<p>List of Contributors xv</p> <p>Preface xx</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 1 Some Historical and Philosophical Considerations 1</b><br /><i>Christopher J. Hewer</i></p> <p>When People Come Together 3</p> <p>Social Psychology 4</p> <p>The Development of Religious Identities 5</p> <p>Intersecting Histories: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam 5</p> <p>The Issue of Governance 8</p> <p>Transformations in the Twentieth Century 8</p> <p>The Social and Moral Order 10</p> <p>The Search for Scientific Understanding 11</p> <p>Psychology: A New Way of Seeing the World 12</p> <p>The Influence of Political Philosophy on Social Psychology 14</p> <p>Locating the Root of Human Behavior 15</p> <p>Social Cognition 17</p> <p>A Societal Approach to Political Psychology 18</p> <p>Social Constructionism 19</p> <p>The Social Construction of Reality 22</p> <p>Summary 24</p> <p>Glossary 24</p> <p>Further Reading 26</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 27</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 2 A Critical History of Research Methods 28</b><br /><i>Ron Roberts and Christopher J. Hewer</i></p> <p>What Do We Want to Know About the World and Why? 30</p> <p>How Can We Know the World? 31</p> <p>Searching for Universal Laws of Behavior 32</p> <p>The Computability Problem 33</p> <p>The Historic Nature of Research Findings 35</p> <p>The Origin of Statistics 37</p> <p>The Construction of Norms, Normality, and Normalcy 38</p> <p>Using Statistical Measures and Models for Political Purposes 40</p> <p>The Null Hypothesis Significance Test 43</p> <p>Bayesian Methods 45</p> <p>The Issue of Replication 47</p> <p>The File Drawer Effect 48</p> <p>A Cautionary Note on Theory 48</p> <p>Conclusions 50</p> <p>Summary 50</p> <p>Glossary 51</p> <p>Further Reading 52</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 53</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 3 From Alienation to Estrangement: Political Thought and Psychology 54</b><br /><i>Ron Roberts</i></p> <p>Mechanistic Models 56</p> <p>Karl Marx 57</p> <p>Alienation 58</p> <p>Erich Fromm 59</p> <p>R. D. Laing 61</p> <p>Mystification 61</p> <p>Michel Foucault 62</p> <p>Discursive Regimes, Power, and Freedom 63</p> <p>Disciplinary boundaries 63</p> <p>Politics and governance of the self 64</p> <p>Svetlana Boym 66</p> <p>Estrangement 66</p> <p>Off‐modern psychology 68</p> <p>Art and dissent 69</p> <p>Summary 70</p> <p>Glossary 71</p> <p>Further Reading 71</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 71</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 4 The Politics of Psychological Language: Discourse and Rhetoric 73</b><br /><i>Simon Locke</i></p> <p>Discursive Psychology, Rhetorical Psychology, and Cognitive Psychology 75</p> <p>The Scientific Laboratory 76</p> <p>The Validity of Experiments and Surveys 77</p> <p>Language, Discourse, and Rhetoric 78</p> <p>Arguing and Thinking 80</p> <p>Relativism and Ideology—or the DP‐CA/RP‐CDA Fandango 81</p> <p>Ideology 83</p> <p>Critical Discourse Analysis 84</p> <p>The Politics of Experience 85</p> <p>Conspiracy Discourse 86</p> <p>A Cognitive Approach to Conspiracy 87</p> <p>Reinstating the Thinking Person 88</p> <p>Summary 90</p> <p>Glossary 90</p> <p>Further Reading 91</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 92</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 5 Identity 93</b><br /><i>Christopher J. Hewer and Evanthia Lyons</i></p> <p>Identity and Human Relations 95</p> <p>Categorization 95</p> <p>Self and Society 96</p> <p>Occupational Identity: Roles and Performance 97</p> <p>Political Mobilization: National Identity and Nationalism 98</p> <p>Identity Threats 101</p> <p>Identity Politics 102</p> <p>Image, Images, and Appearance 104</p> <p>Political Identities 106</p> <p>Social Identity Theory 106</p> <p>Identity Process Theory 108</p> <p>Discursive Approaches to Identity 109</p> <p>Narrative Identities 111</p> <p>Conclusions 111</p> <p>Summary 112</p> <p>Glossary 112</p> <p>Further Reading 113</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 113</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 6 Narrating as Political Action 114</b><br /><i>Brian Schiff</i></p> <p>Psychology and Politics 116</p> <p>Speech and Political Action 117</p> <p>The Personal and Political Nature of Narrative 117</p> <p>Expansive Political Narratives 118</p> <p>Psychoanalytic and Personological Tradition 119</p> <p>Narrative Approaches 119</p> <p>Narrative Hermeneutics 120</p> <p>Narrative and Narrating 120</p> <p>Intensifying Persons and Social Context 121</p> <p>Collective Memory 121</p> <p>Repression 122</p> <p>Relational Contexts 123</p> <p>Meanings and Action 123</p> <p>Producers and Consumers of Memory 124</p> <p>Palestinians with Israeli Citizenship 124</p> <p>Hiba: The Real Story 125</p> <p>Lana: Torn Between the Two 128</p> <p>Conclusions 130</p> <p>Summary 131</p> <p>Glossary 132</p> <p>Further Reading 132</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 132</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 7 Connecting Social Exclusion and Agency: Social Class Matters 134</b><br /><i>Sarah Jay, Orla Muldoon, and Caroline Howarth</i></p> <p>Class Matters 136</p> <p>Cultural Capital 138</p> <p>The Precariat 139</p> <p>Capitalist Restructuring and Poverty 140</p> <p>Stigma 141</p> <p>Collective Identities 141</p> <p>The Individualization of Class 142</p> <p>Agency and Social Class 143</p> <p>Social Capital 144</p> <p>Cultural Incompatibility in Education 145</p> <p>Threats to Identity 146</p> <p>The Transmission of Cultural Capital 146</p> <p>Implications for a Social and Political Psychology of Social Exclusion 147</p> <p>Conclusions 148</p> <p>Summary 149</p> <p>Glossary 150</p> <p>Further Reading 150</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 150</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 8 Migration 152</b><br /><i>Spyridoula Ntani, Artemis M. Griva, and Xenia Chryssochoou</i></p> <p>Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination Against Immigrants 155</p> <p>Stereotyping, Racism, and Forms of Discrimination Against Immigrant Groups 155</p> <p>Explanations of Prejudice 156</p> <p>Individual and Collective Reactions to Prejudice 157</p> <p>Reducing Prejudice? The Contact Hypothesis 158</p> <p>Changing Societies: The Issue of Acculturation 159</p> <p>Changing Individuals: The Issue of Adaptation 162</p> <p>Calling for a New Social Organization: The Paradox of Integration 163</p> <p>Summary 166</p> <p>Glossary 166</p> <p>Further Reading 167</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 167</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 9 Political Decision‐Making 168</b><br /><i>Jack S. Levy</i></p> <p>The Levels‐of‐Analysis Framework 171</p> <p>The Rational Model of Judgment and Decision‐Making 173</p> <p>Psychological Models of Information Processing 175</p> <p>Cognitive Biases 176</p> <p>Motivated Biases 180</p> <p>Psychological Models of Choice 182</p> <p>Prospect Theory 183</p> <p>Conclusion 185</p> <p>Summary 186</p> <p>Glossary 186</p> <p>Further Reading 188</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 188</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 10 Foreign Policy and Identity 189</b><br /><i>Emma O’Dwyer</i></p> <p>Foreign Policy and Identity: Conceptual and Theoretical Anchors 192</p> <p>The Influence of Citizens on Foreign Policy 193</p> <p>Outgroup Perceptions and Foreign Policy Attitudes 194</p> <p>A Case Study: Irish Neutrality 196</p> <p>Irish Neutrality in Context 196</p> <p>The Social Representation of Irish Neutrality 198</p> <p>Cead Mile Failte Neutrality 199</p> <p>The Macropolitical Dimension of Identity Construction 200</p> <p>Constructing the National Ingroup in International Affairs 201</p> <p>Unanswered Questions: Opportunities for Future Research 202</p> <p>Summary 203</p> <p>Glossary 204</p> <p>Further Reading 205</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 205</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 11 Social Memory and the Collective Past 207</b><br /><i>Christopher J. Hewer</i></p> <p>The Role of the Past in the Formation of Identity 209</p> <p>The Social Nature of Memory 211</p> <p>Taxonomies and Classifications 212</p> <p>The Resurgence of Interest in the Collective Past 213</p> <p>Competing Memory Narratives 214</p> <p>Communicative and Cultural Memory 216</p> <p>How to Study the Collective Past 217</p> <p>Landscape, Social Space, and Memory 217</p> <p>Narratives 221</p> <p>Social Representations of History 221</p> <p>The Nature of Representations 222</p> <p>Memory as Performance 224</p> <p>The Collective Pasts of Families, Groups, and Organizations 224</p> <p>Time Conceptions 225</p> <p>The Politics of Remembering and Forgetting 226</p> <p>The Individual and the Collective Past 227</p> <p>Summary 228</p> <p>Glossary 228</p> <p>Further Reading 229</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 229</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 12 Crowds, Social Identities, and the Shaping of Everyday Social Relations 231</b><br /><i>Fergus G. Neville and Stephen D. Reicher</i></p> <p>The Political Significance of Social Identities 233</p> <p>Classic Crowd Psychology: The Loss of Individual Identity in the Mass 235</p> <p>Dispositional Theories: The Accentuation of Individual Characteristics in the Mass 236</p> <p>Crowds and the Expression of Social Identities 238</p> <p>A Social Identity Model of Crowds 239</p> <p>Crowds and the Construction of Social Identities 241</p> <p>An Elaborated Social Identity Model of Crowds 243</p> <p>The Impact of Crowds Beyond the Crowd 244</p> <p>Contesting the Meaning of Crowd Behavior 247</p> <p>Summary 250</p> <p>Acknowledgments 250</p> <p>Glossary 250</p> <p>Further Reading 251</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 251</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 13 State Militarism and International Conflict 253</b><br /><i>Stephen Gibson</i></p> <p>A Political Psychology of International Relations 256</p> <p>The Individual‐Social Dichotomy in Social and Political Psychology 257</p> <p>Beyond Social Identity: Accounts of Military Service 259</p> <p>Beyond Attitudes: Constructing Evaluations of the Iraq War 263</p> <p>Concluding Remarks 268</p> <p>Summary 269</p> <p>Glossary 270</p> <p>Further Reading 270</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 270</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 14 Social Influence and Malevolent Authority: Obedience Revisited 271</b><br /><i>Ron Roberts</i></p> <p>Milgram’s Studies of Obedience 273</p> <p>How Did Milgram Interpret His Findings? 274</p> <p>Ethics and Ecological Validity 274</p> <p>Was There a Legitimate Parallel Between Milgram’s Laboratory and Nazi Germany? 276</p> <p>The Political and Historical Context of Milgram’s Studies 278</p> <p>The Contemporary Relevance of Milgram’s Work 279</p> <p>The Role of Science and Bureaucracy 281</p> <p>The Holocaust and the Eichmann Trial 282</p> <p>A Reinterpretation of Milgram’s Studies 285</p> <p>Free Will and Personal Responsibility 286</p> <p>What Do We Learn From Milgram’s Studies? 287</p> <p>A Social Psychology of Resistance 288</p> <p>Summary 290</p> <p>Glossary 290</p> <p>Further Reading 290</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 291</p> <p><b>CHAPTER 15 Intergroup Conflict, Peace, and Reconciliation 292</b><br /><i>J. Christopher Cohrs, Johanna R. Vollhardt, and Shelley McKeown</i></p> <p>Intergroup Conflicts 295</p> <p>Conflict Analysis 296</p> <p>Conflict Management, Resolution, and Transformation 298</p> <p>Conflict Resolution 299</p> <p>Principles of Conflict Resolution 300</p> <p>Achieving Conflict Resolution 300</p> <p>Conflict Transformation 301</p> <p>Conflict Transformation in Practice 302</p> <p>Postconflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation 303</p> <p>Social Psychological Definitions of Reconciliation 304</p> <p>Instrumental Reconciliation 304</p> <p>The Role of History and Power 304</p> <p>Socioemotional Reconciliation and the Needs‐Based Model of Reconciliation 306</p> <p>History as a Necessity for and an Obstacle to Reconciliation 307</p> <p>Conclusion 309</p> <p>Summary 309</p> <p>Glossary 310</p> <p>Further Reading 311</p> <p>Questions for Group Discussion 311</p> <p>References 313</p> <p>Index 349</p>