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<p>Acknowledgments xiii</p> <p>Preface xv</p> <p>List of Symbols xviii</p> <p><b>1 </b><b>Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation 1<br /></b><i>Walter H. Olson and John G. Webster</i></p> <p>1.1 Terminology of Medicine and Medical Devices 2</p> <p>1.2 Generalized Medical Instrumentation System 3</p> <p>1.3 Alternative Operational Modes 5</p> <p>1.4 Medical Measurement Constraints 7</p> <p>1.5 Classifications of Biomedical Instruments 10</p> <p>1.6 Interfering and Modifying Inputs 10</p> <p>1.7 Compensation Techniques 12</p> <p>1.8 Biostatistics 14</p> <p>1.9 Generalized Static Characteristics 18</p> <p>1.10 Generalized Dynamic Characteristics 26</p> <p>1.11 Amplifiers and Signal Processing 40</p> <p>1.12 Inverting Amplifiers 42</p> <p>1.13 Noninverting Amplifiers 45</p> <p>1.14 Differential Amplifiers 47</p> <p>1.15 Comparators 53</p> <p>1.16 Rectifiers 55</p> <p>1.17 Logarithmic Amplifiers 60</p> <p>1.18 Integrators 61</p> <p>1.19 Differentiators 62</p> <p>1.20 Active Filters 64</p> <p>1.21 Frequency Response 68</p> <p>1.22 Offset Voltage 71</p> <p>1.23 Bias Current 73</p> <p>1.24 Input and Output Resistance 75</p> <p>1.25 Design Criteria 77</p> <p>1.26 Commercial Medical Instrumentation Development Process 77</p> <p>1.27 Regulation of Medical Devices 80</p> <p>Problems 85</p> <p>References 89</p> <p><b>2 </b><b>Basic Sensors and Principles 91<br /></b><i>Robert A. Peura and John G. Webster</i></p> <p>2.1 Displacement Measurements 91</p> <p>2.2 Resistive Sensors 92</p> <p>2.3 Bridge Circuits 102</p> <p>2.4 Inductive Sensors 104</p> <p>2.5 Phase-Sensitive Demodulators 107</p> <p>2.6 Capacitive Sensors 110</p> <p>2.7 Piezoelectric Sensors 113</p> <p>2.8 Accelerometer 119</p> <p>2.9 Temperature Measurements 119</p> <p>2.10 Thermocouples 120</p> <p>2.11 Thermistors 123</p> <p>2.12 Radiation Thermometry 128</p> <p>2.13 Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors 133</p> <p>2.14 Optical Measurements 133</p> <p>2.15 Radiation Sources 135</p> <p>2.16 Geometrical and Fiber Optics 140</p> <p>2.17 Optical Filters 143</p> <p>2.18 Radiation Sensors 144</p> <p>2.19 Optical Combinations 148</p> <p>Problems 148</p> <p>References 150</p> <p><b>3 </b><b>Microcontrollers in Medical Instrumentation 153<br /></b><i>Amit J. Nimunkar</i></p> <p>3.1 Basics of Microcontroller 153</p> <p>3.2 Embedded Medical System 154</p> <p>3.3 ECG-Based Embedded Medical System Example 156</p> <p>3.4 Selection of a Microcontroller 161</p> <p>3.5 IoT-Based Medical Devices 188</p> <p>Problems 191</p> <p>References 193</p> <p><b>4 </b><b>The Origin of Biopotentials 196<br /></b><i>John W. Clark, Jr.</i></p> <p>4.1 Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells 197</p> <p>4.2 Volume Conductor Fields 206</p> <p>4.3 Functional Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System 209</p> <p>4.4 The Electroneurogram 211</p> <p>4.5 The Electromyogram 216</p> <p>4.6 The Electrocardiogram 219</p> <p>4.7 The Electroretinogram 232</p> <p>4.8 The Electroencephalogram 238</p> <p>4.9 The Magnetoencephalogram 259</p> <p>Problems 260</p> <p>References 264</p> <p><b>5 </b><b>Biopotential Electrodes 267<br /></b><i>Michael R. Neuman</i></p> <p>5.1 The Electrode–Electrolyte Interface 268</p> <p>5.2 Polarization 271</p> <p>5.3 Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Electrodes 275</p> <p>5.4 Electrode Behavior and Circuit Models 282</p> <p>5.5 The Electrode–Skin Interface and Motion Artifact 285</p> <p>5.6 Body-Surface Recording Electrodes 289</p> <p>5.7 Internal Electrodes 302</p> <p>5.8 Electrode Arrays 309</p> <p>5.9 Microelectrodes 311</p> <p>5.10 Electrodes for Electric Stimulation of Tissue 320</p> <p>5.11 Practical Hints in Using Electrodes 323</p> <p>Problems 325</p> <p>References 329</p> <p><b>6 </b><b>Biopotential Amplifiers 333<br /></b><i>Michael R. Neuman</i></p> <p>6.1 Basic Requirements 333</p> <p>6.2 The Electrocardiograph 335</p> <p>6.3 Problems Frequently Encountered 348</p> <p>6.4 Transient Protection 358</p> <p>6.5 Common-Mode and Other Interference-Reduction Circuits 361</p> <p>6.6 Amplifiers for Other Biopotential Signals 365</p> <p>6.7 Example of a Biopotential Preamplifier 370</p> <p>6.8 Other Biopotential Signal Processors 372</p> <p>6.9 Cardiac Monitors 381</p> <p>6.10 Biotelemetry 389</p> <p>Problems 391</p> <p>References 394</p> <p><b>7 </b><b>Blood Pressure and Sound 396<br /></b><i>Robert A. Peura</i></p> <p>7.1 Direct Measurements 399</p> <p>7.2 Harmonic Analysis of Blood Pressure Waveforms 403</p> <p>7.3 Dynamic Properties of Pressure-Measurement Systems 405</p> <p>7.4 Measurement of System Response 414</p> <p>7.5 Effects of System Parameters on Response 418</p> <p>7.6 Bandwidth Requirements for Measuring Blood Pressure 419</p> <p>7.7 Typical Pressure-Waveform Distortion 420</p> <p>7.8 Systems for Measuring Venous Pressure 422</p> <p>7.9 Heart Sounds 422</p> <p>7.10 Phonocardiography 428</p> <p>7.11 Cardiac Catheterization 428</p> <p>7.12 Effects of Potential and Kinetic Energy on Pressure Measurements 433</p> <p>7.13 Indirect Measurements of Blood Pressure 435</p> <p>7.14 Tonometry 442</p> <p>Problems 448</p> <p>References 450</p> <p><b>8 </b><b>Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood 452<br /></b><i>John G. Webster</i></p> <p>8.1 Indicator-Dilution Method that Uses Continuous Infusion 453</p> <p>8.2 Indicator-Dilution Method that Uses Rapid Injection 455</p> <p>8.3 Electromagnetic Flowmeters 459</p> <p>8.4 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 467</p> <p>8.5 Thermal-Convection Velocity Sensors 481</p> <p>8.6 Chamber Plethysmography 484</p> <p>8.7 Electrical-Impedance Plethysmography 486</p> <p>8.8 Photoplethysmography 493</p> <p>Problems 495</p> <p>References 497</p> <p><b>9 </b><b>Measurements of the Respiratory System 499<br /></b><i>Frank P. Primiano, Jr.</i></p> <p>9.1 Modeling the Respiratory System 501</p> <p>9.2 Measurement of Pressure 508</p> <p>9.3 Measurement of Gas Flow 511</p> <p>9.4 Lung Volume 520</p> <p>9.5 Respiratory Plethysmography 528</p> <p>9.6 Some Tests of Respiratory Mechanics 535</p> <p>9.7 Measurement of Gas Concentration 548</p> <p>9.8 Some Tests of Gas Transport 560</p> <p>Problems 568</p> <p>References 571</p> <p><b>10 </b><b>Chemical Biosensors 574<br /></b><i>Robert A. Peura</i></p> <p>10.1 Blood-Gas and Acid–Base Physiology 576</p> <p>10.2 Electrochemical Sensors 580</p> <p>10.3 Chemical Fibrosensors 589</p> <p>10.4 Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET) 606</p> <p>10.5 Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (IMFET) 609</p> <p>10.6 Noninvasive Blood-Gas Monitoring 610</p> <p>10.7 Blood-Glucose Sensors 620</p> <p>10.8 Electronic Noses 630</p> <p>10.9 Lab-on-a-chip 631</p> <p>10.10 Summary 632</p> <p>Problems 633</p> <p>References 633</p> <p><b>11 </b><b>Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation 637<br /></b><i>Lawrence A. Wheeler</i></p> <p>11.1 Spectrophotometry 638</p> <p>11.2 Automated Chemical Analyzers 649</p> <p>11.3 Chromatology 653</p> <p>11.4 Electrophoresis 656</p> <p>11.5 Hematology 659</p> <p>Problems 671</p> <p>References 671</p> <p><b>12 </b><b>Medical Imaging Systems 673<br /></b><i>Melvin P. Siedband</i></p> <p>12.1 Information Content of an Image 674</p> <p>12.2 Modulation Transfer Function 678</p> <p>12.3 Noise-Equivalent Bandwidth 680</p> <p>12.4 Image Processing 681</p> <p>12.5 Radiography 682</p> <p>12.6 Computed Radiography 690</p> <p>12.7 Computed Tomography 697</p> <p>12.8 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 707</p> <p>12.9 Nuclear Medicine 714</p> <p>12.10 Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography 722</p> <p>12.11 Positron Emission Tomography 723</p> <p>12.12 Ultrasonography 728</p> <p>12.13 Contrast Agents 740</p> <p>Problems 742</p> <p>References 744</p> <p><b>13 </b><b>Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices 746<br /></b><i>Michael R. Neuman</i></p> <p>13.1 Cardiac Pacemakers and Other Electric Stimulators 746</p> <p>13.2 Defibrillators and Cardioverters 764</p> <p>13.3 Mechanical Cardiovascular Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices 771</p> <p>13.4 Hemodialysis 775</p> <p>13.5 Lithotripsy 778</p> <p>13.6 Ventilators 780</p> <p>13.7 Infant Incubators 784</p> <p>13.8 Drug Delivery Devices 786</p> <p>13.9 Surgical Instruments 793</p> <p>13.10 Therapeutic Applications of the Laser 797</p> <p>Problems 798</p> <p>References 800</p> <p><b>14 </b><b>Electrical Safety 803<br /></b><i>Walter H. Olson</i></p> <p>14.1 Physiological Effects of Electricity 804</p> <p>14.2 Important Susceptibility Parameters 807</p> <p>14.3 Distribution of Electric Power 813</p> <p>14.4 Macroshock Hazards 818</p> <p>14.5 Microshock Hazards 822</p> <p>14.6 Electrical-Safety Codes and Standards 827</p> <p>14.7 Basic Approaches to Protection Against Shock 829</p> <p>14.8 Protection: Power Distribution 830</p> <p>14.9 Protection: Equipment Design 833</p> <p>14.10 Electrical-Safety Analyzers 838</p> <p>14.11 Testing the Electric System 838</p> <p>14.12 Tests of Electric Appliances 840</p> <p>14.13 Conclusion 843</p> <p>Problems 844</p> <p>References 846</p> <p><b>Appendix 848</b></p> <p>A.1 Physical Constants 848</p> <p>A.2 International System of Units (SI) Prefixes 848</p> <p>A.3 International System of Units 849</p> <p>A.4 Abbreviations 850</p> <p>A.5 Chemical Elements 853</p> <p>Index 855</p>

<p><b>John G. Webster</b>, <b>PhD</b>, is Emeritus Professor of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin—Madison. <p><b>Amit J. Nimunkar</b>, <b>PhD</b>, is a Faculty Associate in Biomedical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin—Madison.

<p><b>Provides a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts behind the application and designs of medical instrumentation</b> <p>This premiere reference on medical instrumentation describes the principles, applications, and design of the medical instrumentation most commonly used in hospitals. It places great emphasis on design principles so that scientists with limited background in electronics can gain enough information to design instruments that may not be commercially available. The revised edition includes new material on microcontroller-based medical instrumentation with an example of ECG-based circuit schematics and relevant code, device design with circuit simulations and implementations, dry electrodes for electrocardiography and medical imaging techniques. Chapters include new problems and updated reference material that covers the latest medical technologies. <p><i>Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fifth Edition</i> covers general concepts that are applicable to all instrumentation systems, including the static and dynamic characteristics of a system, the engineering design process, the commercial development and regulatory classifications, and the electrical safety, protection, codes and standards for medical devices. The readers learn about the principles behind various sensor mechanisms, the necessary amplifier and filter designs for analog signal processing, and the digital data acquisition, processing, storage and display using microcontrollers. The measurements of both cardiovascular dynamics and respiratory dynamics are discussed, as is the developing field of biosensors. The book also covers general concepts of clinical laboratory instrumentation, medical imaging, various therapeutic and prosthetic devices, and more. <ul> <li>Emphasizes design throughout so scientists and engineers can create medical instruments</li> <li>Updates the coverage of modern sensor signal processing</li> <li>New material added to the chapter on modern microcontroller use</li> <li>Features revised chapters, descriptions, and references throughout</li> <li>Includes many new worked out examples and supports student problem-solving</li> <li>Offers updated, new, and expanded materials on a companion webpage</li> <li>Supplemented with a solutions manual containing complete solutions to all problems</li> </ul> <p><i>Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fifth Edition</i> is an excellent book for a senior to graduate-level course in biomedical engineering and will benefit other health professionals involved with the topic.

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