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<p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>1 R&D Organizations and Research Categories 1</b></p> <p>1.1 How Information can be Used 2</p> <p>1.2 A Perspective on R&D Management 5</p> <p>1.3 What is Research and Development? 6</p> <p>1.4 Research Categories 8</p> <p>1.5 What to Research 10</p> <p>1.6 Emphasis on Basic Versus Applied Research 16</p> <p>1.7 What is Unique About Managing R&D Organizations? 17</p> <p>1.8 Summary 19</p> <p>1.9 Questions for Class Discussion 19</p> <p><b>2 Elements Needed for an R&D Organization 20</b></p> <p>2.1 People 20</p> <p>2.2 Specialization 22</p> <p>2.3 Staffing 23</p> <p>2.4 Ideas 24</p> <p>2.5 Defects in Human Information Processing 28</p> <p>2.6 Fads in Science 30</p> <p>2.7 Communication Networks 31</p> <p>2.8 The Innovation Process 34</p> <p>2.9 Funds 34</p> <p>2.10 A Culture for R&D Organizations 36</p> <p>2.11 Not-Invented-Here Syndrome 38</p> <p>2.12 Fit of Person and Job 40</p> <p>2.13 Creative Tensions: Managing Antithesis and Ambiguity 41</p> <p>2.14 Develop a Climate of Participation 44</p> <p>2.15 Summary 45</p> <p>2.16 Questions for Class Discussion 46</p> <p><b>3 Creating a Productive and Effective R&D Organization 47</b></p> <p>3.1 Organization Effectiveness 47</p> <p>3.2 Who are the Inventors and Innovators? 52</p> <p>3.3 Odd Characteristics of Inventors and Innovators 58</p> <p>3.4 Researcher’s Relationship with Management and Peers 59</p> <p>3.5 Formation of Teams 60</p> <p>3.6 Generating New Ideas 64</p> <p>3.7 Emphases on Aspects of Organizational Culture 68</p> <p>3.8 Ethos of A Scientific Community 69</p> <p>3.9 Summary 71</p> <p>3.10 Questions for Class Discussion 71</p> <p><b>4 Job Design and Organizational Effectiveness 72</b></p> <p>4.1 Job Attributes 73</p> <p>4.2 Physical Location and Communication 74</p> <p>4.3 Career Paths 76</p> <p>4.4 Dual and Triple Hierarchies 78</p> <p>4.5 Centralization and Decentralization 80</p> <p>4.6 Keeping the Researcher at the Innovation Stage 81</p> <p>4.7 Job Design and Conflict 83</p> <p>4.8 Summary 86</p> <p>4.9 Questions for Class Discussion 87</p> <p><b>5 Influencing People 88</b></p> <p>5.1 Attitude Attitude Change 89</p> <p>5.2 Findings from Attitude Research 90</p> <p>5.3 Behavioral Science Division Case 92</p> <p>5.4 Case Analysis 94</p> <p>5.5 Communication Alternatives and Outcomes 95</p> <p>5.6 Summary 101</p> <p>5.7 Questions for Class Discussion 102</p> <p><b>6 Motivation in R&D Organizations 103</b></p> <p>6.1 A Model of Human Behavior 104</p> <p>6.2 Changing the Reward System to Support Technical Careers 112</p> <p>6.3 Structuring the Organization for Optimal Communication 113</p> <p>6.4 Rewards and Motivation 114</p> <p>6.5 Reward System Discussion 116</p> <p>6.6 Sense of Control and Community 119</p> <p>6.7 A Federal R&D Laboratory Case 121</p> <p>6.8 Summary 122</p> <p>6.9 Questions for Class Discussion 122</p> <p><b>7 Dealing with Diversity in R&D Organizations 123</b></p> <p>7.1 Assimilation and Multiculturalism 124</p> <p>7.2 Understanding Culture 126</p> <p>7.3 Cultural Differences 128</p> <p>7.4 What Happens When People from Different Cultures Work Together? 129</p> <p>7.5 Cultural Distance 130</p> <p>7.6 Cultural Intelligence and Related Concepts 130</p> <p>7.7 A Model for Diversity in Groups 132</p> <p>7.8 The Status of Minorities in Work Groups 135</p> <p>7.9 Dealing with People from Different Disciplines, Organizational Levels and Functions 136</p> <p>7.10 Intercultural Training 136</p> <p>7.11 Summary 139</p> <p>7.12 Questions for Class Discussion 139</p> <p><b>8 Leadership in R&D Organizations 140</b></p> <p>8.1 Identifying Your Leadership Style 142</p> <p>8.2 Theories of Leadership and Leadership Styles 151</p> <p>8.3 Leadership in R&D Organizations 154</p> <p>8.4 R&D Leadership: A Process of Mutual Influence 157</p> <p>8.5 A Leadership-Style Case 158</p> <p>8.6 Leadership in a Creative Research Environment 160</p> <p>8.7 Summary 161</p> <p>8.8 Questions for Class Discussion 163</p> <p><b>9 Managing Conflict in R&D Organizations 164</b></p> <p>9.1 Conflict Within Individuals 164</p> <p>9.2 Conflict Between Individuals 169</p> <p>9.3 Conflict Between Groups 171</p> <p>9.4 Intercultural Conflict 177</p> <p>9.5 Personal Styles of Conflict Resolution 179</p> <p>9.6 Unique Issues of Conflict in R&D Organizations 181</p> <p>9.7 Ethics 183</p> <p>9.8 Summary 183</p> <p>9.9 Questions for Class Discussion 184</p> <p><b>10 Performance Appraisal—Employee Contribution—In R&D Organizations 185</b></p> <p>10.1 Some Negative Connotations of Performance Appraisal 185</p> <p>10.2 Difficulties with Employee Appraisal 187</p> <p>10.3 Performance Appraisal and the Management System 189</p> <p>10.4 Performance Appraisal and Organizational Stages 190</p> <p>10.5 Performance Appraisal and Organization Productivity 190</p> <p>10.6 Goals of Engineers Versus Scientists 191</p> <p>10.7 Performance Appraisal and Monetary Rewards 192</p> <p>10.8 Performance Appraisal in Practice 194</p> <p>10.9 A University Department Case 195</p> <p>10.10 Implementation Strategy with Emphasis on Employee Contribution 196</p> <p>10.11 Summary 203</p> <p>10.12 Questions for Class Discussion 203</p> <p>10.13 Appendix: Argonne National Laboratory Performance Review Information 204</p> <p><b>11 Technology Transfer 213</b></p> <p>11.1 Technology Transfer Hypotheses 214</p> <p>11.2 Stages of Technology Transfer 214</p> <p>11.3 Approaches and Factors Affecting Technology Transfer 216</p> <p>11.4 Role of the User 218</p> <p>11.5 Characteristics of Innovation and its Diffusion 220</p> <p>11.6 Role of People 222</p> <p>11.7 Boundary Spanning 223</p> <p>11.8 Organizational Issues in Technology Transfer 226</p> <p>11.9 The Agricultural Extension Model 227</p> <p>11.10 NASA Technology Transfer Programs 228</p> <p>11.11 IBM Technology Transfer Cases 229</p> <p>11.12 Technology Transfer Strategy 231</p> <p>11.13 Summary 236</p> <p>11.14 Questions for Class Discussion 237</p> <p><b>12 Models for Implementing Incremental and Radical Innovation 238</b></p> <p>12.1 Defining Innovation 239</p> <p>12.2 Strategic Choices in Technological Innovation 242</p> <p>12.3 Making Technological Innovation Operational 244</p> <p>12.4 The Market Marketers, and Market Research in Technological Innovation 249</p> <p>12.5 Leading Innovative Organizations 253</p> <p>12.6 Summary 254</p> <p>12.7 Questions for Class Discussion 256</p> <p><b>13 Organizational Change in R&D Settings 257</b></p> <p>13.1 Why Organizational Change? 258</p> <p>13.2 Steps in Organizational Change 259</p> <p>13.3 Problems and Action Steps 259</p> <p>13.4 Individual Change 262</p> <p>13.5 Group Change: Team Building 264</p> <p>13.6 Organizational Change 267</p> <p>13.7 Evaluating Organizational Change 268</p> <p>13.8 Case Study in Organizational Change 270</p> <p>13.9 Summary 273</p> <p>13.10 Questions for Class Discussion 273</p> <p><b>14 Managing the Network of Technological Innovation 274</b></p> <p>14.1 Overall Trends Within and Between Sectors 274</p> <p>14.2 Trends in Research, Development, and Innovation in the Commercial Realm 276</p> <p>14.3 Trends in Research, Development, and Innovation in the Federal Government 279</p> <p>14.4 Trends in Research, Development, and Innovation in Universities 286</p> <p>14.5 Open Innovation, Regional Economic Development, and the Global Innovation Network 290</p> <p>14.6 Summary 294</p> <p>14.7 Questions For Class Discussion 295</p> <p><b>15 Universities and Basic Research 296</b></p> <p>15.1 Basis for University Research Activities 297</p> <p>15.2 Federal Support of University Research: An Entitlement or a Means to Achieve National Goals? 298</p> <p>15.3 Basic Research: Who Needs It? 301</p> <p>15.4 University–Industry Linkage 309</p> <p>15.5 Rethinking Investment in Basic Research 311</p> <p>15.6 Summary and Concluding Comments 312</p> <p>15.7 Questions for Class Discussion 313</p> <p><b>16 R&D Organizations and Strategy 315</b></p> <p>16.1 What is Strategy? 316</p> <p>16.2 Strategy Levels and Perspectives 319</p> <p>16.3 Strategy Formulation and Implementation 319</p> <p>16.4 Strategy Evaluation 321</p> <p>16.5 Strategy and Innovation 322</p> <p>16.6 Technology and Strategy 324</p> <p>16.7 Applying a Strategy Process 325</p> <p>16.8 Summary 330</p> <p>16.9 Questions for Class Discussion 330</p> <p><b>17 Research Development and Science Policy 331</b></p> <p>17.1 Relationship Between Science and Technology 334</p> <p>17.2 Technical Innovation and Economic Development 336</p> <p>17.3 Analysis of Investment in Basic Research 339</p> <p>17.4 R&D Expenditure 340</p> <p>17.5 R&D Productivity 347</p> <p>17.6 Global Perspectives on Innovation 352</p> <p>17.7 R&D Expenditure and Science Policy 357</p> <p>17.8 Summary 362</p> <p>17.9 Questions for Class Discussion 363</p> <p>References 364</p> <p>Author Index 383</p> <p>Subject Index 387</p>

<p><b>RAVI K. JAIN, P<small>H</small>D, PE,</b> is Dean of the School of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of the Pacific in Stockton, California. He has been a Littauer Fellow at Harvard University and a Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge University. He has published fourteen books, over 150 scholarly papers and technical reports, and has received national recognition for his teaching and scholarly activities. <p><b>HARRY C. TRIANDIS</b> is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Illinois. He is the author of eight books, including <i>Culture and Social Behavior, Individualism and Collectivism,</i> and <i>Fooling Ourselves: Self-Deception in Politics, Religion, and Terrorism.</i> <p><b>CYNTHIA W. WEICK</b> is Professor of Management in the Eberhardt School of Business and the School of Engineering and Computer Science at University of the Pacific. Weick was named the Neven C. Hulsey Chair of Business Excellence in 2006, and in 2005, she earned Pacific's Distinguished Faculty Award, which is the University's highest faculty honor.

<p><b>Now fully revised and updated— the classic book on effective R&D management</b> <p>"This thoughtful and detailed work outlines what is required in order to achieve the desired end results in a networked world where teamwork and collaboration are increasingly important to globally dispersed workforces."<br/> <b>—JOHN CHAMBERS, Chairman and CEO, Cisco</b> <p><b><i>Praise for the</i> Second Edition</b> <p>"This is a superbly written book and could make an excellent reference and text for related university courses."<br/> <b>—E. LILE MURPHREE, J<small>R</small>., P<small>H</small>D, former Chairman, Department of Engineering Management, The George Washington University</b> <p>"Provides a superb exposition of the role that social and psychological phenomena play in today's organizations."<br/> <b>—FRED E. FIEDLER, Professor of Psychology Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle</b> <p>As the economy shifts from producing goods to producing information, the role of researchers in shaping the future has become immense. By taking advantage of modern technology, the highly trained and predominantly autonomous researchers from around the globe collect and share information better than ever—yet, there is still a lack of an effective centralized structure for an R&D organization manager to integrate the efforts from many disparate individuals into a unified plan. <p><i>Managing Research, Development, and Innovation, Third Edition</i> covers the management skills and leadership theories essential to generating products and excelling in today's global economy. Topics of interest include how to design jobs, organize hierarchies, resolve conflicts, motivate employees, and create an innovative work environment. Discover how superior management skills can increase funding, generate profit, and improve the effectiveness of technologically based organizations. This new revised edition: <ul> <li>Covers all aspects of the research and development process—with focus on the human management function</li> <li>Includes two new chapters covering the innovation process critical to research and development of new products and services</li> <li>Outlines the challenging issues related to diversity in science and technology organizations and provides insights as to how diversity can be used to enhance creativity</li> </ul> <p><i>Managing Research, Development, and Innovation, Third Edition</i> is the most complete, insightful book of its kind. Useful for professionals and graduate students alike, the text demonstrates in clear, straightforward prose how good management skills will shape the future.

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