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<p>FOREWORD xv</p> <p>PREFACE xvii</p> <p>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix</p> <p>REVIEW PANEL xxi</p> <p><b>PART 1 FOODBORNE and MICROBIAL TOXINS 1</b></p> <p><b>I Chemical Contamination and Additives 5</b><br />by Cyrus Rangan, MD, FAAP</p> <p>1 Food Contamination 5</p> <p>2 Food Additives and Sensitivities 22</p> <p><b>II Staples and Spices 34</b></p> <p>3 Akee Fruit and Jamaican Vomiting Sickness (Blighia sapida Köenig) 34</p> <p>4 Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Species) 39</p> <p>5 Cyanogenic Foods (Cassava, Fruit Kernels, and Cycad Seeds) 44</p> <p>6 Cycad Seeds and Chronic Neurologic Disease (Cycas Species) 54</p> <p>7 Djenkol Bean [Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen] 59</p> <p>8 Grass Pea and Neurolathyrism (Lathyrus sativus L.) 62</p> <p>9 Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) 67</p> <p>10 Pepper and Capsaicin (Capsicum and Piper Species) 71</p> <p>11 Potatoes, Tomatoes, and Solanine Toxicity (Solanum tuberosum L., Solanum lycopersicum L.) 77</p> <p>12 Rhubarb and Oxalosis (Rheum Species) 84</p> <p><b>III Microbes 89</b></p> <p><b>A Bacteria 89</b><br />by Cyrus Rangan, MD, FAAP</p> <p>13 Bacillus cereus 89</p> <p>14 Campylobacter jejuni 96</p> <p>15 Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 103</p> <p>16 Clostridium perfringens 114</p> <p>17 Escherichia coli 120</p> <p>18 Listeria monocytogenes 133</p> <p>19 Salmonella 141</p> <p>20 Shigella Species (Shiga Enterotoxins) 150</p> <p>21 Staphylococcus aureus 156</p> <p>22 Streptococcus Species 162</p> <p>23 Vibrio Species 167</p> <p>24 Yersinia enterocolitica 174</p> <p><b>B Other Microbes 181</b></p> <p>25 Cyanobacteria 181</p> <p>26 Protozoa and Intestinal Parasites 191</p> <p>27 Gastrointestinal Viruses 202</p> <p><b>IV Seafood 212</b></p> <p>28 Amnesic Shellfi sh Poisoning and Domoic Acid 212</p> <p>29 Azaspiracid Shellfi sh Poisoning and Azaspiracid Toxins 218</p> <p>30 Diarrhetic Shellfi sh Poisoning and Okadaic Acid 222</p> <p>31 Neurotoxic Shellfi sh Poisoning and Brevetoxins 227</p> <p>32 Paralytic Shellfi sh Poisoning and Saxitoxins 231</p> <p>33 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning and Ciguatoxins 238</p> <p>34 Puffer Fish Poisoning and Tetrodotoxin 247</p> <p>35 Red Whelk and Tetramine 253</p> <p>36 Scombroid Fish, Scombrotoxin, and Histamine 256</p> <p><b>PART 2 FUNGAL TOXINS 261</b></p> <p><b>I Mushrooms 265</b></p> <p>37 Amatoxin-Containing Mushrooms 265</p> <p>38 False Morel and Gyromitrin Poisoning 285</p> <p>39 Gastroenteritis-Producing Mushrooms 290</p> <p>40 Inky Cap and Coprine Toxicity [Coprinus atramentarius (Bull.) Fr.] 294</p> <p>41 Isoxazole-Containing Mushrooms and Pantherina Syndrome (Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina) 298</p> <p>42 Muscarine-Containing Mushrooms and Muscarine Toxicity (Clitocybe and Inocybe Species) 303</p> <p>43 Orellanine-Containing Mushrooms and Nephrotoxicity (Cortinarius Species) 307</p> <p>44 Paxillus and Other Mushroom Syndromes 312</p> <p><b>II Mycotoxins 317</b></p> <p>45 Mycotoxins 317</p> <p><b>PART 3 MEDICINAL HERBS and ESSENTIAL OILS 373</b></p> <p><b>I Medicinal Herbs 377</b></p> <p>46 Aloe Vera [Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.] 377</p> <p>47 Aristolochic Acid and Chinese Herb Nephropathy 382</p> <p>48 Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) 388</p> <p>49 Blue Cohosh [Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.] 394</p> <p>50 Borage (Borago offi cinalis L.) 397</p> <p>51 Burdock Root (Arctium lappa L.) 400</p> <p>52 Calamus (Acorus calamus L.) 403</p> <p>53 Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora T. Nees & Eberm.) 407</p> <p>54 Cascara (Frangula purshiana Cooper) 414</p> <p>55 Cat’s Claw [Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Schult.) DC.] 421</p> <p>56 Chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Chamaemelum nobile L.] 425</p> <p>57 Chaparral [Larrea tridentata (Sesse & Moc. ex DC.) Vail] 429</p> <p>58 Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus L.) 434</p> <p>59 Clove and Eugenol [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry] 437</p> <p>60 Colocynth [Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.] 443</p> <p>61 Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara L.) 446</p> <p>62 Comfrey and Other Pyrrolizidine-Containing Plants 449</p> <p>63 Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) 458</p> <p>64 Dong Quai [Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels] 461</p> <p>65 Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium Schultz Bip.) 465</p> <p>66 Garlic (Allium sativum L.) 470</p> <p>67 Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys L.) 477</p> <p>68 Ginger (Zingiber offi cinale Roscoe) 482</p> <p>69 Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba L.) 488</p> <p>70 Ginseng 497</p> <p>71 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) 504</p> <p>72 Hawthorn (Crataegus Species) 510</p> <p>73 Impila, Pine Thistle, and Atractyloside 514</p> <p>74 Jin Bu Huan and Tetrahydropalmatine 518</p> <p>75 Juniper (Juniper communis L.) 522</p> <p>76 Kava (Piper methysticum Forster) 525</p> <p>77 Lavender (Lavandula Species) 532</p> <p>78 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Species) 537</p> <p>79 Ma Huang (Ephedra Alkaloids) 545</p> <p>80 Milk Thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner] 553</p> <p>81 Passionfl ower (Passifl ora incarnata L.) 558</p> <p>82 Pennyroyal and Pulegone (Mentha pulegium L.) 563</p> <p>83 Purple Conefl ower and Other Echinacea Species 568</p> <p>84 Rosemary (Rosmarinus offi cinalis L.) 574</p> <p>85 Rue (Ruta graveolens L.) 579</p> <p>86 Sassafras [Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees] 582</p> <p>87 Saw Palmetto [Serenoa repens (Bartram) J.K. Small] 586</p> <p>88 Senna (Senna alexandrina P. Mill.) 591</p> <p>89 Skullcap (Scutellaria laterifl ora L.) 596</p> <p>90 St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) 600</p> <p>91 Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. F. and Illicium anisatum L.) 607</p> <p>92 Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) 611</p> <p>93 Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) 614</p> <p>94 Valerian (Valeriana offi cinalis L.) 617</p> <p>95 Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) 623</p> <p>96 Yohimbe Bark and Yohimbine (Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre ex Beille) 627</p> <p><b>II Essential Oils 632</b></p> <p>97 Citronella Oil [Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle] 632</p> <p>98 Citrus Oil and Limonene 635</p> <p>99 Eucalyptus Oil (Eucalyptus Species) 644</p> <p>100 Neem Oil (Margosa Oil) (Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.) 648</p> <p>101 Peppermint Oil (Mentha x piperita L.) 653</p> <p>102 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Species) 658</p> <p>103 Tung Oil (Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) 663</p> <p>104 Turpentine and Pine Oil (Pinus Species) 666</p> <p><b>PART 4 TOXIC PLANTS 673</b></p> <p><b>I Plant Dermatitis 677</b></p> <p>105 Plant Dermatitis 677</p> <p><b>II Bulbs, Rhizomes, and Tubers 690</b></p> <p>106 Buttercup Family 690</p> <p>107 Colchicine-Containing Plants 693</p> <p>108 Daffodils and Other Emetic Bulbs 703</p> <p>109 Death Camas 707</p> <p>110 Kaffir Lily [Clivia miniata (Lindley) Bosse] 710</p> <p>111 Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis L.) 712</p> <p>112 Zephyr Lily (Zephyranthes Species) 716</p> <p><b>III Beans 718</b></p> <p>113 Castor Bean and Ricin (Ricinus communis L.) 718</p> <p>114 Cowitch and Horse Eye Bean (Mucuna Species) 727</p> <p>115 Jequirity Bean and Abrin (Abrus precatorius L.) 729</p> <p>116 Mescal Bean [Sophora secundifl ora (Ortega) Lagasca ex DC.] 733</p> <p><b>IV Nonwoody Plants (Herbs) 736</b></p> <p>117 Aconite Poisoning and Monkshood 736</p> <p>118 African Blue Lily (Agapanthus Species) 743</p> <p>119 Red Baneberry [Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd.] 745</p> <p>120 Begonias 747</p> <p>121 Yellow Bird-of-Paradise [Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) Wallich ex D. Dietr.] 749</p> <p>122 Century Plant (Agave americana L.) 751</p> <p>123 Cleistanthin, Diterpene Esters, and the Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae) 754</p> <p>124 Cyanogenic Plants and Laetrile® 760</p> <p>125 Dieffenbachia and Other Oxalate-Containing House Plants 768</p> <p>126 Digitalis-Containing Flowers (Foxglove, Lily of the Valley) 773</p> <p>127 Jimson Weed and Other Belladonna Alkaloids 776</p> <p>128 Lupines and False Lupine 784</p> <p>129 Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L.) 788</p> <p>130 Mistletoe 792</p> <p>131 Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) 796</p> <p>132 Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.) 800</p> <p>133 European Bittersweet and Other Solanum Species 803</p> <p>134 Sweet Pea and Osteolathyrism 806</p> <p>135 Tree Tobacco and Other Piperidine-Containing Plants 809</p> <p>136 Veratrum Alkaloids 815</p> <p>137 Wandering Jew (Tradescantia fl uminensis Vellozo) 819</p> <p>138 Water Hemlock and Water Dropwort 821</p> <p>139 White Snakeroot [Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins] 826</p> <p><b>V Shrubs and Vines 829</b></p> <p>140 Barbados Nut (Jatropha curcas L.) 829</p> <p>141 Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.) 832</p> <p>142 Buckthorn [Karwinskia humboldtiana (J.A. Schultes) Zucc.] 834</p> <p>143 Cactus 837</p> <p>144 Carolina Jessamine [Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) St. Hil.] 841</p> <p>145 Daphne (Daphne mezereum L.) 843</p> <p>146 Dog Laurel (Leucothoe Species) 845</p> <p>147 Dogbane Family and Cardenolides 847</p> <p>148 Holly (Ilex Species) 861</p> <p>149 Honeysuckle (Lonicera Species) 863</p> <p>150 Ivy and Falcarinol 865</p> <p>151 Lantana (Lantana camara L.) 867</p> <p>152 Rhododendrons and Grayanotoxins 870</p> <p>153 Snowberry [Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake)] 874</p> <p>154 Squirting Cucumber [Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Richard] 876</p> <p>155 Wisteria 879</p> <p><b>VI Trees 881</b></p> <p>156 Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) 881</p> <p>157 Buckeye (Aesculus Species) 883</p> <p>158 Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) 886</p> <p>159 Golden Chain Tree (Laburnum anagyroides Medikus) 889</p> <p>160 Karaka Nut (Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. & G. Forst.) 892</p> <p>161 Oaks (Quercus Species) 894</p> <p>162 Pepper Tree (Schinus Species) 897</p> <p>163 Yew (Taxus Species) 899</p> <p><b>PART 5 VENOMOUS ANIMALS 905</b></p> <p><b>I Arthropods 909</b></p> <p><b>A Arachnids 909</b></p> <p>164 Mites and Ticks (Order: Acari) 909</p> <p>165 Scorpions (Order: Scorpiones) 914</p> <p>166 Spiders (Order: Araneae) 925</p> <p><b>B Centipedes 950</b></p> <p>167 Centipedes (Subclass: Chilopoda) 950</p> <p><b>C Insects 954</b></p> <p>168 Bees, Wasps, and Ants (Order: Hymenoptera) 954</p> <p>169 Bugs and Blister Beetles 969</p> <p>170 Fleas (Order: Siphonaptera) 976</p> <p>171 Flies and Mosquitoes (Order: Diptera) 979</p> <p>172 Lice (Order: Phthiraptera) 983</p> <p>173 Moths and Butterflies (Order: Lepidoptera) 988</p> <p><b>II Reptiles 996</b></p> <p>174 Amphibians—Toads, Frogs, Salamanders, and Newts (Class: Amphibia) 996</p> <p>175 Gila Monster and Beaded Lizard 1008</p> <p>176 Terrestrial Snakes (Suborder: Serpentes) 1013</p> <p>177 Sea Snakes 1074</p> <p><b>III Marine Invertebrates 1078</b></p> <p>178 Cone Shells and Blue-Ringed Octopus (Phylum: Mollusca) 1078</p> <p>179 Jellyfish, Hydroids, Sea Anemones, and Corals (Phylum: Cnidaria) 1085</p> <p>180 Sponges (Phylum: Porifera) 1102</p> <p>181 Starfish, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, and Fireworms (Phylum: Echinodermata) 1105</p> <p><b>IV Eels and Lampreys 1112</b></p> <p>182 Moray Eel (Superclass: Agnatha) 1112</p> <p><b>V Fish 1115</b></p> <p>183 Bony Fish (Class: Osteichthyes) 1115</p> <p>184 Cartilaginous Fish (Class: Chondrichthyes) 1128</p> <p><b>VI Mammals 1132</b></p> <p>185 Mammals 1132</p> <p>INDEX 1135</p>

"Overall, this book would be a useful addition to the libraries of medical students, graduate students in pharmacology and toxicology, and natural products scientists. Furthermore, because of its "multidisciplinary evidence-based approach", the book presents an easy-to-follow and valuable resource for clinical toxicologists and analytical chemists, as well as those involved in the regulation of toxic substance exposure. It is a superb resource for a natural products clinical toxicology course." (Journal of Natural Products, 17 August 2011)<br /> <br /> <p>"[The book] provides in-depth, evidence based coverage of the most important natural toxins found in foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants and venimous animals." (<i>Food Science and Technology Abstracts,</i> July 2010)“This wonderful book covers an enormous subject with attention to detail and direct clinical relevance in a style that is surprisingly easy to read. The remaining volumes will be eagerly awaited by clinical toxicologists everywhere." (<i>The Medical Journal of Australia</i>, January 2010)</p> <p>“This text provides a comprehensive guide to the medical toxicology of natural substances and is considered an excellent reference for forensic scientists including pathologists, toxicologists, criminalists, and scene investigators.” (<i>Journal of Forensic Science</i>, September 2009)</p> <p>“Entries vary from single species to large groups; hence coverage is quite variable, though always informative. This volume will be useful for researchers and clinicians.” (<i>CHOICE</i>, October 2009)</p> <p>“<i>Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances</i> provides a reliable and easily accessible source on what is known about this topic.” (<i>JAMA</i>, July 2009)</p> <p>"It should be a part of the library any scientist who deal wit natural products research, as well as toxicologists and pharmacologists. It should be a principle reference for poison control centers." (<i>Journal of Medicinal Chemistry</i>, published online March 26, 2009)</p>

<b>Dr. Donald G. Barceloux</b> is presently a Staff Physician in the Department of Emergency Medicine at Pomona Valley Community Hospital. He is also a teacher at UCLA, an active consultant on medical toxicology, and a fellow at the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology, and the American College of Emergency Medicine. In addition, he has written an array of papers and co-authored a medical toxicology reference book.

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