Details

Mobile Communications Systems Development


Mobile Communications Systems Development

A Practical Introduction to System Understanding, Implementation and Deployment
1. Aufl.

von: Rajib Taid

128,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 26.04.2021
ISBN/EAN: 9781119778707
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 544

DRM-geschütztes eBook, Sie benötigen z.B. Adobe Digital Editions und eine Adobe ID zum Lesen.

Beschreibungen

<p><b>Provides a thorough introduction to the development, operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of mobile communications systems</b></p> <p><i>Mobile Communications Systems Development: A Practical Introduction for System Understanding, Implementation, and Deployment</i> is a comprehensive “how to” manual for mobile communications system design, deployment, and support. Providing a detailed overview of end-to-end system development, the book encompasses operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of currently available mobile communication technologies and systems. Readers are introduced to different network architectures, standardization, protocols, and functions including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks, and the 3GPP standard.</p> <p>In-depth chapters cover the entire protocol stack from the Physical (PHY) to the Application layer, discuss theoretical and practical considerations, and describe software implementation based on the 3GPP standardized technical specifications. The book includes figures, tables, and sample computer code to help readers thoroughly comprehend the functions and underlying concepts of a mobile communications network. Each chapter includes an introduction to the topic and a chapter summary. A full list of references, and a set of exercises are also provided at the end of the book to test comprehension and strengthen understanding of the material. Written by a respected professional with more than 20 years’ experience in the field, this highly practical guide:</p> <ul> <li>Provides detailed introductory information on GSM, GPRS, UMTS, and LTE mobile communications systems and networks</li> <li>Describes the various aspects and areas of the LTE system air interface and its protocol layers</li> <li>Covers troubleshooting and resolution of mobile communications systems and networks issues</li> <li>Discusses the software and hardware platforms used for the development of mobile communications systems network elements</li> <li>Includes 5G use cases, enablers, and architectures that cover the 5G NR (New Radio) and 5G Core Network</li> </ul> <p><i>Mobile Communications Systems Development</i> is perfect for graduate and postdoctoral students studying mobile communications and telecom design, electronic engineering undergraduate students in their final year, research and development engineers, and network operation and maintenance personnel.</p>
<p>About the Author xiv</p> <p>Preface xv</p> <p>Acknowledgments xviii</p> <p>List of Abbreviations xix</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p><b>Part I Network Architectures, Standardization, Protocols, and Functions 3</b></p> <p><b>2 Network Architectures, Standardizations Process 5</b></p> <p>2.1 Network Elements and Basic Networks Architectures 5</p> <p>2.1.1 GSM (2G) Network Architecture 6</p> <p>2.1.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS-2.5G) Network Architecture 7</p> <p>2.1.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (3G) Network Architecture 7</p> <p>2.1.4 LTE (4G) Network Architecture 8</p> <p>2.1.5 GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G Network Elements: A Comparison 9</p> <p>2.1.6 Circuit Switched (CS) vs Packet Switched (PS) 9</p> <p>2.2 Mobile Communication Network Domains 10</p> <p>2.2.1 AN Domain 10</p> <p>2.2.2 Core Network (CN) Domain 11</p> <p>2.2.3 Network Domains and Its Elements 11</p> <p>2.2.4 Example: End-to-End Mobile Network Information Flow 12</p> <p>2.2.5 Example: GSM MO Call 13</p> <p>2.3 Mobile Communications Systems Evolutions 14</p> <p>2.3.1 Evolutions of Air Interface 14</p> <p>2.3.2 Evolutions of 3GPP Networks Architectures 16</p> <p>2.4 Mobile Communications Network System Engineering 19</p> <p>2.4.1 Mobility Management 19</p> <p>2.4.2 Air Interface Management 20</p> <p>2.4.3 Subscribers and Services Management 20</p> <p>2.4.4 Security Management 20</p> <p>2.4.5 Network Maintenance 20</p> <p>2.5 Standardizations of Mobile Communications Networks 21</p> <p>2.5.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 21</p> <p>2.5.2 3GPP Working Groups 21</p> <p>2.5.3 3GPP Technical Specification and Technical Report 22</p> <p>2.5.4 Stages of a 3GPP Technical Specification 22</p> <p>2.5.5 Release Number of 3GPP Technical Specification 22</p> <p>2.5.6 3GPP Technical Specification Numbering Nomenclature 23</p> <p>2.5.7 Vocabulary of 3GPP Specifications 24</p> <p>2.5.8 Examples in a 3GPP Technical Specification 24</p> <p>2.5.9 Standardization of Technical Specifications by 3GPP 24</p> <p>2.5.10 Scope of 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 24</p> <p>2.5.11 3GPP TS for General Description of a Protocol Layer 25</p> <p>2.5.12 3GPP TS Drafting Rules: Deriving Requirements 25</p> <p>2.5.13 Download 3GPP Technical Specifications 25</p> <p>2.5.14 3GPP Change Requests 26</p> <p>2.5.15 Learnings from 3GPP Meetings TDocs 26</p> <p>2.6 3GPP Releases and Its Features 26</p> <p>Chapter Summary 27</p> <p><b>3 Protocols, Interfaces, and Architectures 29</b></p> <p>3.1 Protocol Interface and Its Stack 29</p> <p>3.1.1 Physical Interface 30</p> <p>3.1.2 Logical Interface 30</p> <p>3.1.3 Logical Interfaces’ Names and Their Protocol Stack 33</p> <p>3.1.4 Examples of Logical Interface and Its Protocol Layers 35</p> <p>3.2 Classifications of Protocol Layers 36</p> <p>3.2.1 Control Plane or Signaling Protocols 36</p> <p>3.2.2 User Plane Protocols 38</p> <p>3.3 Grouping of UMTS, LTE, and 5G Air Interface Protocol Layers 39</p> <p>3.3.1 Access Stratum (AS): UMTS UE – UTRAN; LTE UE – E-UTRAN;5G UE - NG-RAN 39</p> <p>3.3.2 Non-Access Stratum: UMTS UE – CN, LTE UE – EPC; 5G UE-Core 41</p> <p>3.4 Initialization of a Logical Interface 42</p> <p>3.5 Protocol Layer Termination 43</p> <p>3.6 Protocol Sublayers 43</p> <p>3.7 Protocol Conversion 44</p> <p>3.8 Working Model of a 3GPP Protocol Layer: Services and Functions 45</p> <p>3.9 General Protocol Model Between RAN and CN (UMTS, LTE, 5G) 46</p> <p>3.10 Multiple Transport Networks, Protocols, and Physical Layer Interfaces 47</p> <p>3.11 How to Identify and Understand Protocol Architectures 49</p> <p>3.11.1 Identifying a Logical Interface, Protocol Stack, and Its Layers 49</p> <p>3.11.2 Identification of Technical Requirements Using Interface Name 51</p> <p>3.12 Protocol Layer Procedures over CN Interfaces 51</p> <p>3.12.1 Similar Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces 52</p> <p>3.12.2 Specific Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces 53</p> <p>Chapter Summary 54</p> <p><b>4 Encoding and Decoding of Messages 55</b></p> <p>4.1 Description and Encoding/Decoding of Air Interface Messages 55</p> <p>4.1.1 Encoding/Decoding: Air Interface Layer 3 Messages 56</p> <p>4.1.2 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: RLC Protocol 60</p> <p>4.1.3 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: MAC Protocol 60</p> <p>4.1.4 CSN.1 Encoding/Decoding: GPRS Layer 2 Protocol (RLC/MAC) 60</p> <p>4.1.5 ASN.1 Encoding/Decoding: UMTS, LTE, and 5G NR Layer 3 Protocol 61</p> <p>4.1.6 Direct/Indirect Encoding Method 62</p> <p>4.1.7 Segmented Messages over the Air Interface 63</p> <p>4.1.8 Piggybacking a Signaling Message 63</p> <p>4.2 Encoding/Decoding of Signaling Messages: RAN and CN 64</p> <p>Chapter Summary 65</p> <p><b>5 Network Elements: Identities and Its Addressing 67</b></p> <p>5.1 Network Elements and Their Identities 67</p> <p>5.2 Permanent Identities 68</p> <p>5.3 Temporary Identities Assigned by CN 69</p> <p>5.3.1 GSM System Temporary Identities 69</p> <p>5.3.2 GPRS System Temporary Identities 69</p> <p>5.3.3 LTE/EPS System Temporary Identities 70</p> <p>5.4 Temporary Identities Assigned by RAN: RNTI 72</p> <p>5.5 Usages of Network Identities 73</p> <p>5.6 Native and Mapped Network Identities 73</p> <p>5.7 LTE UE Application Protocol Identity 75</p> <p>Chapter Summary 76</p> <p><b>6 Interworking and Interoperations of Mobile Communications Networks 77</b></p> <p>6.1 Requirements and Types of Interworking 77</p> <p>6.2 Interworking Through Enhanced Network Elements 78</p> <p>6.2.1 Interworking for Voice Call Through IMS: VoLTE 79</p> <p>6.2.1.1 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 80</p> <p>6.2.1.2 UE Registration and Authentication 81</p> <p>6.2.2 Interworking for VoLTE Call Through LTE/EPS: SRVCC 83</p> <p>6.2.3 Interworking for Voice Call Through LTE/EPS: CSFB 85</p> <p>6.3 Interworking Through Legacy Network Elements 88</p> <p>6.4 Interworking Between LTE/EPS and 5G Systems 89</p> <p>6.5 Interoperations of Networks: LTE/EPS Roaming 90</p> <p>6.5.1 Roaming Through Interoperations of Enhanced Networks Elements 90</p> <p>6.5.2 Roaming Through Interoperations of Legacy Networks Elements 92</p> <p>6.6 UE Mode of Operation 92</p> <p>6.7 Function of E-UTRAN in a VoLTE Call 95</p> <p>Chapter Summary 95</p> <p><b>7 Load Balancing and Network Sharing 97</b></p> <p>7.1 Core Network Elements Load Balancing 97</p> <p>7.1.1 Identification of NAS Node: NRI and Its Source 99</p> <p>7.1.2 NAS Node Selection Function 99</p> <p>7.2 Network Sharing 102</p> <p>7.2.1 GSM/GPRS/LTE RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature 103</p> <p>7.2.2 5G NG‐RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature (Release 16) 109</p> <p>Chapter Summary 110</p> <p><b>8 Packets Encapsulations and Their Routing 111</b></p> <p>8.1 User Data Packets Encapsulations 111</p> <p>8.1.1 Packets Encapsulations at the CN and RAN 112</p> <p>8.1.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol ( GTP) 112</p> <p>8.1.1.2 GTP Functions 112</p> <p>8.1.1.3 GTP User Plane PDU: G-PDU 113</p> <p>8.1.1.4 GTP Control Plane PDU 114</p> <p>8.1.1.5 Example: GTP and Packet Encapsulations at LTE EPC 115</p> <p>8.1.2 Packet Encapsulations over Air Interface 115</p> <p>8.2 IP Packet Routing in Mobile Communications Networks 116</p> <p>8.3 IP Header Compression and Decompression 117</p> <p>Chapter Summary 119</p> <p><b>9 Security Features in Mobile Communications Networks 121</b></p> <p>9.1 A Brief on the Security Architecture: Features and Mechanisms 121</p> <p>9.2 Security Features and Its Mechanisms 123</p> <p>9.3 GSM Security Procedures 126</p> <p>9.4 UMTS, LTE, and 5G: AS and NAS Layer Security Procedures 127</p> <p>9.5 Security Contexts 130</p> <p>9.6 Security Interworking 130</p> <p>Chapter Summary 132</p> <p><b>Part II Operations and Maintenances 133</b></p> <p><b>10 Alarms and Faults Managements 135</b></p> <p>10.1 Network Elements Alarm and Its Classifications 135</p> <p>10.2 Sources of Abnormal Events and Alarms 136</p> <p>10.3 Identifying Sources of Alarms from 3GPP TSs 136</p> <p>10.3.1 Abnormal Conditions 136</p> <p>10.3.2 Protocol Layer Error Handling 137</p> <p>10.3.3 Abnormal Conditions Due to Local Errors 138</p> <p>10.4 Design and Implementation of an Alarm Management System 138</p> <p>10.4.1 Design and Components of an Alarm 139</p> <p>10.4.2 Alarm Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 139</p> <p>10.4.3 Alarm Database 139</p> <p>10.5 Alarm Due to Protocol Error 140</p> <p>10.5.1 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Description 142</p> <p>10.6 Alarm Due to Abnormal Conditions 142</p> <p>10.6.1 Normal Scenario 143</p> <p>10.6.2 Abnormal Scenario 143</p> <p>10.6.3 Sample Alarm Description 144</p> <p>10.6.4 Sample Alarm Generation 145</p> <p>10.6.5 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Generation 145</p> <p>10.7 How to Troubleshoot Protocol Error Using the Alarm Data 146</p> <p>Chapter Summary 146</p> <p><b>11 Performance Measurements and Optimizations of Mobile Communications Networks 147</b></p> <p>11.1 Counters for Performance Measurements and Optimizations 147</p> <p>11.2 Performance and Optimizations Management System 149</p> <p>11.3 Key Performance Indicator (KPI) 150</p> <p>11.3.1 What Is a KPI? 150</p> <p>11.3.2 KPI Domains 150</p> <p>11.3.3 KPI for Signaling or Control Plane 152</p> <p>11.3.4 KPI for User or Data Plane 153</p> <p>11.3.5 KPI Categories 154</p> <p>11.3.6 KPI Evaluation Steps 155</p> <p>11.3.7 Troubleshooting and Improving KPI 156</p> <p>11.3.8 Components of a KPI Definition 157</p> <p>Chapter Summary 157</p> <p><b>12 Troubleshooting of Mobile Communications Networks Issues 159</b></p> <p>12.1 Air Interface-Related Issues 159</p> <p>12.1.1 Drive Test, Data Collection, and Its Analysis 160</p> <p>12.2 Debugging Issues with IP-Based Logical Interface 160</p> <p>12.2.1 IP Protocol Analyzer 161</p> <p>12.2.2 Network/Application Throughput Issue 161</p> <p>12.2.3 Switch Port Mirroring 161</p> <p>12.3 Conformance Testing Issues 162</p> <p>12.3.1 Example: Mobile Device (MS)/User Equipment (UE) Conformance Test 163</p> <p>12.3.2 Example: Location Area Update Request 163</p> <p>12.4 Interoperability Testing (IOT) Issues 164</p> <p>12.5 Interworking Issues 165</p> <p>12.6 Importance of Log/Traces and Its Collections 166</p> <p>12.7 Steps for Troubleshooting 167</p> <p>Chapter Summary 170</p> <p><b>Part III Mobile Communications Systems Development 171</b></p> <p>13 Core Software Development Fundamentals 173</p> <p>13.1 A Brief on Software Development Fundamentals 173</p> <p>13.1.1 Requirements Phase 174</p> <p>13.1.2 Design 174</p> <p>13.1.3 Implementation 175</p> <p>13.1.4 Integration and Testing 175</p> <p>13.1.5 Operation and Maintenance 175</p> <p>13.2 Hardware Platforms: Embedded System, Linux Versus PC 176</p> <p>13.2.1 System Development Using Embedded System Board 176</p> <p>13.2.2 System Development Using Multicore Hardware Platform 177</p> <p>13.2.2.1 What Is a Core? 178</p> <p>13.2.2.2 Network Element Development Using Multicore Platform 178</p> <p>13.2.2.3 Runtime Choices of Multicore Processor 178</p> <p>13.2.2.4 Software Programming Model for Multicore Processor 179</p> <p>13.3 Selecting Software Platforms and Features 179</p> <p>13.3.1 Selecting Available Data/Logical Structures 180</p> <p>13.3.1.1 Advanced Data Structures 180</p> <p>13.3.1.2 How Data Structure Affects the Application’s Performance 180</p> <p>13.3.2 Selecting an Operating System Services/Facilities 181</p> <p>13.3.2.1 Advance Features of Operating System: IPC 181</p> <p>13.4 Software Simulators for a Mobile Communications Network 184</p> <p>13.5 Software Root Causes and Their Debugging 185</p> <p>13.5.1 Incorrect Usages of Software Library System Calls/APIs 185</p> <p>13.5.2 Incorrect Usages of System Resources 185</p> <p>13.5.3 Bad Software Programming Practices 185</p> <p>13.6 Static Code Analysis of Software 186</p> <p>13.7 Software Architecture and Software Organization 186</p> <p>13.8 System and Software Requirements Analysis 188</p> <p>13.9 Software Quality: Reliability, Scalability, and Availability 188</p> <p>13.9.1 Reliability 188</p> <p>13.9.2 Scalability 188</p> <p>13.9.3 Availability 188</p> <p>Chapter Summary 189</p> <p><b>14 Protocols, Protocol Stack Developments, and Testing 191</b></p> <p>14.1 Components of a 3GPP Protocol TS 191</p> <p>14.2 3GPP Protocol Layer Structured Procedure Description 193</p> <p>14.3 Protocol Layer Communications 194</p> <p>14.3.1 Layer-to-Layer Communication Using Service Primitives 195</p> <p>14.3.2 Layer-to-Layer Communication: SAP 196</p> <p>14.3.3 Peer-to-Peer Layer Communication: PDU and Service Data Unit (SDU) 197</p> <p>14.3.4 Types of PDU 198</p> <p>14.3.5 Formats of PDU 198</p> <p>14.4 Air Interface Message Format: Signaling Layer 3 198</p> <p>14.4.1 A Brief on the Air Interface Layer 3 Protocol Stack 198</p> <p>14.4.2 Classification of Layer 3 Messages 199</p> <p>14.4.3 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Signaling Message Format 200</p> <p>14.4.4 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Protocol Discriminator 202</p> <p>14.4.5 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Skip Indicator 202</p> <p>14.4.6 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Transaction Identifier 204</p> <p>14.4.7 Layer 3 Protocol Header: LTE/EPS Bearer Identity 204</p> <p>14.4.8 Layer 3 Protocol Header: 5GSM PDU Session Identity 204</p> <p>14.4.9 Constructing a Layer 3 Message 204</p> <p>14.4.10 Security Protected LTE/EPS and 5G NAS Layer MM Messages 205</p> <p>14.4.11 Layer 3 Protocol Layer’s Message Dump 207</p> <p>14.5 Air Interface Message Format: Layer 2 207</p> <p>14.6 RAN – CN Signaling Messages 208</p> <p>14.6.1 Protocol Layer Elementary Procedure 208</p> <p>14.6.2 Types and Classes of EPs 210</p> <p>14.6.3 EPs Code 210</p> <p>14.6.4 Criticality of IE 211</p> <p>14.6.5 Types of Protocol Errors and Its Handling 211</p> <p>14.6.6 Choices of Triggering Message 212</p> <p>14.6.7 Message Type 212</p> <p>14.6.8 Message Description 212</p> <p>14.6.9 Example: LTE/EPS S1 Interface: S1 Setup Procedure 213</p> <p>14.7 Modes Operation of a Protocol Layer 213</p> <p>14.8 Example of a Protocol Primitive and PDU Definition 215</p> <p>14.9 Example of a Protocol Layer Frame Header Definition 216</p> <p>14.10 Examples of System Parameters 216</p> <p>14.11 Examples of Protocol Information Elements and Its Identifier 217</p> <p>14.12 3GPP Release Specific Changes Implementation 218</p> <p>14.13 Examples of Protocol Messages Types 219</p> <p>14.14 Protocol Layer Timer Handling 219</p> <p>14.15 Protocol Layer Development Using State Machine 222</p> <p>14.16 Protocol Layer Development Using Message Passing 224</p> <p>14.17 Protocol Layer Data and its Types 225</p> <p>14.18 Protocol Layer Control and Configuration 226</p> <p>14.19 Protocol Context Information 227</p> <p>14.20 Protocol Layer Message Padding 228</p> <p>14.21 Device Driver Development 229</p> <p>14.22 Guidelines for Protocol Stack/Layer Development 230</p> <p>14.23 Software Profiling, Tools and Performance Improvement 231</p> <p>14.24 Protocol Stack Testing and Validation 231</p> <p>Chapter Summary 233</p> <p><b>15 Deriving Requirements Specifications from a TS 235</b></p> <p>15.1 3GPP Protocol Layer Procedures 235</p> <p>15.1.1 LTE UE Mode of Operation Requirements 236</p> <p>15.1.2 LTE UE ATTACH Procedure Requirements 236</p> <p>15.1.3 LTE UE DETACH Procedure Requirements 237</p> <p>15.1.4 LTE UE Tracking Area Update Procedure Requirements 237</p> <p>15.2 3GPP System Feature Development Requirements 238</p> <p>15.2.1 Identification of System/Network Elements Interfaces Changes 238</p> <p>15.2.2 Identifications of Impacts on Performance 238</p> <p>15.2.3 Identifications of Impacts on Feature Management 239</p> <p>15.2.4 Identification of Interworking Requirements with Existing Features 239</p> <p>15.2.5 Charging and Accounting Aspects 239</p> <p>15.3 Example Feature: Radio Access Network Sharing 239</p> <p>15.3.1 Effects on Network Elements 239</p> <p>15.3.2 Effects on Logical Interfaces 240</p> <p>15.3.3 Selection of Core Network Operator: PLMN Id 241</p> <p>15.4 Example: Interworking/Interoperations 242</p> <p>15.4.1 Circuit-Switched Fall Back (CSFB) 242</p> <p>15.4.2 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 243</p> <p>15.5 3GPP System Feature and High-Level Design 244</p> <p>Chapter Summary 245</p> <p><b>Part IV 5G System and Network 247</b></p> <p><b>16 5G Network: Use Cases and Architecture 249</b></p> <p>16.1 5G System (5GS) Use Cases 249</p> <p>16.1.1 Enablers and Key Principles of 5GS Use Cases 250</p> <p>16.1.2 Other Enablers in 5G System 253</p> <p>16.2 Support of Legacy Services by 5G System 253</p> <p>16.3 5G System Network Architecture 254</p> <p>16.3.1 3GPP Access Architecture 254</p> <p>16.3.2 Non-3GPP Access Architecture 256</p> <p>16.4 5G System NG–RAN/gNB Logical Architecture 256</p> <p>16.5 5GC System Architecture Elements 259</p> <p>16.6 5G System Deployment Solutions 260</p> <p>16.6.1 E–UTRA–NR Dual Connectivity (EN–DC) for NSA Deployment 261</p> <p>16.7 5G System and LTE/EPS Interworking 265</p> <p>16.7.1 RAN-Level Interworking 265</p> <p>16.7.2 Core Network (CN) Level Interworking: N26 Interface 265</p> <p>16.7.2.1 Single Registration Mode with N26 Interface 266</p> <p>16.7.2.2 Dual Registration Mode: Without N26 Interface 266</p> <p>16.8 5G System Native and Mapped Network Identities 268</p> <p>16.8.1 Mobility Area Identifiers 268</p> <p>16.8.2 UE/Subscriber Permanent Identifiers 269</p> <p>16.8.3 Core Network Identifiers 269</p> <p>16.8.4 RAN Identifiers 269</p> <p>16.8.5 Core Network Temporary Identities 270</p> <p>16.9 5G System Network Slicing 270</p> <p>16.9.1 Identities for a Network Slice 271</p> <p>16.9.2 Impacts of Network Slicing Feature 273</p> <p>16.10 Management and Orchestration (MANO) of 5G Network 278</p> <p>16.11 5G System Security 280</p> <p>16.11.1 UE Authentication Frameworks and Methods 280</p> <p>16.11.2 Primary Authentication and Secondary Authentication 282</p> <p>16.11.3 Key Hierarchy and Authentication Vector 282</p> <p>16.11.4 New Security Requirements in 5G System 283</p> <p>16.11.5 Subscriber Identities/Privacy Protection 286</p> <p>Chapter Summary 287</p> <p><b>17 Introduction to GSM, UMTS, and LTE Systems Air Interface 289</b></p> <p>17.1 Air Interfaces Protocol Architectures 289</p> <p>17.2 Protocol Sublayers 290</p> <p>17.3 Control Plane and User Plane Protocols 291</p> <p>17.4 Protocols Domains Classifications 291</p> <p>17.5 Access Stratum and Non-access Stratum 291</p> <p>17.6 Message Formats 292</p> <p>17.7 Security Over the Air Interface 293</p> <p>17.8 Piggybacking for Reduction of Signaling Overhead 293</p> <p>17.8.1 Examples Piggybacking of Signaling Messages 293</p> <p>Chapter Summary 294</p> <p><b>18 5G NR Air Interface: Control Plane Protocols 295</b></p> <p>18.1 NR Control Plane Protocol Layers 295</p> <p>18.2 Session Management (5G SM) Layer 296</p> <p>18.2.1 Procedures of 5G SM Layer 297</p> <p>18.2.2 PDU Session Types 298</p> <p>18.2.3 PDU Session Service Continuity (SSC) 299</p> <p>18.2.4 PDU Sessions for Network Slices 300</p> <p>18.2.5 Session Management (SM) Layer States 301</p> <p>18.3 Quality of Service (5G QoS) 301</p> <p>18.3.1 LTE/EPS QoS Model: EPS Bearer 301</p> <p>18.3.2 5GS QoS Model: QoS Flow 301</p> <p>18.3.3 GTP-U Plane Tunnel for PDU Session 302</p> <p>18.3.4 Service Data Flow and PCC Rule 302</p> <p>18.3.5 Binding of Service Data Flow 303</p> <p>18.3.6 QoS Profile and QFI 303</p> <p>18.3.7 QoS Rule and QRI 305</p> <p>18.3.8 Mapping QoS Flow to Data Radio Bearer 305</p> <p>18.3.9 Downlink Data Flow Through GTP-U Plane Tunnels 307</p> <p>18.4 Mobility Management (5G MM) Layer 308</p> <p>18.4.1 Mobility Area Concepts and Identifiers 308</p> <p>18.4.2 Requirements of Mobility Management Functions 313</p> <p>18.4.3 Functions and Procedures of 5G MM Layer 314</p> <p>18.4.4 Mobility Management Layer States 315</p> <p>18.4.5 Connection Management (CM) and Service Request 316</p> <p>18.4.6 Mobility Pattern of UE 317</p> <p>18.5 RRC Layer 317</p> <p>18.5.1 Functions and Procedures of RRC Layer 317</p> <p>18.5.2 System Information (SI) Broadcast 318</p> <p>18.5.3 RRC Layer States 319</p> <p>18.5.4 RRC INACTIVE State 320</p> <p>18.5.5 Mobility of UE 326</p> <p>18.5.5.1 UE Mobility in RRC IDLE State 326</p> <p>18.5.5.2 UE Mobility in RRC INACTIVE State 326</p> <p>18.5.5.3 UE Mobility in RRC CONNECTED State 327</p> <p>18.5.6 Admission Control 332</p> <p>Chapter Summary 334</p> <p><b>19 5G NR Air Interface 335</b></p> <p>19.1 NR User Plane Protocol Layers 335</p> <p>19.2 SDAP Layer 336</p> <p>19.3 PDCP Layer 336</p> <p>19.4 RLC Layer 340</p> <p>19.5 MAC Layer 342</p> <p>19.5.1 Functions and Procedures 342</p> <p>19.5.2 Scheduling Procedure 344</p> <p>19.5.3 Random Access Procedure 346</p> <p>19.5.4 Error Correction Through HARQ Procedure 351</p> <p>19.5.5 Buffer Status Reporting (BSR) Procedure 352</p> <p>19.5.6 Scheduling Request (SR) Procedure 353</p> <p>19.5.7 Low Latency in the NR Due to Configured Scheduling 353</p> <p>19.5.8 MAC Layer PDU and Header Structures 354</p> <p>19.5.9 How MAC Layer Ensures Low‐Latency Requirements 356</p> <p>19.5.10 Channel Structures in NR 357</p> <p>19.6 Physical Layer 359</p> <p>19.6.1 Principles of Transmissions and Its Directions 360</p> <p>19.6.2 Physical Layer Functions, Procedures, and Services 360</p> <p>19.6.3 OFDM Symbol 363</p> <p>19.6.4 NR Frame and Slot Format 364</p> <p>19.6.4.1 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS)/Numerologies (μ) 364</p> <p>19.6.4.2 Slots per NR Frame and Subframe 364</p> <p>19.6.4.3 Slot Formats in TDD Mode 366</p> <p>19.6.4.4 Dynamic TDD 367</p> <p>19.6.5 Resource Grid and Resource Block 368</p> <p>19.6.5.1 Control Resource Set (CORESET) 369</p> <p>19.6.5.2 Common Resource Blocks (CRB) 370</p> <p>19.6.5.3 Physical Resource Block (PRB) 370</p> <p>19.6.5.4 Virtual Resource Block (VRB) 370</p> <p>19.6.5.5 Interleaved and Non‐interleaved PRB Allocation 370</p> <p>19.6.5.6 PRB Bundling and VRB to PRB Mapping 371</p> <p>19.6.5.7 Reference Point “A” 371</p> <p>19.6.6 Channel and Transmission Bandwidths 371</p> <p>19.6.7 Bandwidth Part (BWP) 373</p> <p>19.6.7.1 Types of BWP 374</p> <p>19.6.7.2 BWP Configuration 375</p> <p>19.6.7.3 BWP Switching and Associated Delay 376</p> <p>19.6.8 NR Resource Allocations 377</p> <p>19.6.8.1 Frequency Domain Resource Allocation for FDD Transmission 377</p> <p>19.6.8.2 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for FDD Transmission 380</p> <p>19.6.8.3 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for TDD 383</p> <p>19.6.9 Transport Channels and Their Processing Chain 384</p> <p>19.6.9.1 CRC Calculation and its Attachment to a Transport Block 385</p> <p>19.6.9.2 Code Block Segmentation 385</p> <p>19.6.9.3 Channel Encoding with LDPC 386</p> <p>19.6.9.4 Rate Matching and Concatenation 387</p> <p>19.6.9.5 Multiplexing of UL‐SCH Data and Uplink Control Information 388</p> <p>19.6.9.6 LDPC Encoding Examples 388</p> <p>19.6.10 Physical Channels and Their Processing Chain 390</p> <p>19.6.10.1 Physical Channels 390</p> <p>19.6.10.2 Channel Mappings 391</p> <p>19.6.10.3 Multiple Physical Antenna Transmissions 392</p> <p>19.6.10.4 Physical Channel Processing Chain 395</p> <p>19.6.10.5 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 397</p> <p>19.6.10.6 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Information (UCI) 404</p> <p>19.6.11 Code Block Group‐Based Transmission and Reception 405</p> <p>19.6.12 Physical Signals 409</p> <p>19.6.12.1 Reference Signals Transmitted as Part of Physical Channels 410</p> <p>19.6.12.2 Sounding Reference Signals 412</p> <p>19.6.13 Downlink Synchronization 414</p> <p>19.6.14 Millimeter Wave Transmission, Beamforming, and Its Management 419</p> <p>19.6.15 Cell‐Level Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) 424</p> <p>19.6.16 RRM Measurements for UE Mobility 426</p> <p>19.6.16.1 RRM Measurement Signals and Their Quantities 426</p> <p>19.6.16.2 RRM Measurements Framework 427</p> <p>19.6.16.3 Overall RRM Process 429</p> <p>19.6.17 Channel State Information (CSI) 430</p> <p>19.6.18 Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) 433</p> <p>19.6.19 Link Adaptation Procedure 434</p> <p>19.6.20 Random Access (RACH) Procedure 435</p> <p>19.6.21 NR Radio Resources Management (RRM) Procedure 439</p> <p>19.6.22 UE Transmit Power Control 444</p> <p>19.6.22.1 Types of Power Control Procedure in NR 444</p> <p>19.6.22.2 UE Transmit Power Determination Procedure in NR 445</p> <p>19.6.23 Effect of Physical Layer on Data Throughputs 445</p> <p>Chapter Summary 446</p> <p><b>20 5G Core Network Architecture 447</b></p> <p>20.1 Control Plane and User Plane Separation – CUPS 447</p> <p>20.1.1 Impacts of CUPS Feature 448</p> <p>20.1.2 CUPS in the LTE/EPC Network 449</p> <p>20.1.3 CUPS Feature in 5G Core Network 450</p> <p>20.2 Service-Based Architecture (SBA) 452</p> <p>20.2.1 Network Functions and Its Instances 453</p> <p>20.2.2 Network Functions (NFs) and Their Services Interfaces 454</p> <p>20.2.3 5G System Architecture with NF 456</p> <p>20.2.4 Network Functions and Their Services and Operations 457</p> <p>20.2.5 Network Functions Services Framework 458</p> <p>20.2.6 Services API for Network Functions 462</p> <p>20.2.7 Network Function Selection 468</p> <p>20.3 Network Function Virtualization (NFV) 469</p> <p>Chapter Summary 472</p> <p><b>21 5G System: Low-level Design 473</b></p> <p>21.1 Design of 5GC Service Interface and Its Operations 473</p> <p>21.2 Design of 5GC NF Service Interface Using UML and C++ Class Diagram 474</p> <p>21.3 Usages of C++ Standard Template Library (STL) 475</p> <p>21.4 Software Architecture for 5G System 476</p> <p>21.4.1 NG-RAN Logical Nodes Software Architecture 476</p> <p>21.4.2 5GC Software Architecture 479</p> <p>21.5 Data Types Used in 5GC SBI Communications 479</p> <p>Chapter Summary 491</p> <p><b>22 3GPP Release 16 and Beyond 493</b></p> <p>22.1 5GS Enhancements as Part of Release 16 493</p> <p>22.2 5GS New Features as Part of Release 16 494</p> <p>22.3 3GPP Release 17 496</p> <p>Chapter Summary 496</p> <p>Appendix 497</p> <p>References 503</p> <p>Index 507</p>
<p>"The author provides a comprehensive summary on the mobile communications systems covering 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G. The great addition to the theoretical foundations are practical elements including system operation and development aspects, with multitude practical examples and self-assessment. This handbook shall be useful for telecom practitioners including radio and core network engineers. It’s also a good source for software engineers from a different domain who would like to enter the telco domain. It shall be of interest to those, especially in present times where IT, software development and mobile communications are closer to each other than ever before."<br /><br /><i>- Marcin Dryjański, Ph.D., PRINCIPAL CONSULTANT / CEO</i></p>
<p><b>Rajib Taid</b> is currently Deputy General Manager (Information Technology) for BCPL, India. He has over 20 years of experience working with and in government agencies and private corporations. His competencies range from mobile communications software research and development to managing multiple technology domains and platforms.</p>
<p><b>Provides a thorough introduction to the development, operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of mobile communications systems</b></p><p><i>Mobile Communications Systems Development: A Practical Introduction for System Understanding, Implementation, and Deployment</i> is a comprehensive “how to” manual for mobile communications system design, deployment, and support. Providing a detailed overview of end-to-end system development, the book encompasses operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of currently available mobile communication technologies and systems. Readers are introduced to different network architectures, standardization, protocols, and functions including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks, and the 3GPP standard.</p><p>In-depth chapters cover the entire protocol stack from the Physical (PHY) to the Application layer, discuss theoretical and practical considerations, and describe software implementation based on the 3GPP standardized technical specifications. The book includes figures, tables, and sample computer code to help readers thoroughly comprehend the functions and underlying concepts of a mobile communications network. Each chapter includes an introduction to the topic and a chapter summary. A full list of references, and a set of exercises are also provided at the end of the book to test comprehension and strengthen understanding of the material. Written by a respected professional with more than 20 years’ experience in the field, this highly practical guide:</p><ul><li>Provides detailed introductory information on GSM, GPRS, UMTS, and LTE mobile communications systems and networks</li><li>Describes the various aspects and areas of the LTE system air interface and its protocol layers</li><li>Covers troubleshooting and resolution of mobile communications systems and networks issues</li><li>Discusses the software and hardware platforms used for the development of mobile communications systems network elements</li><li>Includes 5G use cases, enablers, and architectures that cover the 5G NR (New Radio) and 5G Core Network</li></ul><p><i>Mobile Communications Systems Development</i> is perfect for graduate and postdoctoral students studying mobile communications and telecom design, electronic engineering undergraduate students in their final year, research and development engineers, and network operation and maintenance personnel.</p>

Diese Produkte könnten Sie auch interessieren:

From Photon to Pixel
From Photon to Pixel
von: Henri Maître
PDF ebook
139,99 €
Computer Vision in Vehicle Technology
Computer Vision in Vehicle Technology
von: Antonio M. López, Atsushi Imiya, Tomas Pajdla, Jose M. Álvarez
PDF ebook
81,99 €
Foundations of Electromagnetic Compatibility
Foundations of Electromagnetic Compatibility
von: Bogdan Adamczyk
PDF ebook
117,99 €