<p>List of Contributors xiii</p> <p>Foreword xix</p> <p>About the Book xxi</p> <p>About the Editor xxiii</p> <p><b>1 Heat Tolerance in Cotton: Morphological, Physiological, and Genetic Perspectives 1<br /></b><i>Muhammad Tehseen Azhar, Shabir Hussain Wani, Muhammad Tanees Chaudhary, Tariq Jameel, Parwinder Kaur, and Xiongming Du</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.1.1 Morphological and Physiological Traits 2</p> <p>1.1.1.1 Seedling and Root Growth 3</p> <p>1.1.1.2 Stomatal Conductance 3</p> <p>1.1.1.3 Cell Membrane Thermostability 4</p> <p>1.1.1.4 Canopy Temperature 5</p> <p>1.1.1.5 Chlorophyll Content 6</p> <p>1.1.2 Genetics and Molecular Basis of Heat Tolerance in Cotton 8</p> <p>1.1.3 Conventional Breeding Approaches 9</p> <p>1.1.4 Modern Molecular Breeding Approaches 10</p> <p>1.2 Conclusion and Future Prospects 12</p> <p>References 12</p> <p><b>2 Seed Priming as a Method to Generate Heat-stress Tolerance in Plants: A Minireview 23<br /></b><i>Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 23</p> <p>2.2 Mechanism of Heat Stress Injury in Plants 24</p> <p>2.3 Seed Priming Generating Heat-stress Tolerance 26</p> <p>2.4 Conclusion 27</p> <p>2.5 Future Perspectives 27</p> <p>Acknowledgments 28</p> <p>References 28</p> <p><b>3 How Effective are Stress-associated Proteins in Augmenting Thermotolerance? 33<br /></b><i>Inès Karmous and Sandeep Kumar Verma</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 33</p> <p>3.1.1 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) 34</p> <p>3.1.2 Proline 36</p> <p>3.1.3 Dehydrins (DHNs) 37</p> <p>3.1.4 Role of Metabolic Proteins in Thermotolerance 37</p> <p>3.2 Conclusion 40</p> <p>References 40</p> <p><b>4 Biochemical and Molecular Markers: Unraveling Their Potential Role in Screening Germplasm for Thermotolerance 47<br /></b><i>Ahmed Ismail, Kareem A. Mosa, Muna A. Ali, and Mohamed Helmy</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 47</p> <p>4.2 Types of Markers 48</p> <p>4.3 Morphological Markers 49</p> <p>4.4 Molecular Markers 49</p> <p>4.5 Biochemical Markers 53</p> <p>4.6 Quantitative Trait Loci for Plant Thermotolerance 54</p> <p>4.7 Plant Metabolites Under Heat Stress 61</p> <p>4.8 Antioxidant Enzymes and Heat Stress 63</p> <p>4.9 Conclusion 68</p> <p>References 70</p> <p><b>5 Alteration in Carbohydrate Metabolism Modulates Thermotolerance of Plant under Heat Stress 77<br /></b><i>Roseline Xalxo, Bhumika Yadu, Jipsi Chandra, Vibhuti Chandrakar, and S. Keshavkant</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 77</p> <p>5.1.1 Heat Stress and Thermotolerance 79</p> <p>5.1.1.1 Morphological Alterations 80</p> <p>5.1.1.2 Anatomical Alterations 80</p> <p>5.1.1.3 Physiological and Biochemical Modifications 81</p> <p>5.1.1.4 Cell Membrane Integrity 82</p> <p>5.2 Carbohydrate as Protectives Molecules 83</p> <p>5.2.1 Osmolyte 83</p> <p>5.2.2 Thermoprotectant 84</p> <p>5.3 Carbohydrates as Signaling Molecules 85</p> <p>5.3.1 Reproductive Cell Development 85</p> <p>5.3.2 Seed Development 86</p> <p>5.3.3 Seed Germination and Yield Loss 87</p> <p>5.4 Adverse Impacts of Heat Stress 87</p> <p>5.4.1 Photosynthesis 87</p> <p>5.4.1.1 Altered Carbon Assimilation 88</p> <p>5.4.1.2 Chlorophyll Breakdown 88</p> <p>5.4.2 Major and Minor Carbohydrate Metabolism 89</p> <p>5.4.3 Expression of Regulatory Genes 89</p> <p>5.4.4 Enzyme Activity 90</p> <p>5.5 Mechanisms Involved in Thermotolerance 93</p> <p>5.5.1 Glucose and Heat-stress Tolerance 93</p> <p>5.5.2 Sucrose and Heat-stress Tolerance 94</p> <p>5.5.3 Fructan and Heat-stress Tolerance 95</p> <p>5.5.4 Trehalose and Heat-stress Tolerance 96</p> <p>5.5.5 Raffinose and Heat-stress Tolerance 97</p> <p>5.6 Genetic Approaches/Strategies for Improving Thermotolerance 97</p> <p>5.6.1 Genetically Modified Crop Production 97</p> <p>5.6.2 Transgenic Strategies 99</p> <p>5.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 102</p> <p>References 103</p> <p><b>6 Transcriptomics to Dissect Plant Responses to Heat Stress 117<br /></b><i>Sagar Satish Datir</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 117</p> <p>6.1.1 Transcriptome Sequencing and Expression Profiling of Genes Involved in Heat Stress Response 119</p> <p>6.1.1.1 Rice (<i>Oryza sativa L.</i>) 119</p> <p>6.1.1.2 Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum L.</i>) 123</p> <p>6.1.1.3 Maize (<i>Zea mays L.</i>) 125</p> <p>6.1.1.4 Switchgrass (<i>Panicum virgatum L.</i>) and Ryegrass (<i>Lolium perenne L.</i>) 126</p> <p>6.1.1.5 Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea L.</i>) 128</p> <p>6.1.1.6 <i>Brassica rapa L.</i> 129</p> <p>6.1.1.7 Banana (<i>Musa acuminate Colla</i>) 130</p> <p>6.2 Conclusions 131</p> <p>References 132</p> <p><b>7 Proteomics as a Tool for Characterizing the Alteration in Pathways Associated with Defense and Metabolite Synthesis 141<br /></b><i>Reetika Mahajan and Sajad Majeed Zargar</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 141</p> <p>7.2 What Is Proteomics? 142</p> <p>7.3 Need of Proteomics in Post-genomic Era 143</p> <p>7.4 Different Branches of Proteomics 143</p> <p>7.5 Techniques Used in Quantitative Proteomics 145</p> <p>7.5.1 Gel-based and Gel-free Methods 146</p> <p>7.5.2 Label-based and Label-free Methods 149</p> <p>7.6 Role of Proteomics in Studying Alteration in Pathways Associated with Defense and Metabolite Synthesis 150</p> <p>7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 156</p> <p>References 156</p> <p><b>8 RNA World and Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants 167<br /></b><i>Usman Ijaz, Muhammad Amjad Ali, Habibullah Nadeem, Lin Tan, and Farrukh Azeem</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 167</p> <p>8.2 Plant microRNAs 168</p> <p>8.3 Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) 177</p> <p>8.4 Long Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) 178</p> <p>8.5 Circular RNAs (circRNAs) 179</p> <p>8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 180</p> <p>References 180</p> <p><b>9 Heat Shock Proteins: Master Players for Heat-stress Tolerance in Plants during Climate Change 189<br /></b><i>Annu Yadav, Jitender Singh, Koushlesh Ranjan, Pankaj Kumar, Shivani Khanna, Madhuri Gupta, Vinay Kumar, Shabir Hussain Wani, and Anil Sirohi</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 189</p> <p>9.2 Classification of HSPs 192</p> <p>9.2.1 HSP100 192</p> <p>9.2.1.1 Structure of HSP100 192</p> <p>9.2.1.2 Mode of Action: The HSP100 Chaperone Cycle 192</p> <p>9.2.2 HSP90 195</p> <p>9.2.2.1 Structure of HSP90 197</p> <p>9.2.2.2 Mode of Action: The HSP90 Chaperone Cycle 197</p> <p>9.2.3 HSP70 198</p> <p>9.2.3.1 Structure of HSP70 198</p> <p>9.2.3.2 Mode of Action: The Hsp70 Chaperone Cycle 198</p> <p>9.2.4 HSP60 199</p> <p>9.2.4.1 Structure of HSP60 201</p> <p>9.2.4.2 Mode of Action: The Hsp60 Chaperone Cycle 201</p> <p>9.2.5 The Small Heat Shock Protein Family (sHSPs) 202</p> <p>9.2.5.1 Structure of sHSP 202</p> <p>9.2.5.2 Mode of Action: Small Heat Shock Proteins 203</p> <p>9.3 HSPs Expression Under Heat Stress Condition 203</p> <p>9.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 205</p> <p>References 205</p> <p><b>10 The Contribution of Phytohormones in Plant Thermotolerance 213<br /></b><i>Sonal Mishra, Mansi Bhardwaj, Shakti Mehrotra, Aksar Ali Chowdhary, and Vikas Srivastava</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 213</p> <p>10.2 Protectants in Heat Stress Alleviation 215</p> <p>10.2.1 Osmolytes 215</p> <p>10.2.2 Nutrients 215</p> <p>10.2.3 Signaling Molecules 217</p> <p>10.2.4 Polyamines 217</p> <p>10.2.5 Phytohormones 218</p> <p>10.3 Application of Hormones in HT Management 218</p> <p>10.3.1 Auxin 219</p> <p>10.3.2 Gibberellin 221</p> <p>10.3.3 Cytokinin 222</p> <p>10.3.4 Abscisic Acid 224</p> <p>10.3.5 Ethylene 225</p> <p>10.3.6 Salicylic Acid 225</p> <p>10.3.7 Jasmonic Acid 227</p> <p>10.3.8 Brassinosteroid 228</p> <p>10.4 Conclusion and Prospects 229</p> <p>Acknowledgements 229</p> <p>References 230</p> <p><b>11 Exploring In-built Defense Mechanisms in Plants under Heat Stress 239<br /></b><i>Giridara Kumar Surabhi and Jatindra Kumar Seth</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 239</p> <p>11.2 Effect of Heat Stress on Crop Plants 240</p> <p>11.2.1 Heat Stress Effects on Physiology and Cell Structures 241</p> <p>11.2.2 Heat Stress Effects on Vegetative Stages 242</p> <p>11.2.3 Heat Stress Effects on Reproductive Stage 243</p> <p>11.2.4 Heat Stress Effects on Yield 243</p> <p>11.3 Threshold Temperature 244</p> <p>11.4 In-built Defense System in Plants to Overcome High Temperature Stress 245</p> <p>11.4.1 Accumulation of Thermoprotectants 245</p> <p>11.4.1.1 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) 245</p> <p>11.4.1.2 Proline 246</p> <p>11.4.1.3 Glycinebetaine (GB) 248</p> <p>11.4.1.4 Abscisic Acid (ABA) 249</p> <p>11.4.1.5 Salicylic Acid (SA) 250</p> <p>11.4.1.6 Heat Stress Effects on Secondary Metabolism 255</p> <p>11.4.2 Transcriptional Regulation 256</p> <p>11.4.3 Role of Small RNAs (miRNAs) in Heat-stress Tolerance 258</p> <p>11.5 Conclusion 261</p> <p>Acknowledgement 262</p> <p>References 263</p> <p>Index 283</p>