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<p>Preface ix</p> <p>Acknowledgements xi</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Introduction, Basic Theory and Principles 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 History 2</p> <p>1.3 Basic Theory 2</p> <p>1.4 Molecular Vibrations 8</p> <p>1.5 Group Vibrations 11</p> <p>1.6 Basic Interpretation of a Spectrum 13</p> <p>1.7 Summary 19</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 The Raman Experiment – Raman Instrumentation, Sample Presentation, Data Handling and Practical Aspects of Interpretation 21</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 21</p> <p>2.2 Choice of Instrument 22</p> <p>2.3 Transmission Raman Scattering and Spatially Offset Raman Scattering 29</p> <p>2.4 Raman Sample Preparation and Handling 30</p> <p>2.4.1 Sample Mounting – Optical Considerations 31</p> <p>2.4.2 Raman Sample Handling 34</p> <p>2.5 Sample Mounting Accessories 40</p> <p>2.5.1 Small Fibres, Films, Liquids and Powders 40</p> <p>2.5.2 Variable Temperature and Pressure Cells 40</p> <p>2.5.3 Special Applications – Thin Films, Surfaces and Catalysts 42</p> <p>2.5.4 Reaction Cells, Flow Through Cells, Sample Changers and Automated Mounts 44</p> <p>2.6 Fibre‐Optic Coupling and Wave Guides 45</p> <p>2.7 Microscopy 49</p> <p>2.7.1 Raman Microscopes 49</p> <p>2.7.2 Depth Profiling 51</p> <p>2.7.3 Imaging and Mapping 51</p> <p>2.8 Calibration 56</p> <p>2.9 Data Manipulation, Presentation and Quantitation 59</p> <p>2.9.1 Manipulation of Spectra for Presentation 59</p> <p>2.9.2 Presentation of Spectra 63</p> <p>2.9.3 Quantitation 64</p> <p>2.10 An Approach to Qualitative Interpretation 66</p> <p>2.10.1 Factors to Consider in the Interpretation of a Raman Spectrum of an Unknown Sample 67</p> <p>2.10.1.1 Knowledge of the Sample and Sample Preparation Effects 68</p> <p>2.10.1.2 Instrument and Software Effects 69</p> <p>2.10.1.3 The Spectrum 69</p> <p>2.10.2 Computer‐Aided Spectrum Interpretation 70</p> <p>2.10.3 Spectra Formats for Transfer and Exchange of Data 73</p> <p>2.11 Summary 74</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 The Theory of Raman Spectroscopy 77</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 77</p> <p>3.2 Absorption and Scattering 78</p> <p>3.3 States of a System and Hooke’s Law 79</p> <p>3.4 The Basic Selection Rule 82</p> <p>3.5 Number and Symmetry of Vibrations 83</p> <p>3.6 The Mutual Exclusion Rule 84</p> <p>3.7 Understanding Polarizability 85</p> <p>3.8 Polarizability and the Measurement of Polarization 89</p> <p>3.9 Symmetry Elements and Point Groups 93</p> <p>3.10 Lattice Modes 97</p> <p>3.11 Summary 98</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Resonance Raman Scattering 101</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 101</p> <p>4.2 The Basic Process 102</p> <p>4.3 Key Differences Between Resonance and Normal Raman Scattering 102</p> <p>4.3.1 Intensity Increase 103</p> <p>4.3.2 Franck Condon and Herzberg Teller Scattering 105</p> <p>4.3.3 Overtones 108</p> <p>4.3.4 Wavelength Dependence 109</p> <p>4.3.5 Electronic Information 111</p> <p>4.4 Practical Aspects 113</p> <p>4.5 Summary 116</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering 119</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 119</p> <p>5.2 Electromagnetic and Charge Transfer Enhancement 123</p> <p>5.2.1 Electromagnetic Enhancement 124</p> <p>5.2.2 Charge Transfer or Chemical Enhancement 128</p> <p>5.2.3 Stages in the SERS Process 133</p> <p>5.3 Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) 134</p> <p>5.4 Selection Rules 135</p> <p>5.5 Surface Chemistry 137</p> <p>5.6 Substrates 139</p> <p>5.7 Quantitation and Multiplex Detection 145</p> <p>5.8 Summary 147</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Applications 151</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 151</p> <p>6.2 Inorganics and Minerals and Environmental Analysis 151</p> <p>6.3 Art and Archaeology 156</p> <p>6.4 Polymers and Emulsions 158</p> <p>6.4.1 Overview 158</p> <p>6.4.2 Simple Qualitative Polymer Studies 158</p> <p>6.4.3 Quantitative Polymer Studies 162</p> <p>6.5 Dyes and Pigments 163</p> <p>6.5.1 Raman Colour Probes 163</p> <p>6.5.2 <i>In Situ</i> Analysis 164</p> <p>6.5.3 Raman Studies of Tautomerism in Azo Dyes 167</p> <p>6.5.4 Polymorphism in Dyes 168</p> <p>6.6 Electronics Applications 169</p> <p>6.7 Biological and Clinical Applications 174</p> <p>6.7.1 Introduction 174</p> <p>6.8 Pharmaceuticals 176</p> <p>6.9 Forensic Applications 180</p> <p>6.10 Process Analysis and Reaction Following 183</p> <p>6.10.1 Introduction 183</p> <p>6.10.2 Electronics and Semiconductors 183</p> <p>6.10.3 PCl₃ Production Monitoring 184</p> <p>6.10.4 Anatase and Rutile Forms of Titanium Dioxide 184</p> <p>6.10.5 Polymers and Emulsions 185</p> <p>6.10.6 Pharmaceutical Industry 186</p> <p>6.10.7 Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis/Combinatorial Chemistry 186</p> <p>6.10.8 Fermentations 188</p> <p>6.10.9 Gases 188</p> <p>6.10.10 Catalysts 188</p> <p>6.10.11 Nuclear Industry 191</p> <p>6.11 Summary 191</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 More Advanced Raman Scattering Techniques 199</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 199</p> <p>7.2 Flexible Optics 200</p> <p>7.3 Spatial Resolution 204</p> <p>7.4 Pulsed and Tunable Lasers 207</p> <p>7.5 Tip‐Enhanced Raman Scattering and SNOM 214</p> <p>7.6 Single‐Molecule Detection 216</p> <p>7.7 Time‐Resolved Scattering 218</p> <p>7.8 Fluorescence Rejection 222</p> <p>7.9 Raman Optical Activity 222</p> <p>7.10 UV Excitation 223</p> <p>7.11 Summary 227</p> <p>Appendix A Table of Inorganic Band Positions 229</p> <p>Index 233</p>

<p><b>Ewen Smith,</b> Emeritus Professor, University of Strathclyde, UK. <p><b>Geoffrey Dent,</b> GD Analytical Consulting, and University of Manchester, UK.

<p><b>Second edition of the guide to the modern techniques that demonstrate the potential of Raman spectroscopy</b> <p>Completely revised and updated, the second edition of <i>Modern Raman Spectroscopy</i> presents the information needed for clear understanding and application of the technique of Raman Spectroscopy in a range of areas such as pharmaceuticals, forensics, and biology. The authors—noted experts on the topic—reveal how to make full use of the critical information presented and include a wealth of examples of the pitfalls that can be encountered. <p>The text opens with a description of the basic theory to assist readers in making a practical interpretation of Raman Spectra. Chapters include the main equations that are used in order to highlight the theory's meaning and relevance while avoiding a full mathematical treatment. <i>Modern Raman Spectroscopy</i> provides a firm grounding, combined with a variety of references, from which to approach a more comprehensive study of specific aspects of Raman Spectroscopy. This newly revised edition: <ul> <li>Includes instrumentation sections that now contain Spatially Offset Raman scattering and transmission Raman scattering</li> <li>Offers an updated SERS chapter that presents recent examples and Tip enhanced Raman scattering</li> <li>Contains updated information with an emphasis on pharmaceutical, forensic, and biological applications</li> <li>Introduces modern techniques in the imaging and mapping of biological samples and more advanced methods which are becoming easier to use</li> </ul> <p>Written for users of Raman Spectroscopy in industry, including non analysts, researchers, and academics, the second edition of <i>Modern Raman Spectroscopy</i> clearly demonstrates the potential of using Raman Spectroscopy for a wide range of applications.

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