Details

<p>About the Editors xix</p> <p>List of Contributors xxi</p> <p>Preface xxxi</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxxiii</p> <p><b>1 Scales, Scaling, and Antiscalants: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, and Properties 1</b><br /><i>Valentine Chikaodili Anadebe, Vitalis Ikenna Chukwuike, and Rakesh Chandra Barik</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Scales 2</p> <p>1.3 Scaling 5</p> <p>1.4 Antiscalant/Chemical Treatment 8</p> <p>1.5 Antiscalant Mechanism 9</p> <p>1.6 Antiscalant in IndustrialWater-Circulating Systems 9</p> <p>1.7 Antiscalants in Oilfield Environments 10</p> <p>1.8 Overview of Some Plant-derived and Organic-based Antiscalants 12</p> <p>1.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 14</p> <p><b>2 Traditional and Eco-friendly Antiscalants: Advantages and Disadvantages 18</b><br /><i>Miao-Qing Sheng, Wei-Wei Zhang, Hui-Jing Li, and Yan-Chao Wu</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 18</p> <p>2.2 Formation and Hazards of Scale 19</p> <p>2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Impedance Agents 24</p> <p>2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Environmentally Friendly Scale Inhibitors 25</p> <p>2.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 32</p> <p><b>3 Electrochemistry Basics and Theory of Scaling in Various Electrolytes: Effect of pH and Other Parameters 36</b><br /><i>Abhinay Thakur and Ashish Kumar</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction to Electrochemistry 36</p> <p>3.2 Fundamentals of Electrochemistry 38</p> <p>3.3 Scaling Phenomena in Electrolytic Systems 43</p> <p>3.4 pH’s Influence on Scaling and Electrochemical Processes 54</p> <p>3.5 Temperature and Ionic Strength Effects on Scaling 57</p> <p>3.6 Electrode Material and Its Influence on Scaling 59</p> <p>3.7 Electrolyte Composition and Current Density: Scaling Implications 60</p> <p>3.8 Integrative Understanding of Electrochemical Processes 62</p> <p>3.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 63</p> <p><b>4 A Critical Review of Relative Scale Inhibition Performance of Different Alternatives 72</b><br /><i>Konstantin Popov, Maria Trukhina, Sergey Tkachenko, and Maxim Oshchepkov</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 72</p> <p>4.2 Concluding Remarks 91</p> <p>4.3 Future Perspectives 92</p> <p><b>5 Environmentally Acceptable Antiscalants and Their Hydrolytic Stability 102</b><br /><i>Priyabrata Banerjee, Rohan Hasda, and Manilal Murmu</i></p> <p>5.1 Background of Scales and Antiscalants 102</p> <p>5.2 Hydrolytic Stability of Scales and Antiscalants 107</p> <p>5.3 Recent Developments for Environmentally Acceptable Antiscalants and Their Hydrolytic Stability 109</p> <p>5.4 Conclusion 123</p> <p>5.5 Future Perspective 123</p> <p><b>6 Assessment of Industrial Scale Inhibition: Experimental and Computational Approaches 132</b><br /><i>Abhinay Thakur, Ashish Kumar, and Sumayah Bashir</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 132</p> <p>6.2 Brief Overview of Experimental and Computational Approaches 136</p> <p>6.3 Experimental Approaches for Assessing Scale 138</p> <p>6.4 Computational Approaches for Assessing Scale 144</p> <p>6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental and Computational Approaches 150</p> <p>6.6 Challenges and Future Outlooks 151</p> <p>6.7 Conclusion 152</p> <p><b>7 Recent Advancements Toward Phosphorus-Free Scale Inhibitors: An Eco-friendly Approach in Industrial Scale Inhibition 158</b><br /><i>Manilal Murmu, Parikshit Mahato, Sukdeb Mandal, and Priyabrata Banerjee</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 158</p> <p>7.2 Scale Inhibitors and Mechanism of Scale Inhibition 159</p> <p>7.3 Advancements Toward Phosporous-Free Scale Inhibitors 160</p> <p>7.4 Summary 182</p> <p>7.5 Future Perspective 182</p> <p><b>8 Trends in Using Organic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors: Past, Present, and Future Scenarios 188</b><br /><i>Azizollah Khormali and Soroush Ahmadi</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 188</p> <p>8.2 Classification of Organic Scale Inhibitors 189</p> <p>8.3 Adsorption Mechanism of Organic Scale Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industry 196</p> <p>8.4 Increasing the Effectiveness of Organic Scale Inhibitors 197</p> <p>8.5 Technologies of Organic Scale Inhibitor Application in the Oil and Gas Industry 198</p> <p>8.6 Future Perspective 199</p> <p>8.7 Conclusion 199</p> <p><b>9 Organic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors 206</b><br /><i>Ying Liu, Feiyu Chen, Zhou Wang, Hui-Jing Li, and Yan-Chao Wu</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 206</p> <p>9.2 Organic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors 208</p> <p>9.3 New Green Scale Inhibitors 216</p> <p>9.4 Synergistic Effect Between Functional Groups 217</p> <p>9.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 217</p> <p><b>10 Plant Extracts as Scale Inhibitors 225</b><br /><i>Yong-Yin Cui, Pi-Xian Gong, Hui-Jing Li, and Yan-Chao Wu</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 225</p> <p>10.2 Plant Extracts 226</p> <p>10.3 Scale Inhibition Mechanism 227</p> <p>10.4 Plant Extracts to Prevent Carbonate Scale 228</p> <p>10.5 Plant Extracts to Prevent Sulfate Scale 232</p> <p>10.6 Future Prospects and Challenges 234</p> <p><b>11 Carbohydrates as Scale Inhibitors 239</b><br /><i>Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Seong-Cheol Kim, Walid Daoudi, Elyor Berdimurodov, Ekemini Daniel Akpan, and Eno Effiong Ebenso</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 239</p> <p>11.2 Carbohydrates as Scale Inhibitors 240</p> <p>11.3 Conclusion 248</p> <p><b>12 Copolymers and Polymers as Scale Inhibitors 253</b><br /><i>Yong-Yin Cui, Guang-Sen Xu, Hui-Jing Li, and Yan-Chao Wu</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 253</p> <p>12.2 Copolymer Scale Inhibitor 254</p> <p>12.3 Polymer Scale Inhibitor 258</p> <p>12.4 Future Prospects and Challenges 260</p> <p><b>13 Polymeric and Copolymeric Scale Inhibitors: Trends and Opportunities 266</b><br /><i>Valentine Chikaodili Anadebe, Vitalis Ikenna Chukwuike, and Rakesh Chandra Barik</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 266</p> <p>13.2 Copolymers 267</p> <p>13.3 Polymers 267</p> <p>13.4 Scale Formation 269</p> <p>13.5 Scale Inhibitors 269</p> <p>13.6 Copolymers as Scale Inhibitors in IndustrialWater-Circulating Systems 270</p> <p>13.7 Polymers as Scale Inhibitors in IndustrialWater-Circulating Systems 274</p> <p>13.8 Overview of Copolymers and Polymer-Based Scale Inhibitors for Different Scalants 280</p> <p>13.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 280</p> <p><b>14 Inorganic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors 290</b><br /><i>Elyor Berdimurodov, Khasan Berdimuradov, Ilyos Eliboev, Bakhtiyor Borikhonov, Abduvali Kholikov, Khamdam Akbarov, and Sidikov Abdujalol</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 290</p> <p>14.2 Main Part 291</p> <p>14.3 Conclusion 299</p> <p><b>15 Nanomaterials as Scale Inhibitors 304</b><br /><i>Taiwo Wasiu Quadri, Saheed Eluwale Elugoke, Chandrabhan Verma, and Eno Effiong Ebenso</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 304</p> <p>15.2 Scale Inhibitors 306</p> <p>15.3 Nanotechnology Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry 309</p> <p>15.4 Evaluation of Nanomaterials as Effective and Eco-friendly Scale Inhibitors 310</p> <p>15.5 Summary and Conclusions 318</p> <p>15.6 Future Perspective 319</p> <p><b>16 Natural Scale Inhibitors 327</b><br /><i>Jasdeep Kaur and Akhil Saxena</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 327</p> <p>16.2 Types of Scales 327</p> <p>16.3 Scale Inhibitor 329</p> <p>16.4 Advantages of Scale Inhibitors 332</p> <p>16.5 Natural Scale Inhibitor 332</p> <p>16.6 Conclusion 338</p> <p>16.7 Future Perspectives of Natural Scale Inhibitors 338</p> <p><b>17 Scaling in Concrete – Causes, Prevention, and Repair 341</b><br /><i>Smrithy Subash and Sruthy Subash</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 341</p> <p>17.2 What Is Scaling? 342</p> <p>17.3 Why Do Concrete Surfaces Scale? 343</p> <p>17.4 Concrete Structures Affected by Scaling 345</p> <p>17.5 Mechanism of Scaling in Concrete 347</p> <p>17.6 How CanWe Prevent Concrete Scaling? 349</p> <p>17.7 Prevention and Repair of Scaled Surfaces 351</p> <p>17.8 Conclusions 353</p> <p>17.9 Future Scope 354</p> <p><b>18 Plant Extracts as Scale Inhibitors 357</b><br /><i>Mohamed El Housse, Abdallah Hadfi, Brahim El Ibrahimi, Ilham Karmal, Elyor Berdimurodov, Said Ben-aazza, M'barek Belattar, and Ali Driouiche</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 357</p> <p>18.2 Plant Extracts 358</p> <p>18.3 Plant Extracts as Scaling Inhibitors 359</p> <p>18.4 Conclusion 365</p> <p><b>19 Scale Inhibitors for Cooling Towers and Industrial Circulating Systems 370</b><br /><i>Priyabrata Banerjee, Surya Sarkar, Sukdeb Mandal, and Manilal Murmu</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 370</p> <p>19.2 Background of Scale Formation and Inhibition 372</p> <p>19.3 Background of Scale Formation and Inhibition 373</p> <p>19.4 Scale Inhibitors for Cooling Towers and Industrial Circulating Systems 375</p> <p>19.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 391</p> <p><b>20 Dual-Functional Corrosion and Scale Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Industry 399</b><br /><i>Imran Ulhaq, Qiwei Wang, Nayef Alanazi, and Rashed Aleisa</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 399</p> <p>20.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibitors 400</p> <p>20.3 Scales and Scale Inhibitors 409</p> <p>20.4 Dual-Purpose Oilfield Chemicals 424</p> <p>20.5 Conclusions 443</p> <p>20.6 Future Prospects of CSI Chemicals 444</p> <p><b>21 Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Anti-scaling Applications 458</b><br /><i>Priyanka Sahoo, Richa Singhal, and Pradeep Kumar Sow</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 458</p> <p>21.2 Fundamental Principles and Theories 460</p> <p>21.3 Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Their Synthesis 463</p> <p>21.4 Methods to Analyze Anti-scaling Properties of a Given Surface 469</p> <p>21.5 Mechanism of Scale Nucleation and the Role of Superhydrophobic Surface 472</p> <p>21.6 Summary and Future Predictions 475</p> <p><b>22 Multifunctional Additives for Synergistic Scale and Corrosion Inhibition in High-Stress Systems 483</b><br /><i>Michaela Kamaratou, Stefania Liakaki-Stavropoulou, and Konstantinos D. Demadis</i></p> <p>22.1 Part 1: Corrosion and Its Inhibition 483</p> <p>22.2 Concluding Remarks 492</p> <p>22.3 Part 2: Scale and Its Inhibition 493</p> <p>22.4 Conclusions/Perspectives 523</p> <p>Acknowledgments 524</p> <p>References 524</p> <p>Index 551</p>

<p><b>Ibrahim Yahia Yaagoob, PhD,</b> is a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, and is a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS). He has received national and international awards including the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Prize for an Excellent Academic Performance in Chemistry, awarded by Sudan Institute for Natural Sciences (SIFNS-2006). <p><b>Chandrabhan Verma, PhD,</b> is working at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He has received several national and international awards for his academic achievements.

<p><b>Learn the synthesis, characterization, scaling mechanisms, and applications of green antiscalants to be utilized in modern industrial platforms</b> <p>Scale formation, or mineral accumulation on the interior surfaces of water lines and containers, is a serious and expensive hazard in numerous industries. The prevention and elimination of scales has long been a major project demanding the production of antiscalant materials; increasing awareness of the toxicity of traditional antiscalants, however, and rising environmental consciousness has increased demand for green antiscalants. It’s an exciting time for new chemists and chemical engineers to get involved in this growing field. <p><i>Industrial Scale Inhibition </i>provides a comprehensive introduction to existing and ongoing developments in green antiscalants. With coverage of synthesis, characterization, and many more subjects, it promises to make a serious contribution to environmentally conscious industry. The range of environmentally alternatives to traditional toxic antiscalants is explored and analyzed in this crucial volume. <p><i>Industrial Scale Inhibition </i>readers will also find: <ul><li>Detailed coverage of both synthetic and natural antiscalants</li><li>Up-to-date reference material including pertinent websites and connections to the latest research</li><li>Analysis of plant extracts, natural polymers, oleochemicals, and many more</li></ul> <p><i>Industrial Scale Inhibition</i> is a useful reference for chemists and chemical engineers working in research and development and academia, as well as high-level researchers working in the fields of material science and engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environment, colloid sciences, among others.

US