Details

<p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>1 Application of MOFs on Removal of Emerging Water Contaminants 1<br /> </b><i>Nguyen Minh Viet, Tran Thi Viet Ha, and Nguyen Le Minh Tri</i></p> <p>Abbreviated list 1</p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.1.1 Sources of Emerging Water Contaminants 1</p> <p>1.1.2 Emerging Water Contaminants Treatment Methods 2</p> <p>1.1.3 MOFs as Exceptional Materials for Water Remediation 7</p> <p>1.2 MOFs Strategies in Water Remediation 7</p> <p>1.2.1 Adsorption 8</p> <p>1.2.2 Catalyst 10</p> <p>1.2.3 Synergistic Effect of Adsorption and Photocatalyst 12</p> <p>1.3 Emerging Water Contaminants by MOFs 12</p> <p>1.3.1 Organic Dyes 12</p> <p>1.3.2 Adsorption 12</p> <p>1.3.3 Photocatalytic and Electrostatic Activities 13</p> <p>1.3.4 PPCPs 13</p> <p>1.3.5 Adsorption 14</p> <p>1.3.6 Photocatalytic Activities 14</p> <p>1.3.7 Herbicides and Pesticides 15</p> <p>1.3.8 Adsorption 15</p> <p>1.3.9 Photocatalytic Activities 16</p> <p>1.3.10 Industrial Compounds/By-products 17</p> <p>1.3.11 Adsorption 17</p> <p>1.3.12 Photocatalytic Activities 17</p> <p>1.4 Challenges and Perspective in Using MOFs for the Removal of Emerging Water Contaminants 17</p> <p>1.5 Conclusion 18</p> <p><b>2 Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Stepwise Preparatory Methods (Synthesis) for Water Treatment 27<br /> </b><i>Debarati Chakraborty and Prof. Siddhartha S. Dhar</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 27</p> <p>2.2 Classification of Metal-Organic Frameworks 28</p> <p>2.3 Synthesis of MOFs 29</p> <p>2.3.1 Conventional Solvothermal/Hydrothermal and Non-Solvothermal Method 29</p> <p>2.3.2 Room-Temperature Synthesis 30</p> <p>2.3.3 Unconventional Methods 30</p> <p>2.4 Alternative Synthesis Methods 31</p> <p>2.4.1 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 31</p> <p>2.4.2 Electrochemical Synthesis 32</p> <p>2.4.3 Sonochemical Synthesis 34</p> <p>2.4.4 Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis 35</p> <p>2.4.5 Layer-by-Layer Synthesis 36</p> <p>2.5 Factors Affecting the Synthesis of MOFs 37</p> <p>2.5.1 Solvents 37</p> <p>2.6 Temperature and pH Effects on the Synthesis of MOFs 38</p> <p>2.7 Water Regeneration and Wastewater Treatment Using MOF Membranes 39</p> <p>2.8 Membrane Filtration 39</p> <p>2.9 Microfiltration (MF) 39</p> <p>2.10 Ultrafiltration (UF) 40</p> <p>2.11 Nanofiltration (NF) 40</p> <p>2.12 Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Forward Osmosis (FO) 41</p> <p>2.13 Membrane Distillation (MD) 41</p> <p>2.14 Membrane Pervaporation (PV) 42</p> <p>2.15 Conclusion 43</p> <p><b>3 Application of MOFs in the Removal of Pharmaceutical Waste from Aquatic Environments 53<br /> </b><i>Gagandeep Kaur, Parul Sood, Lata Rani, and Nitin Verma</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 53</p> <p>3.2 The Potential of MOFs and Their Analogs to Resist Water Stability 55</p> <p>3.3 Methods for the Development and Design of Aqueous-Stable Composites of Metal-Organic Frameworks 56</p> <p>3.4 Synthesis and Design of Water-Stable MOF-Derived Materials 57</p> <p>3.5 MOFs and Their Hybrids as Versatile Adsorbents for Capturing Pharmaceutical Drugs 58</p> <p>3.6 MILs and Their Derived Compounds 58</p> <p>3.7 Pristine MILs 58</p> <p>3.8 MILs Composites 59</p> <p>3.9 MILs-Derived Materials 60</p> <p>3.10 ZIFs and Their Derived Compounds 60</p> <p>3.11 Pristine ZIFs 60</p> <p>3.12 ZIFs Composites 61</p> <p>3.13 Materials Derived from ZIFs 61</p> <p>3.14 UiOs Composite Materials 62</p> <p>3.15 UiOs-Derived Materials 63</p> <p>3.16 Pharmaceutical Drug Resistance 63</p> <p>3.17 Conclusion 64</p> <p><b>4 Efficiency of MOFs in Water Treatment Against the Emerging Water Contaminants Such as Endocrine Disruptors, Pharmaceuticals, Microplastics, Pesticides, and Other Contaminants 73<br /> </b><i>Jogindera Devi and Ajay Kumar</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 73</p> <p>4.2 Chemical Contaminants: Those Mysterious Ingredients in Ground and Surface Water 74</p> <p>4.2.1 Endocrine Disruptors (EDs) 74</p> <p>4.2.2 Microplastics (MPs) 74</p> <p>4.2.3 Contaminants from the Agriculture Sector 75</p> <p>4.2.4 Pharmaceutical Effluents 75</p> <p>4.3 MOFs 76</p> <p>4.3.1 MOF Stability in the Aqueous Phase 77</p> <p>4.3.2 Improving the Water Stability of MOFs: General Enhancement Strategies 77</p> <p>4.4 Possibilities for Wastewater Treatment Applications Using MOFs 78</p> <p>4.4.1 MOF-Supported Adsorption & Photocatalysis 79</p> <p>4.4.2 π-π Interactions 80</p> <p>4.4.3 Electrostatic Interactions 80</p> <p>4.4.4 Hydrophobic Interactions 81</p> <p>4.4.5 H-Bonding 82</p> <p>4.5 Use of MOFs for Water Remediation: Issues & Perspectives 82</p> <p>4.6 Future 85</p> <p>4.7 Conclusions 85</p> <p><b>5 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Contaminants Removal 95<br /> </b><i>Khushbu Sharma, Priyanka Devi, and Prasann Kumar</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 95</p> <p>5.2 Aqueous Phase MOF Stability 96</p> <p>5.3 MOF Degradation in Water 97</p> <p>5.4 Influence of MOF Structure 97</p> <p>5.5 2D Nanostructured Coating 97</p> <p>5.6 3D Nanostructure of MOF 98</p> <p>5.7 MOF-Based Materials’ Adsorption Processes for Heavy Metal Oxyanion 99</p> <p>5.8 Remediation Through Perfect MOFs 102</p> <p>5.9 Interaction of MOFs with Other Species 102</p> <p>5.10 With the Use of MOF Composites 103</p> <p>5.11 Removal of Metal Ions through Adsorption 105</p> <p>5.12 MOF Composites are Used for Removal 106</p> <p>5.13 COFs are a New Class of Materials that Have Similar MOF Structures 107</p> <p>5.14 Application of MOF Composites 108</p> <p>5.15 Gas Separation and Adsorption 109</p> <p>5.16 MOF Composites 110</p> <p>5.17 Agrochemical Adsorption and Removal 111</p> <p>5.18 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Adsorption Removal Products (PPCPs) 112</p> <p>5.19 MOFs for Photocatalytic Elimination of Organic Pollutants 113</p> <p>5.20 Conclusion 113</p> <p>Acknowledgment 114</p> <p>Author Contributions 114</p> <p>Conflicts of Interest 115</p> <p><b>6 “Green Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Treatment” 119<br /> </b><i>Ankita Saini, Sunil Kumar Saini, and Parul Lakra</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 119</p> <p>6.2 Role of Green Chemistry in Preparation of MOFs 122</p> <p>6.3 Green Application of MOFs in the Removal of Contaminants from Wastewater 124</p> <p>6.3.1 MOFs for the Removal of Inorganic Contaminants 125</p> <p>6.3.2 MOFs for the Removal of Organic Contaminants 136</p> <p>6.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 138</p> <p>6.5 Conflict of Interest 139</p> <p><b>7 Case Studies (Success Stories) on the Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in Wastewater Treatment and Their Implementations; Review 151<br /> </b><i>Arpit Kumar, Mahesh Rachamalla, and Akshat Adarsh</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 151</p> <p>7.2 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) 154</p> <p>7.2.1 Properties and Applications of MOFs 154</p> <p>7.3 Applications of MOFs in Wastewater Treatment: Case Studies 156</p> <p>7.3.1 Forward Osmosis (FO) Membranes 159</p> <p>7.3.2 Application and Effectiveness 159</p> <p>7.3.3 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes 160</p> <p>7.3.4 Application and Effectiveness 161</p> <p>7.3.5 Nano Filter (NF) Membranes 162</p> <p>7.3.6 Application and Effectiveness 163</p> <p>7.3.7 Ultrafiltration (UF) Membranes 164</p> <p>7.3.8 Application and Effectiveness 165</p> <p>Summary 166</p> <p>Acknowledgment 167</p> <p><b>8 Prospects and Potentials of Microbial Applications on Heavy-Metal Removal from Wastewater 177<br /> </b><i>Dipankar Ghosh, Shubhangi Chaudhary, and Snigdha Dhara</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 177</p> <p>8.2 Mainstream Avenues to Remediate Heavy Metals in Wastewater 178</p> <p>8.3 The Microbial Recycling Approach 179</p> <p>8.4 General Overview of Heavy-Metal Pollution in Wastewater 181</p> <p>8.5 Techniques for Heavy-Metal Removal 183</p> <p>8.6 Microbial and Biological Approaches for Removing Heavy Metals from Wastewater 186</p> <p>8.7 Biological Remediation Approaches for Heavy-Metal Removal 187</p> <p>8.8 Microbial Bioremediation Approaches 190</p> <p>8.9 Bioengineering Approaches on Microbes for Improving Heavy-Metal Removal from Wastewater 191</p> <p>8.10 Conclusion 192</p> <p>Acknowledgment 193</p> <p><b>9 Removal of Organic Contaminants from Aquatic Environments Using Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Based Materials 203<br /> </b><i>Linkon Bharali and Siddhartha S. Dhar</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 203</p> <p>9.2 MOF-Based Materials 205</p> <p>9.2.1 MOF—Metal Nanoparticle Materials 205</p> <p>9.2.2 MOF–MO Materials 206</p> <p>9.2.3 MOF–Quantum Dot Materials 207</p> <p>9.2.4 MOF–Silica Materials 207</p> <p>9.2.5 MOF–Carbon Materials 208</p> <p>9.2.6 Core—shell Structures of MOFs 209</p> <p>9.2.7 MOF–Enzyme Materials 210</p> <p>9.2.8 MOF–Organic Polymer Materials 210</p> <p>9.3 Environmental Effects of MOF-Based Materials 211</p> <p>9.4 Conclusion 215</p> <p><b>10 Reformed Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Abstraction of Water Contaminants – Heavy-Metal Ions 227<br /> </b><i>Prakash B. Rathod, Rahul A. Kalel, Mahendra Pratap Singh Tomar, Akshay Chandrakant Dhayagude, and Parshuram D. Maske</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 227</p> <p>10.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks 228</p> <p>10.3 Sorption Enrichment by Modification of MOFs 229</p> <p>10.4 Toxic-Metal Ion Adsorption by MOFs 231</p> <p>10.4.1 MOFs for Mercury Adsorption 231</p> <p>10.4.2 MOFs for Lead Adsorption 234</p> <p>10.4.3 MOFs for Cadmium Adsorption 235</p> <p>10.4.4 MOFs for Chromium Removal 236</p> <p>10.4.5 MOFs for Arsenic Removal 238</p> <p>10.4.6 MOFs for Heavy Metals Phosphate Removal 239</p> <p>10.4.7 MOFs for Nickel Adsorption 240</p> <p>10.4.8 MOFs for Selenium Adsorption 240</p> <p>10.4.9 MOFs for Uranium Adsorption 240</p> <p>10.5 Future Perspective 241</p> <p>10.6 Future Scope 241</p> <p>10.7 Conclusions 242</p> <p><b>11 Application of Algal-Polysaccharide Metal-Organic Frameworks in Wastewater Treatment 251<br /> </b><i>Dharitri Borah, Jayashree Rout, and Thajuddin Nooruddin</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 251</p> <p>11.1.1 Water Pollutants and Sources 251</p> <p>11.1.2 Common Wastewater Treatment Techniques 252</p> <p>11.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Treatment 252</p> <p>11.1.4 Polysaccharide-Metal-organic Frameworks (Ps-MOFs) 253</p> <p>11.2 Polysaccharides in Algae/cyanobacteria (AlPs) 254</p> <p>11.2.1 Polysaccharides in Cyanophyceae 254</p> <p>11.2.2 Polysaccharides in Chlorophyceae 258</p> <p>11.2.3 Polysaccharides in Rhodophyceae 258</p> <p>11.2.4 Polysaccharides in Phaeophyceae 259</p> <p>11.3 Synthesis of Algal Polysaccharide MOFs (ALPs-MOFs) 259</p> <p>11.3.1 Alginate-MOFs 260</p> <p>11.3.2 Cellulose-MOFs 262</p> <p>11.3.3 Agar-MOFs 263</p> <p>11.4 Characterization of AlP-MOFs 264</p> <p>11.5 Adsorption Mechanism of AlPs-MOFs 268</p> <p>11.6 Regeneration of AlPs-MOFs 271</p> <p>11.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 272</p> <p><b>12 Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Resources 281<br /> </b><i>Swati Singh and K. V. Suresh Babu</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 281</p> <p>12.2 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals in the Environment 282</p> <p>12.3 Impacts of Heavy Metal Pollution 283</p> <p>12.4 Water Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices 286</p> <p>12.4.1 Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) 287</p> <p>12.4.2 Statistical Technique 288</p> <p>12.5 MOFs for Heavy Metal Contaminant Removal from Water 289</p> <p>12.6 Conclusion 290</p> <p><b>13 Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Environments: Sources and Impact Assessment 299<br /> </b><i>Shipa Rani Dey, Priyanka Devi, and Prasann Kumar</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 299</p> <p>13.2 The Various Forms and Causes of Chemical Pollutants 300</p> <p>13.3 Increasing Contaminant Occurrence in Aquatic Systems 302</p> <p>13.4 Identifying Potential Points of Entry for New Pollutants into Aquatic Systems 304</p> <p>13.5 Groups of Trace Pollutants and ECs 305</p> <p>13.5.1 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) 305</p> <p>13.6 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) 306</p> <p>13.7 Concentrations of Micropollutants in Aquatic Organisms 308</p> <p>13.8 Methods for Micropollutant Removal 308</p> <p>13.9 Mitigation of Aqueous Micropollutants 310</p> <p>13.10 Chemical Treatment of Wastewater Discharge 311</p> <p>13.11 Conclusion 311</p> <p>Acknowledgment 312</p> <p>Authors Contributions 312</p> <p>Conflicts of Interest 312</p> <p><b>14 Physicochemical Properties and Stability of MOFs in Water Environments 319<br /> </b><i>Priya Saharan, Vinit Kumar, Indu Kaushal, Ashok Kumar Sharma, Narender Ranga, and Dharmender Kumar</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 319</p> <p>14.2 Background and Future Scope of MOFs 320</p> <p>14.3 Techniques Used to Determine the Physicochemical Properties of MOFs 320</p> <p>14.3.1 Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) 321</p> <p>14.3.2 BET Surface Area Analyzer 321</p> <p>14.3.3 Electron Microscopy and Elemental Analysis 322</p> <p>14.3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 322</p> <p>14.3.5 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) 322</p> <p>14.4 Physicochemical Properties of MOFs and Their Effects on Various Applications 322</p> <p>14.4.1 Porosity 322</p> <p>14.4.2 Size and Morphology 323</p> <p>14.4.3 Chemical Reactivity 325</p> <p>14.4.4 Chemical Stability 327</p> <p>14.4.5 Thermal Stability 329</p> <p>14.4.6 Mechanical Stability 331</p> <p>14.5 Conclusion 332</p> <p><b>15 Metal-Organic Framework Adsorbents for Indutrial Heavy-Metal Wastewater Treatment 337<br /> </b><i>Gopal Sonkar</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 337</p> <p>15.2 The Applications of MOFs 338</p> <p>15.3 Comparison Between MOF Adsorbents and Bio-Based Adsorbents 338</p> <p>15.4 Heavy Metal Contaminant Sources and Impacts 340</p> <p>15.5 Adsorption 343</p> <p>15.5.1 The Adsorption Process 343</p> <p>15.5.2 Adsorption Mechanisms 344</p> <p>15.5.3 Adsorption Parameters 344</p> <p>15.5.4 Different Processes for Methods of Adsorption 345</p> <p>15.6 A Specific Review on Tea-Waste Adsorption 347</p> <p>15.7 Conclusions 348</p> <p><b>16 Evaluation of MOF Applications for Groundwater Arsenic Mitigation of the Middle Ganga Plains of Bihar, India 355<br /> </b><i>Arun Kumar, Vivek Raj, Mohammad Ali, Abhinav, Mahesh Rachamalla, Dhruv Kumar, Arti Kumari, Rakesh Kumar, Prabhat Shankar, and Ashok Kumar Ghosh</i></p> <p>16.1 Arsenic Contamination in the Groundwater of Bihar 355</p> <p>16.2 Status of Groundwater Arsenic Exposure in the Affected Population 361</p> <p>16.2.1 Mitigation Status in the Arsenic-Exposed Area of Bihar 364</p> <p>16.2.2 Application of MOFs in Arsenic Removal from Groundwater 364</p> <p>16.2.3 Conclusion 365</p> <p>Index 375</p>

<p><i><b>Arun Lal Srivastav, PhD,</b> Assistant Professor, Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India. <p><b>Lata Rani, PhD,</b> Assistant Professor, Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India. <p><b>Jyotsna Kaushal, PhD,</b> Professor, Centre for Water Sciences, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab, India. <p><b>Tien Duc Pham, PhD,</b> Associate Professor, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.</i>

<p><b>Discover a groundbreaking new wastewater decontamination technology</b> <p>The removal of wastewater contaminants is a key aspect of the water cycle, allowing water to be fed safely back into circulation within a given ecosystem. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of porous materials which can reversibly bind and sequester both metal ions and potentially harmful organic substances, giving them a potentially crucial role in the targeted removal of wastewater contaminants. They may also enable significant cost and energy savings over now-conventional ion exchangers in water treatment plants. <p><i>Metal Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Contaminant Removal</i> provides an accessible, practical guide to the development, evaluation, and potential applications of MOFs in maintaining the water cycle. It begins with an overview of the major metallic and non-metallic contaminants found in wastewater and their interactions with major MOF-based materials, before moving to the challenges and opportunities provided by MOFs in the pursuit of a sustainable, energy-efficient water cycle. The result is a groundbreaking resource in the ever-expanding global fight to keep water clean and safe. <p><i>Metal Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Contaminant Removal</i> readers will also find: <ul><li>MOF technology and its water treatment applications discussed in depth for the first time in a major publication</li> <li>Comparison with existing decontamination technologies and environmental risk assessment</li> <li>Applications for environmental as well as industrial toxicants based on recent research and on case studies</li></ul> <p><i>Metal Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Contaminant Removal</i> is indispensable for water chemists, chemical engineers, environmental chemists, and for any researchers or industry professionals working with water decontamination technologies.

DE