<p>Preface xvii</p> <p>List of Contributors xxv</p> <p><b>1 Systems Engineering, Data Analytics, and Systems Thinking 1<br /></b><i>Ron S. Kenett, Robert S. Swarz, and Avigdor Zonnenshain</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 2</p> <p>1.2 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 4</p> <p>1.3 Integrating Reliability Engineering with Systems Engineering 6</p> <p>1.4 Software Cybernetics 7</p> <p>1.5 Using Modeling and Simulations 8</p> <p>1.6 Risk Management 11</p> <p>1.7 An Integrated Approach to Safety and Security Based on Systems Theory 13</p> <p>1.8 Applied Systems Thinking 15</p> <p>1.9 Summary 17</p> <p>References 18</p> <p><b>2 Applied Systems Thinking 21<br /></b><i>Robert Edson</i></p> <p>2.1 Systems Thinking: An Overview 22</p> <p>2.2 The System in Systems Thinking 24</p> <p>2.3 Applied Systems Thinking 25</p> <p>2.4 Applied Systems Thinking Approach 26</p> <p>2.5 Problem Definition: Entry Point to Applied Systems Thinking 27</p> <p>2.6 The System Attribute Framework: The Conceptagon 29</p> <p>2.7 Soft Systems Methodology 36</p> <p>2.8 Systemigram 37</p> <p>2.9 Causal Loop Diagrams 39</p> <p>2.10 Intervention Points 40</p> <p>2.11 Approach, Tools, and Methods – Final Thoughts 41</p> <p>2.12 Summary 41</p> <p>References 42</p> <p><b>3 The Importance of Context in Advanced Systems Engineering 45<br /></b><i>Adam D. Williams</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction to Context for Advanced Systems Engineering 45</p> <p>3.2 Traditional View(s) of Context in Systems Engineering 47</p> <p>3.3 Challenges to Traditional View(s) of Context in the Fourth Industrial Revolution 48</p> <p>3.4 Nontraditional Approaches to Context in Advanced Systems Engineering 51</p> <p>3.5 <i>Context of Use</i> in Advanced Systems Engineering 60</p> <p>3.6 An Example of the Context of Use: High Consequence Facility Security 63</p> <p>3.7 Summary 70</p> <p>References 72</p> <p><b>4 Architectural Technical Debt in Embedded Systems 77<br /></b><i>Antonio Martini and Jan Bosch</i></p> <p>4.1 Technical Debt and Architectural Technical Debt 78</p> <p>4.2 Methodology 80</p> <p>4.3 Case Study Companies 81</p> <p>4.4 Findings: Causes of ATD 82</p> <p>4.5 Problem Definition: Entry Point to Applied Systems Thinking 85</p> <p>4.6 Findings: Long-Term Implications of ATD Accumulation 91</p> <p>4.7 Solutions for ATD Management 91</p> <p>4.8 Solution: A Systematic Technical Debt Map 92</p> <p>4.9 Solution: Using Automated Architectural Smells Tools for the Architectural Technical Debt Map 96</p> <p>4.10 Solution: Can We Calculate if it is Convenient to Refactor Architectural Technical Debt? 97</p> <p>4.11 Summary 100</p> <p>References 101</p> <p><b>5 Relay Race: The Shared Challenge of Systems and Software Engineering 105<br /></b><i>Amir Tomer</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 105</p> <p>5.2 Software-Intensive Systems 107</p> <p>5.3 Engineering of Software-Intensive Systems 109</p> <p>5.4 Role Allocation and the Relay Race Principles 110</p> <p>5.5 The Life Cycle of Software-Intensive Systems 110</p> <p>5.6 Software-Intensive System Decomposition 114</p> <p>5.7 Functional Analysis: Building a Shared Software-Intensive Architecture 120</p> <p>5.8 Summary 127</p> <p>References 131</p> <p>5.A Appendix 132</p> <p><b>6 Data-Centric Process Systems Engineering for the Chemical Industry 4.0 137<br /></b><i>Marco S. Reis and Pedro M. Saraiva</i></p> <p>6.1 The Past 50 Years of Process Systems Engineering 138</p> <p>6.2 Data-Centric Process Systems Engineering 141</p> <p>6.3 Challenges in Data-Centric Process Systems Engineering 149</p> <p>6.4 Summary 152</p> <p>References 154</p> <p><b>7 Virtualization of the Human in the Digital Factory 161<br /></b><i>Daniele Regazzoni and Caterina Rizzi</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 162</p> <p>7.2 The Problem 163</p> <p>7.3 Enabling Technologies 165</p> <p>7.4 Digital Human Models 168</p> <p>7.5 Exemplary Applications 173</p> <p>7.6 Summary 183</p> <p>References 1 85</p> <p><b>8 The Dark Side of Using Augmented Reality (AR) Training Systems in Industry 191<br /></b><i>Nirit Gavish</i></p> <p>8.1 The Variety of Options of AR Systems in Industry 191</p> <p>8.2 Look Out! The Threats in Using AR Systems for Training Purposes 192</p> <p>8.3 Threat #1: Physical Fidelity vs. Cognitive Fidelity 193</p> <p>8.4 Threat #2: The Effect of Feedback 194</p> <p>8.5 Threat #3: Enhanced Information Channels 195</p> <p>8.6 Summary 196</p> <p>References 197</p> <p><b>9 Condition-Based Maintenance via a Targeted Bayesian Network Meta-Model 203<br /></b><i>Aviv Gruber, Shai Yanovski, and Irad Ben-Gal</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 203</p> <p>9.2 Background to Condition-Based Maintenance and Bayesian Networks 206</p> <p>9.3 The Targeted Bayesian Network Learning Framework 212</p> <p>9.4 A Demonstration Case Study 213</p> <p>9.5 Summary 221</p> <p>References 224</p> <p><b>10 Reliability-Based Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment: A Mining Engineering Case Study 227<br /></b><i>H. Sebnem Duzgun</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 227</p> <p>10.2 Data Collection 229</p> <p>10.3 Hazard Assessment 231</p> <p>10.4 Summary 237</p> <p>References 239</p> <p><b>11 OPCloud: An OPM Integrated Conceptual-Executable Modeling Environment for Industry 4.0 243<br /></b><i>Dov Dori, Hanan Kohen, Ahmad Jbara, Niva Wengrowicz, Rea Lavi, Natali Levi Soskin, Kfir Bernstein,</i> <i>and Uri Shani</i></p> <p>11.1 Background and Motivation 244</p> <p>11.2 What Does MBSE Need to be Agile and Ready for Industry 4.0? 248</p> <p>11.3 OPCloud:The Industry 4.0-Ready OPM Modeling Framework 249</p> <p>11.4 Main OPCloud Features 252</p> <p>11.5 Software Architecture Data Structure 260</p> <p>11.6 Development Methodology and Software Testing 262</p> <p>11.7 Model Integrity 263</p> <p>11.8 Model Complexity Metric and Comprehension 264</p> <p>11.9 Educational Perspectives of OPCloud Through edX 266</p> <p>11.10 Summary 267</p> <p>References 268</p> <p><b>12 Recent Advances Toward the Industrialization of Metal Additive Manufacturing 273<br /></b><i>Federico Mazzucato, Oliver Avram, Anna Valente, and Emanuele Carpanzano</i></p> <p>12.1 State of the Art 274</p> <p>12.2 Metal Additive Manufacturing 279</p> <p>12.3 Industrialization of Metal AM: Roadmap Setup at the ARM Laboratory 287</p> <p>12.4 Future Work 314</p> <p>12.5 Summary 315</p> <p>References 316</p> <p><b>13 Analytics as an Enabler of Advanced Manufacturing 321<br /></b><i>Ron S. Kenett, Inbal Yahav, and Avigdor Zonnenshain</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 322</p> <p>13.2 A Literature Review 323</p> <p>13.3 Analytic Tools in Advanced Manufacturing 326</p> <p>13.4 Challenges of Big Data and Analytic Tools in Advanced Manufacturing 330</p> <p>13.5 An Information Quality (InfoQ) Framework for Assessing Advanced Manufacturing 333</p> <p>13.6 Summary 335</p> <p>References 336</p> <p>13.A Appendix 340</p> <p><b>14 Hybrid Semiparametric Modeling: A Modular Process Systems Engineering Approach for the Integration of Available Knowledge Sources 345<br /></b><i>Cristiana Rodrigues de Azevedo, Victor Grisales Díaz, Oscar Andrés Prado-Rubio, Mark J.Willis, Véronique Préat, Rui Oliveira, and Moritz von Stosch</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 346</p> <p>14.2 A Hybrid Semiparametric Modeling Framework 348</p> <p>14.3 Applications 352</p> <p>14.4 Summary 365</p> <p>Acknowledgments 367</p> <p>References 367</p> <p><b>15 System Thinking Begins with Human Factors: Challenges for the 4th Industrial Revolution 375<br /></b><i>Avi Harel</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 376</p> <p>15.2 Systems 378</p> <p>15.3 Human Factors 380</p> <p>15.4 Human Factor Challenges Typical of the 3rd Industrial Revolution 387</p> <p>15.5 Summary 408</p> <p>References 409</p> <p><b>16 Building More Resilient Cybersecurity Solutions for Infrastructure Systems 415<br /></b><i>Danie l Wagner</i></p> <p>16.1 A Heightened State of Vulnerability 415</p> <p>16.2 The Threat is Real 416</p> <p>16.3 A Particularly Menacing Piece of Malware 421</p> <p>16.4 Anatomy of An Attack 422</p> <p>16.5 The Evolving Landscape 424</p> <p>16.6 The Growing Threat Posed by Nuclear Facilities 425</p> <p>16.7 Not Even Close to Ready 426</p> <p>16.8 Focusing on Cyber Resiliency 428</p> <p>16.9 Enter DARPA 430</p> <p>16.10 The Frightening Prospect of “Smart” Cities 431</p> <p>16.11 Lessons from Petya 434</p> <p>16.12 Best Practices 436</p> <p>16.13 A Process Rather than a Product 437</p> <p>16.14 Building a Better Mousetrap 439</p> <p>16.15 Summary 440</p> <p>References 441</p> <p><b>17 Closed-Loop Mission Assurance Based on Flexible Contracts: A Fourth Industrial Revolution Imperative 445<br /></b><i>Azad M. Madni and Michael Sievers</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 446</p> <p>17.2 Current MA Approach 447</p> <p>17.3 Flexible Contract Construct 449</p> <p>17.4 Closed-Loop MA Approach 453</p> <p>17.5 POMDP Concept of Operations for Exemplar Problem 454</p> <p>17.6 An Illustrative Example 457</p> <p>17.7 Summary 461</p> <p>Acknowledgments 462</p> <p>References 462</p> <p><b>18 FlexTech: From Rigid to Flexible Human–Systems Integration 465<br /></b><i>Guy A. Boy</i></p> <p>18.1 Industry 4.0 and Human–Systems Integration 466</p> <p>18.2 HSI Evolution: From Interface to Interaction to Organizational Integration 468</p> <p>18.3 What Does the Term “System” Mean? 470</p> <p>18.4 HSI as Function Allocation 472</p> <p>18.5 The Tangibility Issue in Human-Centered Design 473</p> <p>18.6 Automation as Function Transfer 475</p> <p>18.7 From Rigid Automation to Flexible Autonomy 477</p> <p>18.8 Concluding Remarks 478</p> <p>18.9 Summary 479</p> <p>References 480</p> <p><b>19 Transdisciplinary Engineering Systems 483<br /></b><i>Nel Wognum, John Mo, and Josip Stjepandi</i><i>ć</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 483</p> <p>19.2 Transdisciplinary Engineering Projects 486</p> <p>19.3 Introduction to Transdisciplinary Systems 493</p> <p>19.4 Transdisciplinary System 495</p> <p>19.5 Example 1: Online Hearing Aid Service and Service Development 498</p> <p>19.6 Example 2: License Approach for 3D Printing 502</p> <p>19.7 Summary 506</p> <p>References 507</p> <p><b>20 Entrepreneurship as a Multidisciplinary Project 511<br /></b><i>Arnon Katz</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship 511</p> <p>20.2 Entrepreneurship as a Project 513</p> <p>20.3 Approaching Change, Risk, and Uncertainty Systematically 516</p> <p>20.4 The Need for a Systemic Transdisciplinary Concept – Conclusions of Case Studies and Experience 518</p> <p>20.5 Assimilating System Concepts in Entrepreneurship Management 523</p> <p>20.6 Overview of Entrepreneurship Elements 531</p> <p>20.7 Summary 534</p> <p>References 535</p> <p><b>21 Developing and Validating an Industry Competence and Maturity for Advanced Manufacturing Scale 537<br /></b><i>Eitan Adres, Ron S. Kenett, and Avigdor Zonnenshain</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction to Industry Competence and Maturity for Advanced Manufacturing 538</p> <p>21.2 Maturity Levels Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution 538</p> <p>21.3 The Dimensions of Industry Maturity for Advanced Manufacturing 540</p> <p>21.4 Validating the Construct of the Scale 541</p> <p>21.5 Analysis of Assessments from Companies in Northern Israel 544</p> <p>21.6 Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses 547</p> <p>21.7 Summary 548</p> <p>Acknowledgments 551</p> <p>References 551</p> <p><b>21.A A Literature Review on Models for Maturity Assessment of Companies and Manufacturing Plants 553</b></p> <p>21.A.1 General 553</p> <p>21.A.2 CMMI – Capability Maturity Mode Integration 553</p> <p>21.A.3 Models for Assessing Readiness Levels 554</p> <p>21.A.4 Models for Assessing the Digital Maturity of Organizations 555</p> <p>21.A.5 National Models and Standards for Assessing the Readiness of Industry 556</p> <p>21.B The IMAM Questionnaire 557</p> <p><b>22 Modeling the Evolution of Technologies 563<br /></b><i>Yair Shai</i></p> <p>22.1 Introduction to Reliability of Technologies 564</p> <p>22.2 Definitions of Technology 566</p> <p>22.3 The Birth of New Technologies 567</p> <p>22.4 Adoption and Dispersion of Technologies 574</p> <p>22.5 Aging and Obsolescence of Technologies 580</p> <p>22.6 Reliability of Technologies: A New Field of Research 582</p> <p>22.7 Quantitative Holistic Models 585</p> <p>22.8 Summary 595</p> <p>References 598</p> <p>Acronyms 603</p> <p>Biographical Sketches of Editors 609</p> <p>Index 611</p>