3 Model Enzymes With Multifunctional Attributes 149</p> <p>9.4 Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 150</p> <p>9.5 Inorganic Materials as Support Matrices 150</p> <p>9.6 Organic Materials as Support Matrices 152</p> <p>9.7 Synthetic Polymers as Support Matrices 152</p> <p>9.8 Nanomaterials as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 153</p> <p>9.9 Porous Nanomaterials as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 154</p> <p>9.10 Advantages of Enzyme Immobilization 154</p> <p>9.11 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization 155</p> <p>9.12 Bioremediation Applications of Enzyme Immobilized Porous Nanomaterials 156</p> <p>9.13 Future Directions 156</p> <p>9.14 Conclusion 157</p> <p>References 157</p> <p><b>10 Effects of Microbial Inoculants on Soil Nutrients and Microorganisms 162<br /> </b><i>D. Vijaysri, Konderu Niteesh Varma, Haralkal Keerthi Kumari, D. Sai Srinivas, S.T.M. Aravindharajan, Dilbag Singh, Livleen Shukla, T. Kavya, and Sandeep Kumar Singh</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 162</p> <p>10.2 Microbial Inoculants and Soil Nutrients 163</p> <p>10.3 Influence of Microbial Inoculants on Soil Nutrient Quality 163</p> <p>10.4 Impact of Microbial Inoculants on Natural Soil Microbial Communities 166</p> <p>10.5 Microbial Inoculants: Mechanisms Involved in Affecting the Resident Microbial Community 166</p> <p>10.6 Effect of Monoinoculation Versus Coinoculation 167</p> <p>10.7 Conclusion 168</p> <p>References 168</p> <p><b>11 Bacterial Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters: Applications and Challenges 171<br /> </b><i>Christina Saran, Anuradha Devi, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira, Sikandar I. Mulla, and Ram Naresh Bharagava</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 171</p> <p>11.2 Composition and Nature of Various Industrial Wastewater 172</p> <p>11.3 Role of Bacteria in Biodegradation of Specific Pollutant Found in Wastewater 174</p> <p>11.4 Different Approaches and Mechanism of Bacterial Bioremediation in Industrial Wastewater 177</p> <p>11.5 Factors Influencing Bacterial Degradation Efficiency 182</p> <p>11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 185</p> <p>References 185</p> <p><b>12 Sustainable Algal Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Applications and Challenges 190<br /> </b><i>Anuradha Devi, Christina Saran, Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale, Rijuta Ganesh Saratale, Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira, Sikandar I. Mulla, and Ram Naresh Bharagava</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 190</p> <p>12.2 Characteristics and Composition of Industrial Wastewater (IWW) 191</p> <p>12.3 Perks of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment (WWT) 193</p> <p>12.4 Cultivation System for IWW Treatment 194</p> <p>12.5 Algal Nutrient Uptake Mechanisms 195</p> <p>12.6 Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents 198</p> <p>12.7 Recovery of Valuable Nutrients 200</p> <p>12.8 Future Directions and Research Frontiers 201</p> <p>12.9 Conclusion 202</p> <p>References 202</p> <p><b>13 Immobilization of Microbial Inoculants for Improving Soil Nutrient Bioavailability 206<br /> </b><i>Swati, V. Mamtha, and Haralakal Keerthi Kumari</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 206</p> <p>13.2 History of Immobilization 207</p> <p>13.3 Support Material Selection 207</p> <p>13.4 Support Materials Used for Immobilization of Microbes 207</p> <p>13.5 Conclusion 211</p> <p>References 211</p> <p><b>14 Insight Into the Factors Inhibiting the Anammox Process in Wastewater 213<br /> </b><i>Surbhi Sinha, Anamika Singh, and Rachana Singh</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 213</p> <p>14.2 Substrate Inhibition 214</p> <p>14.3 Heavy Metals Inhibition 214</p> <p>14.4 Organic Matter Inhibition 215</p> <p>14.5 Salinity Inhibition 216</p> <p>14.6 Microplastic Inhibition 216</p> <p>14.7 Nanoparticle (NPs) Inhibition 217</p> <p>14.8 Control Strategies 217</p> <p>14.9 Conclusion and Prospects 220</p> <p>References 220</p> <p><b>15 Chitinolytic Microbes for Pest Management in Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Strategies 224<br /> </b><i>Vikram Poria, Sandeep Kumar, Babett Greff, Pawan Kumar, Prakriti Jhilta, Balkar Singh, and Surender Singh</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 224</p> <p>15.2 Alternatives to Agrochemicals in Organic Agriculture for Pest Management 225</p> <p>15.3 Pest Management in Organic Agriculture Using Chitinolytic Microbial Agents 228</p> <p>15.4 Challenges Associated With the Use of Chitinolytic Microorganisms 230</p> <p>15.5 Strategies for Sustainable Use of Chitinolytic Microorganisms in Organic Agriculture 232</p> <p>15.6 Conclusion and Prospects 233</p> <p>Acknowledgments 233</p> <p>References 234</p> <p><b>16 Microbial Bioremediation of Metals and Radionuclides: Approaches and Advancements 242<br /> </b><i>Sobia Riaz, Muhammad Sohail, and Rashba Sahar</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 242</p> <p>16.2 Sources and Effects of Heavy Metals 243</p> <p>16.3 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation 244</p> <p>16.4 Approaches for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Through Microbial Processes: An Introduction 245</p> <p>16.5 Approaches for the Bioremediation of Radionuclide 247</p> <p>16.6 Novel Technologies in Bioremediation 249</p> <p>16.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 250</p> <p>References 251</p> <p><b>17 Chapter Role of Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation: Current Perspectives 257<br /> </b><i>Sahaya Nadar and Tabassum Khan</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 257</p> <p>17.2 Formation of Biofilm 258</p> <p>17.3 Microbes Forming Biofilm 259</p> <p>17.4 Biofilms in Bioremediation 261</p> <p>17.5 Emerging Opportunities 264</p> <p>17.6 Challenges in Bioremediation Using Biofilms 266</p> <p>17.7 Conclusions 266</p> <p>References 267</p> <p><b>18 Green Nanoparticles for Textile Wastewater Treatment: The Current Insights 277<br /> </b><i>Irfan Haidri, Aneeza Ishfaq, Muhammad Shahid, Tanvir Shahzad, Sabir Hussain, and Faisal Mahmood</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 277</p> <p>18.2 Sources and Composition of Textile Wastewater 278</p> <p>18.3 Environmental Effects of Textile Wastewater 278</p> <p>18.4 Nanotechnology in Environmental Pollution Remediation 278</p> <p>18.5 Types of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles Used in the Treatment of Textile Wastewater 279</p> <p>18.6 Green Synthesis Methods 280</p> <p>18.7 Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Different Process 283</p> <p>18.8 Degradation of Dyes by Green Synthesized Nanoparticles 285</p> <p>18.9 Removal Efficiency of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater 285</p> <p>18.10 Toxicity and Safety Considerations for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using Green Synthesized Nanoparticles 286</p> <p>18.11 Cost-effectiveness 287</p> <p>18.12 Challenges and Limitations 287</p> <p>18.13 Future Trends and Research Directions 288</p> <p>18.14 Conclusion 288</p> <p>References 288</p> <p><b>19 Microbial Inoculants: Application in the Management of Metal Stress 293<br /> </b><i>Poulomi Ghosh and Saprativ P. Das</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 293</p> <p>19.2 Microbial Inoculants 293</p> <p>19.3 Factors Influencing Microbial Inoculants’ Efficacy 295</p> <p>19.4 Sources of Heavy Metals 298</p> <p>19.5 Effects of Heavy Metals 300</p> <p>19.6 Microbial Mechanisms of Metal Tolerance and Remediation 302</p> <p>19.7 Other Remediation Approaches 304</p> <p>19.8 Metal Remediation in Co-contaminated Soils 305</p> <p>19.9 Concomitant Strategies for Metal Stress Management 306</p> <p>19.10 Challenges, Impending Visions, and Conclusions 308</p> <p>References 309</p> <p><b>20 Harnessing In Silico Techniques for Bioremediation Solutions 312<br /> </b><i>Nischal Pradhan and Ajay Kumar</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 312</p> <p>20.2 Emergence of In Silico Approaches 313</p> <p>20.3 Genome-Scale Models 314</p> <p>20.4 Molecular Modeling 315</p> <p>20.5 QSAR Models 316</p> <p>20.6 Metabolic Modeling for Engineering Microbes 317</p> <p>20.7 Development of In Silico Platforms for Bioremediation Research 318</p> <p>20.8 Challenges and Limitations 318</p> <p>20.9 Conclusion 319</p> <p>References 319</p> <p><b>21 Microbial Inoculants and Their Potential Application in Bioremediation 321<br /> </b><i>Ankita Agrawal, Jitesh Kumar Maharana, and Amiya Kumar Patel</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 321</p> <p>21.2 Overview of Bioremediation 322</p> <p>21.3 Microbial Inoculants: Concept and Types 325</p> <p>21.4 Mode of Action of Microbial Inoculants in Bioremediation 328</p> <p>21.5 Applications of Microbial Inoculants 329</p> <p>21.6 Process Optimization for Enhanced Bioremediation 330</p> <p>21.7 Challenges and Future Prospects of Microbial Inoculants 331</p> <p>21.8 Ecological Consequences 331</p> <p>21.9 Assessment and Implementation of Microbial Inoculants 332</p> <p>21.10 Case Studies and Success of Restoration Efforts 333</p> <p>21.11 Conclusion 336</p> <p>21.12 Future Perspectives 336</p> <p>Acknowledgment 336</p> <p>References 337</p> <p><b>22 Microbial Inoculant Approaches for Disease Management 345<br /> </b><i>S.T.M. Aravindharajan, Sivaprakasam Navarasu, Velmurugan Shanmugam, S.S. Deepti Varsha, D. Vijaysri, Sandeep Kumar Singh, and Livleen Shukla</i></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 345</p> <p>22.2 Approaches of Various Microbial Inoculants for Controlling the Economically Important Disease 346</p> <p>22.3 Central Role of Micro Organisms to Induced the Innate Immunity 351</p> <p>22.4 Synthetic Microbial Communities in Plant Disease Management 355</p> <p>22.5 Recent Trends of Biocontrol Agent 356</p> <p>22.6 Conclusion 357</p> <p>References 358</p> <p><b>23 Impact of Microbial Inoculants on the Secondary Metabolites Production of Medicinal Plants 367<br /> </b><i>Haralakal Keerthi Kumari, D. Vijaysri, T. Chethan, Swati, and V. Mamtha</i></p> <p>23.1 Introduction 367</p> <p>23.2 Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary Phytochemicals and Their Classification 367</p> <p>23.3 General Mechanism of Microbial Inoculants-Induced Production of Secondary Compounds 369</p> <p>23.4 Determinants of Secondary Phytochemical Synthesis 370</p> <p>23.5 Ideal Characteristics of Microbial Inoculants 370</p> <p>23.6 Fungi 370</p> <p>23.7 Mechanism of Fungal Elicitors 371</p> <p>23.8 Advantages of Microbial Inoculants over Chemical Inoculants for Metabolite Production 374</p> <p>23.9 Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites 374</p> <p>23.10 Conclusion 374</p> <p>References 375</p> <p><b>24 Bioremediation of High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 378<br /> </b><i>Fahad S. Alotaibi, Abdullah Alrajhi, and Saif Alharbi</i></p> <p>24.1 Introduction 378</p> <p>24.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Sources, Pollution, and Exposure Routes 379</p> <p>24.3 Biodegradation Pathways 380</p> <p>24.4 Challenges and Future Directions 384</p> <p>List of Abbreviations 385</p> <p>References 385</p> <p><b>25 Microbial Indicators for Monitoring Pollution and Bioremediation 390<br /> </b><i>Vijay Kumar, Ashok Chhetri, Joy Kumar Dey, and Ashim Debnath</i></p> <p>25.1 Introduction 390</p> <p>25.2 Biosensors for Microbial Remediation 393</p> <p>References 394</p> <p><b>26 PGPRs: Toward a Better Greener Future in Sustainable Agriculture 397<br /> </b><i>Soham Das, V.H.S. Vaishnavee, Anshika Dedha, Priya Yadav, Rahul Prasad Singh, and Ajay Kumar</i></p> <p>26.1 Introduction 397</p> <p>26.2 Brief Introduction of PGPRs 398</p> <p>26.3 Role of PGPRs 398</p> <p>26.4 Social and Economic Impact of PGPRs 404</p> <p>26.5 Challenges, Future Perspectives and Conclusion 405</p> <p>References 406</p> <p><b>27 Role of MATE Transporters in Xenobiotics Tolerance 411<br /> </b><i>Arathi Radhakrishnan, Shakshi, Raj Nandini, Ajay Kumar, Raj Kishor Kapardar, and Rajpal Srivastav</i></p> <p>27.1 Introduction 411</p> <p>27.2 Degradation and Management of Xenobiotics 411</p> <p>27.3 Role of MATE in Xenobiotics’ Extrusion and Metabolism 413</p> <p>27.4 OMIC-Based Analysis for Xenobiotics Degradation and Metabolism 416</p> <p>27.5 Conclusive Remarks 417</p> <p>Acknowledgments 417</p> <p>References 417</p> <p>Index 421</p>

<p><b>Ajay Kumar, PhD,</b> is currently working as an assistant professor at Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India. <p><b>Livleen Shukla, PhD,</b> is currently working as Principal Scientist at the Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India. <p><b>Joginder Singh, PhD,</b> is working as a Professor at the Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Nagaland, India. <p><b>Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira, PhD,</b> is an Associate Professor at the Catholic University of Brassilia, Brasilia, Brazil, focused on Environmental Engineering, Microbiotechnology, Biotechnology, and Biomedical Engineering.

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