Details

Meaning and Argument


Meaning and Argument

An Introduction to Logic Through Language
2nd Revised Edition

von: Ernest Lepore, Sam Cumming

44,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 14.09.2012
ISBN/EAN: 9781118455159
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 464

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Beschreibungen

<p><i>Meaning and Argument</i> is a popular introduction to philosophy of logic and philosophy of language.</p> <ul> <li>Offers a distinctive philosophical, rather than mathematical, approach to logic</li> <li>Concentrates on symbolization and works out all the technical logic with truth tables instead of derivations</li> <li>Incorporates the insights of half a century's work in philosophy and linguistics on anaphora by Peter Geach, Gareth Evans, Hans Kamp, and Irene Heim among others</li> <li>Contains numerous exercises and a corresponding answer key</li> <li>An extensive appendix allows readers to explore subjects that go beyond what is usually covered in an introductory logic course</li> <li>Updated edition includes over a dozen new problem sets and revisions throughout</li> <li>Features an accompanying website at <a href="http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~logic/MeaningArgument.html">http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~logic/MeaningArgument.html</a> </li> </ul>
Preface to Revised Second Edition xiii <p>Preface to Second Edition xiv</p> <p>Preface to Revised Edition xv</p> <p>Acknowledgments xvi</p> <p>Introduction to Teacher 1</p> <p><b>1 A Brief Introduction to Key Terms 5</b></p> <p>1.1 Arguments 5</p> <p>1.1.1 What is a Statement? 6</p> <p>1.1.2 Premises and Conclusion 6</p> <p>1.2 Putting Arguments into a Standard Format 7</p> <p>1.3 Multiple Conclusions 9</p> <p>1.4 Deductive Validity 10</p> <p>1.5 Soundness 13</p> <p>1.6 Missing Premises and Conclusions 13</p> <p><b>2 Argument Forms and Propositional Logic 17</b></p> <p>2.1 Formal Validity 17</p> <p>2.2 Quotation Marks 19</p> <p>2.3 Metalinguistic Variables 21</p> <p>2.4 Non-formal Validity 23</p> <p>2.5 The Need for Propositional Logic 24</p> <p>2.5.1 Symbolic Notation 25</p> <p>2.6 The Type/Token Distinction 26</p> <p><b>3 Conjunction 31</b></p> <p>3.1 Logical Conjunction 31</p> <p>3.2 Distinguishing Deductive from Non-deductive Aspects of Conjunction 33</p> <p>3.3 Phrasal Logical Conjunctions 34</p> <p>3.4 Series Decompounding 34</p> <p>3.5 Using ‘Respectively’ 35</p> <p>3.6 Symbolizing Logical Conjunctions 35</p> <p><b>4 Negation 42</b></p> <p>4.1 Logical Negation 42</p> <p>4.2 Some Other Negative Expressions 43</p> <p>4.3 A Point about Methodology 45</p> <p>4.4 A Point on Ambiguity 45</p> <p>4.5 Symbolizing Logical Negations 45</p> <p>4.6 Ambiguity and the Need for Groupers 46</p> <p>4.7 Review of Symbols 47</p> <p>4.8 Using ‘Without’ 48</p> <p>4.9 Argument Forms Continued 48</p> <p>4.10 Symbolizing Logical Negations Continued 51</p> <p><b>5 Truth Tables 56</b></p> <p>5.1 Well-formed Formulas 56</p> <p>5.2 Scope 57</p> <p>5.3 Main Connective 58</p> <p>5.4 Truth Tables 59</p> <p>5.4.1 Truth Table Analyses of Statements 61</p> <p>5.4.2 Truth Table Analyses of Arguments 64</p> <p><b>6 Disjunction 68</b></p> <p>6.1 Logical Disjunction 68</p> <p>6.2 Disjunction and Negation 69</p> <p>6.3 Iterations and Groupers 71</p> <p>6.4 Inclusive versus Exclusive ‘Or’ 73</p> <p>6.5 Symbolizing Logical Disjunctions Continued 76</p> <p><b>7 Conditionals 79</b></p> <p>7.1 Conditionals with Constituent Statements 79</p> <p>7.2 Conditionals without Constituent Statements 80</p> <p>7.3 Logical Conditionals 80</p> <p>7.4 Symbolizing Conditionals in PL 82</p> <p>7.5 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions 82</p> <p>7.6 Only If 84</p> <p>7.7 Unless 86</p> <p>7.8 Since, Because 88</p> <p>7.9 Conditionals and Groupers 89</p> <p>7.10 If and Only If 90</p> <p>7.11 A Revised Grammar for Well-formedness in PL 91</p> <p>7.12 Summarizing Truth Tables 99</p> <p>7.12.1 Validity 99</p> <p>7.12.2 Contradiction, Tautology, Contingency 102</p> <p>7.12.3 Consistency 104</p> <p>7.12.4 Logical Equivalence 105</p> <p><b>8 Truth Trees 109</b></p> <p>8.1 Reviewing Validity 109</p> <p>8.2 Tree Trunks and Compound and Atomic Statements 110</p> <p>8.3 Truth Tree Rules 111</p> <p>8.3.1 Non-branching Rules 111</p> <p>8.3.2 Branching Rules 112</p> <p>8.4 Strategies 114</p> <p>8.5 Truth Trees and Invalidity 117</p> <p>8.6 Propositional Logic and Counter-examples (Counter-models) 121</p> <p>8.7 Logical Properties and Relations Revisited 123</p> <p>8.7.1 Consistency 123</p> <p>8.7.2 Contradiction, Tautology, Contingency 124</p> <p>8.7.3 Logical Equivalence 126</p> <p><b>9 Property Predicate Logic 129</b></p> <p>9.1 Limits of Propositional Logic 129</p> <p>9.2 Singular Terms 130</p> <p>9.3 Property Predicates 132</p> <p>9.4 Quantifiers 134</p> <p>9.4.1 Simple Existential Quantifier Statements 135</p> <p>9.4.2 Symbolizing Simple Existential Statements 135</p> <p>9.4.3 Simple Universal Quantifier Statements 137</p> <p>9.4.4 Negations of Existentials 138</p> <p>9.5 Complex Predicates 139</p> <p>9.6 Well-formedness in PPL 142</p> <p>9.7 Quantifiers Modifying General Terms 145</p> <p>9.7.1 Existential Quantifiers and General Terms 145</p> <p>9.7.2 Universal Quantifiers and General Terms 147</p> <p><b>10 Evaluating Arguments in Property Predicate Logic 155</b></p> <p>10.1 Quantifiers and Scope 156</p> <p>10.2 The Truth Tree Method Extended 157</p> <p>10.2.1 Quantifier Exchange Rule (QE) 157</p> <p>10.2.2 Universal Quantifier Rule (UQ) 158</p> <p>10.2.3 Existential Quantifier Rule (EQ) 161</p> <p>10.3 Super Strategy 164</p> <p>10.4 Property Predicate Logic and Counter-examples (Counter-models) 166</p> <p>10.5 PPL Logical Equivalences and Non-equivalences 168</p> <p>10.6 Other Logical Properties and Relations 170</p> <p>10.6.1 Consistency 170</p> <p>10.6.2 Logical Equivalence 170</p> <p>10.6.3 Contradiction, Logical Truth, Contingency 171</p> <p><b>11 Property Predicate Logic Refinements 172</b></p> <p>11.1 Literal Meaning 172</p> <p>11.2 ‘Any’ as an Existential 173</p> <p>11.3 Restrictive Relative Clauses 175</p> <p>11.4 Pronouns Revisited 176</p> <p>11.4.1 Deixis and Anaphora 176</p> <p>11.4.2 Quantification and Anaphora 177</p> <p>11.5 Only 180</p> <p>11.6 Restrictive Words in English 182</p> <p>11.7 Evaluating Symbolizations of English in Logical Notation 185</p> <p><b>12 Relational Predicate Logic 191</b></p> <p>12.1 Limits of Property Predicate Logic 191</p> <p>12.2 Convention 1: Number 193</p> <p>12.3 Convention 2: Order 194</p> <p>12.4 Convention 3: Active/Passive Voice 195</p> <p>12.5 Convention 4: Single Quantifiers 197</p> <p>12.6 Variables 199</p> <p>12.6.1 Convention 5: Variables and Quantifiers 200</p> <p>12.6.2 Convention 6: Variables and Property Predicates 200</p> <p>12.6.3 General Comments about Variables 201</p> <p><b>13 Relational Predicate Logic with Nested Quantifiers 207</b></p> <p>13.1 Multiply General Statements 209</p> <p>13.2 Universal Quantifier Procedure 212</p> <p>13.3 Existential Quantifier Procedure 213</p> <p>13.4 Double Binding Variables 213</p> <p>13.4.1 Kicking Out 216</p> <p>13.5 Systematic and Analytic Procedures 217</p> <p>13.6 A Grammar for Well-formedness in RPL 218</p> <p>13.7 Nested Quantifiers, Variables, and Scope 220</p> <p>13.8 Order and Scope Refinements 221</p> <p>13.8.1 The Order and Scope Procedure 224</p> <p>13.9 Summary of the Overall Procedure for Symbolizing English Statements with Nested Quantifiers into RPL 226</p> <p><b>14 Extending the Truth Tree Method to RPL 229</b></p> <p>14.1 RPL Arguments without Quantifiers 229</p> <p>14.2 RPL Arguments without Nested Quantifiers 230</p> <p>14.3 RPL Arguments with Nested Quantifiers 232</p> <p>14.4 Choosing Singular Terms to Instantiate 233</p> <p>14.5 Infinite Truth Trees for RPL Arguments 234</p> <p>14.6 Summary of Truth Tree Strategies 236</p> <p>14.7 Relational Predicate Logic and Counter-examples (Counter-models) 239</p> <p><b>15 Negation, Only, and Restrictive Relative Clauses 244</b></p> <p>15.1 Negation 244</p> <p>15.2 ‘Only’ as a Quantifier 246</p> <p>15.3 Restrictive Relative Clauses 249</p> <p>15.3.1 The Quantificational Restrictive Relative Clause Procedure 250</p> <p>15.4 Quantifiers and Anaphora 252</p> <p>15.4.1 Repair Algorithm 254</p> <p>15.5 Anaphora and Restrictive Relative Clauses 257</p> <p>15.6 Anaphora Across Sentences 262</p> <p>15.7 Quantification in English 265</p> <p><b>16 Relational Predicate Logic with Identity 268</b></p> <p>16.1 Limits of Relational Predicate Logic 268</p> <p>16.2 Extending the Truth Tree Method to RPL= 270</p> <p>16.2.1 Identity-out Rule 270</p> <p>16.2.2 Identity-in Rule 271</p> <p>16.3 Sameness and Distinctness in English 273</p> <p>16.3.1 ‘Only’ Again 273</p> <p>16.3.2 Words of Distinction: Except, But, Other (than), Besides, Else 274</p> <p>16.4 Numerical Adjectives 276</p> <p>16.4.1 At Least n 276</p> <p>16.4.2 At Most n (No More than n) 279</p> <p>16.4.3 Exactly n 281</p> <p>16.4.4 Counting Pairs 283</p> <p>16.4.5 Combinatorics (optional) 283</p> <p>16.5 Definite Descriptions 284</p> <p>16.5.1 The Definite Description Quantifier Procedure 288</p> <p>16.5.2 Definite Descriptions as Anaphors 289</p> <p>16.5.3 Plural Definite Descriptions 289</p> <p><b>17 Verbs and their Modifiers 294</b></p> <p>17.1 Prepositional Phrases 294</p> <p>17.2 The Event Approach 296</p> <p>17.3 Indirect Support of the Event Approach 298</p> <p>17.3.1 Fixing Referents and Binding Anaphoric Pronouns 298</p> <p>17.3.2 Quantification over Events 299</p> <p>17.3.3 Conversational Inferences and Events 300</p> <p>17.3.4 Methodological Reflections 300</p> <p>17.4 Adverbial Modification 301</p> <p>17.5 Problems with the Event Approach 304</p> <p>Appendix 308</p> <p><b>A1 Conjunction 308</b></p> <p>A1.1 Prepositional Phrases 308</p> <p>A1.2 Conversational Inferences and Deductive Validity 309</p> <p>A1.3 Relative Clauses 311</p> <p><b>A2 Negation and Disjunction 314</b></p> <p>A2.1 Modalities and Negation 314</p> <p>A2.2 Disjunction and Conversational Inferences 315</p> <p><b>A3 Conditionals 315</b></p> <p>A3.1 Explication of the Material Conditional Truth Table 315</p> <p>A3.1.1 Paradoxes of implication 318</p> <p>A3.1.2 Conditionals and conversational inferences 318</p> <p>A3.1.3 Paradoxes of implication revisited 320</p> <p>A3.2 ‘If ’s and ‘Then’s without Conditionality 321</p> <p><b>A4 Property Predicate Logic</b> <b>321</b></p> <p>A4.1 Only 321</p> <p>A4.2 Conversational Inferences 322</p> <p>A4.2.1 Existential import 322</p> <p>A4.2.2 Scalar inferences 323</p> <p>A4.3 More on Literal Meaning 324</p> <p>A4.4 Adjectival Modification and Predication 325</p> <p>A4.5 A Non-standard Quantifier – Most 329</p> <p><b>A5 Relational Predicate Logic 330</b></p> <p>A5.1 Passive Voice: Another Argument for Variables 330</p> <p>A5.1.1 Passive voice for nested quantifier procedure 332</p> <p>A5.2 Properties of Relations 333</p> <p>A5.2.1 Symmetry, asymmetry, non-symmetry 333</p> <p>A5.2.2 Transitivity, intransitivity, non-transitivity 334</p> <p>A5.2.3 Total reflexivity, reflexivity, irreflexivity, and non-reflexivity 335</p> <p><b>A6 Relational Predicate Logic with Identity 337</b></p> <p>A6.1 ‘Only’ and Existential Import 337</p> <p>A6.2 Descriptions and Anaphora 338</p> <p>A6.3 Plural Anaphora 339</p> <p>A6.3.1 Plural definite descriptions as anaphors 344</p> <p>A6.3.2 Singular indefinite antecedents of plural pronouns 344</p> <p>A6.3.3 Partitives 346</p> <p>A6.4 Existence 347</p> <p>A6.5 Intensionality 348</p> <p>A6.6 Properties of the Identity Relationship 348</p> <p>A6.7 The Superlative 349</p> <p>A6.8 Identity and Predicative Adjectives 350</p> <p><b>A7 Verbs and their Modifiers 350</b></p> <p>A7.1 Infinitives and Gerunds 351</p> <p>A7.2 Reference to Events 353</p> <p>A7.3 The Logic of Perceptual Verbs 354</p> <p>Answers for Selected Exercises 356</p> <p>Chapter 1 356</p> <p>Chapter 2 357</p> <p>Chapter 3 358</p> <p>Chapter 4 361</p> <p>Chapter 5 363</p> <p>Chapter 6 364</p> <p>Chapter 7 366</p> <p>Chapter 8 373</p> <p>Chapter 9 378</p> <p>Chapter 10 381</p> <p>Chapter 11 392</p> <p>Chapter 12 397</p> <p>Chapter 13 398</p> <p>Chapter 14 400</p> <p>Chapter 15 413</p> <p>Chapter 16 419</p> <p>Chapter 17 426</p> <p>Appendix 427</p> <p>Logical Symbols 429</p> <p>Index 430</p>
<b>Ernest Lepore</b> is Director of the Center for Cognitive Science at Rutgers University. He is the author of numerous articles in philosophy of mind and is co-author (with Herman Cappelen) of <i>Insensitive Semantics</i> (Blackwell, 2004), co-author (with Jerry Fodor) of <i>Holism</i> (Blackwell, 1991). He is editor of <i>Truth and Interpretation</i> (Blackwell, 1989). He is co-editor (with Zenon Pylyshyn) of <i>What is Cognitive Science</i>? (Blackwell, 1999), and co-editor (with Robert Van Gulick) of <i>John Searle and His Critics</i> (Blackwell, 1992), as well as general editor of the series <i>Philosophers and Their Critics,</i> also published by Wiley-Blackwell. <p><b>Sam Cumming</b> is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles.</p>
<i>Meaning and Argument</i> shifts introductory logic from the traditional emphasis on proofs to the symbolization of arguments. Another of its distinctive features is that it shows how the need for expressive power and for drawing distinctions forces formal language development. This volume is ideal as an introduction to formal logic, philosophical logic, and philosophy of language. At each stage of system elaboration and development, the book answers meta-logical questions. Why is a particular formalism needed? What must go into such a formalism and why? These questions engage students in a collective inquiry which allows them to see logical studies as a human enterprise aimed at achieving well understood goals - clarity and good reasoning. The second edition extends and systematizes the account of anaphora, including "donkey" anaphora, plural anaphora, and cross-sentential anaphora. It also has additional sections on counter-models and semantics, and contains additional exercises and an updated bibliography. This update of the second edition includes over a dozen additional problem sets and revisions throughout.

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