<p>List of Contributors xvii</p> <p>Editor Biographies xxi</p> <p>Preface xxiii</p> <p>Acknowledgement xxvii</p> <p><b>Part I IPTV Delivery Networks Fundamentals 1</b></p> <p><b>1 IPTV: Delivering TV Services over IP Networks 3<br /></b><i>Suliman Mohamed Fati and Putra Sumari</i></p> <p>1.1 Overview 3</p> <p>1.2 Internet Protocol Television 4</p> <p>1.3 Evolution of TV to IPTV 6</p> <p>1.3.1 IPTV Services 7</p> <p>1.3.2 IPTV Standardisation 8</p> <p>1.3.3 General Architecture of IPTV 9</p> <p>1.4 IPTV Delivery Network 10</p> <p>1.5 Evolution of the Delivery Network 11</p> <p>1.5.1 IPTV Delivery Network Characteristics and Challenges 15</p> <p>1.6 The Key Issues of IPTV Delivery Networks 17</p> <p>1.7 Conclusion 18</p> <p>References 19</p> <p><b>2 IPTV Streaming Classification 25<br /></b><i>Miguel Masciopinto, Pedro Comesaña, and Fernando Pérez-González</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 25</p> <p>2.2 Framework 29</p> <p>2.2.1 IPTV Description 30</p> <p>2.2.2 IPTV Bitrate Footprint 32</p> <p>2.3 Classification Scheme 33</p> <p>2.3.1 SVM Classifier 36</p> <p>2.4 Experimental Setup 36</p> <p>2.4.1 Database Construction 37</p> <p>2.4.2 Training/Test Set-Partitioning 38</p> <p>2.4.3 Classification Performance Measures 41</p> <p>2.5 Experimental Results 44</p> <p>2.5.1 TSS vs. OFS Classification 45</p> <p>2.5.2 TSS Ternary (DVD vs. DVB-S vs. DVB-T) Classification 47</p> <p>2.5.3 TSS Binary (DVB-S vs. DVB-T) Classification 50</p> <p>2.5.4 OFS Binary (DVB-S vs. DVB-T) Classification 53</p> <p>2.5.5 Relevance of the Used Statistics 55</p> <p>2.6 Conclusions 59</p> <p>Acknowledgement 60</p> <p>References 60</p> <p><b>3 Efficient IPTV Delivery over EPON 65<br /></b><i>AliAkbar Nikoukar, I-Shyan Hwang, and Andrew Tanny Liem</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 65</p> <p>3.2 Broadband Access Network Technologies 67</p> <p>3.3 Live IPTV Delivery over EPON 76</p> <p>3.3.1 Hardware Architecture 78</p> <p>3.3.2 Multicast Protocol Design 80</p> <p>3.3.3 Pre-request Broadcasting Mechanism 81</p> <p>3.3.4 Performance evaluation 85</p> <p>3.4 Conclusions 88</p> <p>References 88</p> <p><b>4 Content Awareness in IPTV Delivery Networks 93<br /></b><i>Suliman Mohamed Fati and Putra Sumari</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 93</p> <p>4.2 The Key Challenges in IPTV Delivery Networks 97</p> <p>4.2.1 Request Distribution Algorithms in IPTV Delivery Networks 97</p> <p>4.2.2 Cost Reduction in IPTV Delivery Networks 102</p> <p>4.2.2.1 Replica Placement Schemes in IPTV Delivery Networks 103</p> <p>4.2.2.2 Resource Allocation Schemes in IPTV Delivery Networks 105</p> <p>4.3 Content Status Issue in IPTV Delivery Networks 108</p> <p>4.3.1 Unawareness of Content Status in Replica Placement Schemes 109</p> <p>4.3.2 Unawareness of Content Status in Request Distribution Algorithms 110</p> <p>4.3.3 Unawareness of Content Status in Resource Allocation 110</p> <p>4.4 IPTV Content Status Modelling: A New Direction 111</p> <p>4.4.1 IPTV Content Status Modelling 112</p> <p>4.4.2 Experimental Results 114</p> <p>4.5 Conclusion 118</p> <p>References 119</p> <p><b>Part II QoS and QoE for IPTV Delivery Networks 127</b></p> <p><b>5 Zapping Delay Reduction in IPTV Systems 129<br /></b><i>Alireza Abdollahpouri</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 129</p> <p>5.2 A Review of the Existing Studies 131</p> <p>5.2.1 Reduce I-Frame Acquisition Delay 131</p> <p>5.2.1.1 Use Additional Stream 131</p> <p>5.2.1.2 Inserting Extra I-Frames and Reduction in the Size of GOP 132</p> <p>5.2.2 Prediction-Based Mechanisms 133</p> <p>5.2.3 Techniques Based on Scalable Video Coding 134</p> <p>5.2.4 Techniques Based on IGMP Schemes 134</p> <p>5.3 Prediction-Based PrejoiningMethod inWiMAX Networks 136</p> <p>5.3.1 Modelling the Behaviour of a Single IPTV User, During an ON Session 137</p> <p>5.4 Performance Evaluation 142</p> <p>5.5 Future Directions for Research 146</p> <p>5.6 Conclusion 147</p> <p>References 147</p> <p><b>6 Channel-Zapping Time in IPTV: Challenges and Solutions 151<br /></b><i>Sajjad Zare, SeyyedMohammad Hosseini Verki, and Akbar Ghaffarpour Rahbar</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 151</p> <p>6.1.1 IPTV Network Infrastructure 151</p> <p>6.1.1.1 Basic IPTV System 152</p> <p>6.1.1.2 IP Multicast in IPTV Architecture 153</p> <p>6.1.1.3 P2P IPTV Architecture 153</p> <p>6.1.2 Business Models 154</p> <p>6.1.2.1 Free to Air (FTA) 154</p> <p>6.1.2.2 PPV 155</p> <p>6.1.2.3 Subscription 155</p> <p>6.1.2.4 A La Carte 155</p> <p>6.2 Challenges in Channel-Zapping Time 155</p> <p>6.2.1 Jitter 156</p> <p>6.2.2 Limited Bandwidth 156</p> <p>6.2.3 Elements of Zapping Delay 156</p> <p>6.3 Proposed Methods for Reducing Channel-Zapping Time 158</p> <p>6.3.1 Client-Based Methods 158</p> <p>6.3.1.1 Pre-Joining Neighbouring Channels 158</p> <p>6.3.1.2 Tracking User Behaviour 159</p> <p>6.3.1.3 Ordering Pre-Join Channels in the List 161</p> <p>6.3.2 Content-Based Methods 163</p> <p>6.3.3 Network-Based Methods 167</p> <p>6.3.3.1 Improving Zap Response Time for IPTV 169</p> <p>6.3.3.2 A Novel Channel Switching Scenario in Multicast IPTV Networks 169</p> <p>6.3.3.3 IGMP for IPTV Services in Passive Optical Networks 170</p> <p>6.3.3.4 Implementation of EIGMP for Fast IPTV Channel Change in GEPON 171</p> <p>6.3.3.5 Advanced Scheme to Reduce IPTV Channel-Zapping Time 172</p> <p>6.3.4.1 An Effective IPTV Channel Control Algorithm Considering Channel-Zapping Time and Network Utilisation 172</p> <p>6.3.4.2 Multicast Instant Channel Change (ICC) in IPTV Systems 174</p> <p>6.3.4.3 IPTV Channel Switching Delay Reduction Through Predicting Subscribers’ Behaviours and Preferences 175</p> <p>6.3.5 Programme-Based Methods 176</p> <p>6.4 Discussion 177</p> <p>6.5 Summary 180</p> <p>References 180</p> <p><b>7 Delivering High-Definition IPTV Services over IP-Based Networks 185<br /></b><i>Seongik Hong</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 185</p> <p>7.2 HD Video Compression 188</p> <p>7.2.1 Issues for HD Video Transmission 188</p> <p>7.2.1.1 Issue 1: Large Bandwidth Requirements 188</p> <p>7.2.1.2 Issue 2: QoS 189</p> <p>7.2.1.3 Issue 3: Network Responsiveness/Instant Channel Change 189</p> <p>7.2.2 Solutions 190</p> <p>7.2.2.1 Solution 1: Solving Large Bandwidth Requirements 190</p> <p>7.2.2.2 Solution 2-1: QoS: Protocols and Networks 192</p> <p>7.2.2.3 Solution 2-2: QoS: Reducing Packet Loss 194</p> <p>7.2.2.4 Solution 3: Solving Instant Channel Change Issue 197</p> <p>7.3 Future Trends 198</p> <p>7.4 Conclusion 199</p> <p>References 199</p> <p><b>8 IPTV Network Security: Threats and Countermeasures 203<br /></b><i>M. S. A. Noman Ranak, Saiful Azad, B. M. F. Kamal Ruhee, N. Nourin Nisa, Nazrul</i> <i>Kabir,MohammedMostafizur Rahman, and Kamal Z. Zamli</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 203</p> <p>8.2 Threats on IPTV Delivery Networks 204</p> <p>8.2.1 Theft or Abuse of Network Assets 206</p> <p>8.2.2 Theft of Service 206</p> <p>8.2.3 Theft of IPTV-Related Data 208</p> <p>8.2.4 Disruption of Service 208</p> <p>8.2.5 Privacy Breach 209</p> <p>8.2.6 Compromise of Platform Integrity 209</p> <p>8.3 Security Issues of IPTV Delivery Networks 209</p> <p>8.3.1 Protocols Vulnerabilities 214</p> <p>8.3.1.1 IGMP 215</p> <p>8.3.1.2 PIM 215</p> <p>8.3.1.3 MBGP 216</p> <p>8.3.1.4 MSDP 217</p> <p>8.3.1.5 RTP and RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) 218</p> <p>8.4 Countering theThreats 219</p> <p>8.5 Open Research Issues 221</p> <p>8.6 Conclusions 222</p> <p>References 222</p> <p><b>9 Anomaly Detection and Big Data in IPTV Networks 225<br /></b><i>Mohiuddin Ahmed andMd. Niaz-Ul Haque</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 225</p> <p>9.1.1 Chapter Roadmap 227</p> <p>9.2 Complex Data in IPTV Networks 228</p> <p>9.3 Anomaly in the Context of IPTV Networks 229</p> <p>9.3.1 HHH 230</p> <p>9.3.2 Succinct Hierarchical Heavy Hitter (SHHH) 231</p> <p>9.3.3 Time Series 231</p> <p>9.3.4 Definition of Anomaly 231</p> <p>9.4 A Case Study of Anomaly Detection Technique in IPTV Networks 232</p> <p>9.4.1 Limitations of Anomaly Detection in IPTV Networks 233</p> <p>9.4.2 Experimental Data 234</p> <p>9.4.3 Experimental Analysis 235</p> <p>9.5 Future Research Directions: Big Data 235</p> <p>9.5.1 Three Vs of Big Data 235</p> <p>9.5.2 Big Data in the IPTV Industry 237</p> <p>9.5.3 The Challenges Associated with Big Data in IPTV 239</p> <p>9.5.4 Contributions of IPTV Service Providers in the Realm of Big Data 241</p> <p>9.6 Conclusions 242</p> <p>References 243</p> <p><b>Part III Mobility and Next-Generation Delivery Networks 245</b></p> <p><b>10 Taxonomy of Intra-Domain Mobility Management Schemes inWirelessMesh Network for</b> <b>ImplementingMobile IPTV 247<br /></b><i>Abhishek Majumder, Subhrajyoti Deb, and Sudipta Roy</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 247</p> <p>10.2 Classification 250</p> <p>10.2.1 Tunnelling-Based Schemes 251</p> <p>10.2.1.1 ANT 251</p> <p>10.2.1.2 Mesh Mobility Management (M3) 253</p> <p>10.2.1.3 Static Anchor Scheme 255</p> <p>10.2.1.4 Dynamic Anchor Scheme 256</p> <p>10.2.1.5 SMR-Based Scheme 257</p> <p>10.2.2 Routing-Based Schemes 258</p> <p>10.2.2.1 Infrastructure Mesh (iMesh) 258</p> <p>10.2.2.2 OLSR-FastSync 259</p> <p>10.2.2.3 Ad Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector and Mesh and Mesh Networks with MObility Management (AODV-MEMO) 260</p> <p>10.2.2.4 Mobile Party 263</p> <p>10.2.2.5 Wireless Mesh Mobility Management (WMM) 264</p> <p>10.2.2.6 LMMesh 265</p> <p>10.2.2.7 Forward Pointer-Based Routing (FPBR) 266</p> <p>10.2.3 Multicasting-Based Scheme 267</p> <p>10.2.3.1 SMesh 267</p> <p>10.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 268</p> <p>10.4 Open Research Issues 279</p> <p>10.5 Conclusion 280</p> <p>Acknowledgement 280</p> <p>References 280</p> <p><b>11 TowardsMulti-Operator IPTV Services Over 5G Networks 283<br /></b><i>Gergely Biczók, Manos Dramitinos, Håkon Lønsethagen, LuisM. Contreras, George D. Stamoulis, and</i> <i>Laszlo Toka</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 283</p> <p>11.2 Single-Provider IPTV Services 284</p> <p>11.2.1 Customer-Centric Challenges and Technical Issues 285</p> <p>11.2.2 Business Issues and Challenges 288</p> <p>11.2.3 Operators’ Solutions and Architecture 290</p> <p>11.3 IPX Multi-Service Internetworking 293</p> <p>11.4 Multi-Operator IPTV Services in 5G Networks 294</p> <p>11.4.1 Technical Issues and Challenges 295</p> <p>11.4.1.1 SDN and NFV Exploitation 295</p> <p>11.4.1.2 Lack of QoS Assurance – SLAs 296</p> <p>11.4.1.3 Lack of Monitoring and SLA-Based Rewards 297</p> <p>11.4.1.4 Wholesale and Retail Market Coordination 297</p> <p>11.4.1.5 Pricing and Charging Layers 299</p> <p>11.4.2 Business Issues and Challenges 300</p> <p>11.4.2.1 Generic Issues and Challenges 300</p> <p>11.4.2.2 IPTV Distribution of ‘Small/Medium‘ Live Events 302</p> <p>11.4.2.3 User-Generated Content 303</p> <p>11.4.3 Solutions and Architecture: The 5GEx Approach 304</p> <p>11.4.3.1 5GEx Exchange: An Open Multi-Service Internetworking Approach 304</p> <p>11.4.3.2 Roadmap and Coordination Models 307</p> <p>11.4.3.3 Pricing and Charging Solutions 308</p> <p>11.5 Future Research 310</p> <p>11.6 Conclusions 311</p> <p>Acknowledgement 312</p> <p>References 312</p> <p><b>12 Technologies and Architectures for Future IP Television Services 315<br /></b><i>Lucile Sassatelli and Marie-José Montpetit</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 315</p> <p>12.2 The Evolution of Users’ Experience: Usage, Expectations and Reluctances 316</p> <p>12.2.1 Broadcast Versus OTT: Towards a Spurious Opposition 316</p> <p>12.2.2 The Multi-Screen Multi-Device Anywhere Experience 317</p> <p>12.2.3 Business Experiences and Inevitable Evolution for the Stakeholders 319</p> <p>12.3 Architectural Evolution of IPTV: Towards a Smart Meld with OTT 320</p> <p>12.3.1 The Main Overhauls of IPTV: HTML5, Cloudification, Software-Defined Video 320</p> <p>12.3.2 Legacy IPTV Extending its Reach by Inspiring OTT Evolution: Multicast, Caching, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) 323</p> <p>12.3.3 Coordinating the OTT delivery entities to enforce IPTV-like quality of experience: Collaboration between ISPs, CDNs and CPs 329</p> <p>12.4 Technical focus 331</p> <p>12.4.1 P2P assistance to CDNs, caching and ICN 332</p> <p>12.4.2 TheWireless Video Challenge: In-HomeWiFi and Offloading of Cellular Networks 335</p> <p>12.4.3 VR: The greatest technological challenge ahead? 337</p> <p>References 338</p> <p>Contributor Biographies 345</p> <p>Index 357</p>