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<p>Preface xiii</p> <p><b>1 Machine Learning Architecture and Framework 1<br /></b><i>Nilanjana Pradhan and Ajay Shankar Singh</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 2</p> <p>1.2 Machine Learning Algorithms 3</p> <p>1.2.1 Regression 3</p> <p>1.2.2 Linear Regression 4</p> <p>1.2.3 Support Vector Machine 4</p> <p>1.2.4 Linear Classifiers 5</p> <p>1.2.5 SVM Applications 8</p> <p>1.2.6 Naïve Bayes Classification 8</p> <p>1.2.7 Random Forest 9</p> <p>1.2.8 K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 9</p> <p>1.2.9 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 9</p> <p>1.2.10 K-Means Clustering 10</p> <p>1.3 Business Use Cases 10</p> <p>1.4 ML Architecture Data Acquisition 14</p> <p>1.5 Latest Application of Machine Learning 15</p> <p>1.5.1 Image Identification 16</p> <p>1.5.2 Sentiment Analysis 16</p> <p>1.5.3 News Classification 16</p> <p>1.5.4 Spam Filtering and Email Classification 17</p> <p>1.5.5 Speech Recognition 17</p> <p>1.5.6 Detection of Cyber Crime 17</p> <p>1.5.7 Classification 17</p> <p>1.5.8 Author Identification and Prediction 18</p> <p>1.5.9 Services of Social Media 18</p> <p>1.5.10 Medical Services 18</p> <p>1.5.11 Recommendation for Products and Services 18</p> <p>1.5.11.1 Machine Learning in Education 19</p> <p>1.5.11.2 Machine Learning in Search Engine 19</p> <p>1.5.11.3 Machine Learning in Digital Marketing 19</p> <p>1.5.11.4 Machine Learning in Healthcare 19</p> <p>1.6 Future of Machine Learning 20</p> <p>1.7 Conclusion 22</p> <p>References 23</p> <p><b>2 Cognitive Computing: Architecture, Technologies and Intelligent Applications 25<br /></b><i>Nilanjana Pradhan, Ajay Shankar Singh and Akansha Singh</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 26</p> <p>2.1 The Components of a Cognitive Computing System 27</p> <p>2.3 Subjective Computing Versus Computerized Reasoning 28</p> <p>2.4 Cognitive Architectures 29</p> <p>2.5 Subjective Architectures and HCI 31</p> <p>2.6 Cognitive Design and Evaluation 32</p> <p>2.6.1 Architectures Conceived in the 1940s Can’t Handle the Data of 2020 41</p> <p>2.7 Cognitive Technology Mines Wealth in Masses of Information 41</p> <p>2.7.1 Technology is Only as Strong as Its Flexible, Secure Foundation 42</p> <p>2.8 Cognitive Computing: Overview 43</p> <p>2.9 The Future of Cognitive Computing 47</p> <p>References 49</p> <p><b>3 Deep Reinforcement Learning for Wireless Network 51<br /></b><i>Bharti Sharma, R.K Saini, Akansha Singh and Krishna Kant Singh</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 51</p> <p>3.2 Related Work 54</p> <p>3.3 Machine Learning to Deep Learning 55</p> <p>3.3.1 Advance Machine Learning Techniques 56</p> <p>3.3.1.1 Deep Learning 56</p> <p>3.3.2 Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) 57</p> <p>3.3.2.1 Q-Learning 58</p> <p>3.3.2.2 Multi-Armed Bandit Learning (MABL) 58</p> <p>3.3.2.3 Actor–Critic Learning (ACL) 58</p> <p>3.3.2.4 Joint Utility and Strategy Estimation Based Learning 59</p> <p>3.4 Applications of Machine Learning Models in Wireless Communication 59</p> <p>3.4.1 Regression, KNN and SVM Models for Wireless 60</p> <p>3.4.2 Bayesian Learning for Cognitive Radio 60</p> <p>3.4.3 Deep Learning in Wireless Network 61</p> <p>3.4.4 Deep Reinforcement Learning in Wireless Network 62</p> <p>3.4.5 Traffic Engineering and Routing 63</p> <p>3.4.6 Resource Sharing and Scheduling 64</p> <p>3.4.7 Power Control and Data Collection 64</p> <p>3.5 Conclusion 65</p> <p>References 66</p> <p><b>4 Cognitive Computing for Smart Communication 73<br /></b><i>Poonam Sharma, Akansha Singh and Aman Jatain</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 74</p> <p>4.2 Cognitive Computing Evolution 75</p> <p>4.3 Characteristics of Cognitive Computing 76</p> <p>4.4 Basic Architecture 77</p> <p>4.4.1 Cognitive Computing and Communication 77</p> <p>4.5 Resource Management Based on Cognitive Radios 78</p> <p>4.6 Designing 5G Smart Communication with Cognitive Computing and AI 80</p> <p>4.6.1 Physical Layer Design Based on Reinforcement Learning 82</p> <p>4.7 Advanced Wireless Signal Processing Based on Deep Learning 84</p> <p>4.7.1 Modulation 85</p> <p>4.7.2 Deep Learning for Channel Decoding 86</p> <p>4.7.3 Detection Using Deep Learning 87</p> <p>4.8 Applications of Cognition-Based Wireless Communication 87</p> <p>4.8.1 Smart Surveillance Networks for Public Safety 88</p> <p>4.8.2 Cognitive Health Care Systems 88</p> <p>4.9 Conclusion 89</p> <p>References 89</p> <p><b>5 Spectrum Sensing and Allocation Schemes for Cognitive Radio 91<br /></b><i>Amrita Rai, Amit Sehgal, T.L. Singal and Rajeev Agrawal</i></p> <p>5.1 Foundation and Principle of Cognitive Radio 92</p> <p>5.2 Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Networks 94</p> <p>5.3 Classification of Spectrum Sensing Techniques 95</p> <p>5.4 Energy Detection 97</p> <p>5.5 Matched Filter Detection 100</p> <p>5.6 Cyclo-Stationary Detection 103</p> <p>5.7 Euclidean Distance-Based Detection 107</p> <p>5.8 Spectrum Allocation for Cognitive Radio Networks 108</p> <p>5.9 Challenges in Spectrum Allocation 118</p> <p>5.9.1 Spectrum and Network Heterogeneity 119</p> <p>5.9.2 Issues and Challenges 120</p> <p>5.10 Future Scope in Spectrum Allocation 122</p> <p>References 123</p> <p><b>6 Significance of Wireless Technology in Internet of Things (IoT) 131<br /></b><i>Ashish Tripathi, Arun Kumar Singh, Pushpa Choudhary, Prem Chand Vashist and K. K. Mishra</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 132</p> <p>6.1.1 Internet of Things: A Historical Background 133</p> <p>6.1.2 Internet of Things: Overview, Definition, and Understanding 133</p> <p>6.1.3 Internet of Things: Existing and Future Scopes 135</p> <p>6.2 Overview of the Hardware Components of IoT 136</p> <p>6.2.1 IoT Hardware Components: Development Boards/Platforms 136</p> <p>6.2.1.1 Arduino 136</p> <p>6.2.1.2 Raspberry Pi 137</p> <p>6.2.1.3 BeagleBone 137</p> <p>6.2.2 IoT Hardware Components: Transducer 138</p> <p>6.2.2.1 Sensors 138</p> <p>6.2.2.2 Actuators 138</p> <p>6.3 Wireless Technology in IoT 139</p> <p>6.3.1 Topology 139</p> <p>6.3.1.1 Mesh Topology 140</p> <p>6.3.1.2 Star Topology 141</p> <p>6.3.1.3 Point-to-Point Topology 141</p> <p>6.3.2 IoT Networks 142</p> <p>6.3.2.1 Nano Network 142</p> <p>6.3.2.2 Near-Field Communication (NFC) Network 143</p> <p>6.3.2.3 Body Area Network (BAN) 143</p> <p>6.3.2.4 Personal Area Network (PAN) 143</p> <p>6.3.2.5 Local Area Network (LAN) 143</p> <p>6.3.2.6 Campus/Corporate Area Network (CAN) 143</p> <p>6.3.2.7 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 144</p> <p>6.3.2.8 Wide Area Network (WAN) 144</p> <p>6.3.3 IoT Connections 144</p> <p>6.3.3.1 Device-to-Device (D2D)/Machine-to-Machine (M2M) 144</p> <p>6.3.3.2 Machine-to-Gateway/Router (M2G/R) 145</p> <p>6.3.3.3 Gateway/Router-to-Data System (G/R2DS) 145</p> <p>6.3.3.4 Data System to Data System (DS2DS) 145</p> <p>6.3.4 IoT Protocols/Standards 145</p> <p>6.3.4.1 Network Protocols for IoT 146</p> <p>6.3.4.2 Data Protocols for IoT 148</p> <p>6.4 Conclusion 150</p> <p>References 150</p> <p><b>7 Architectures and Protocols for Next-Generation Cognitive Networking 155<br /></b><i>R. Ganesh Babu, V. Amudha and P. Karthika</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 156</p> <p>7.1.1 Primary Network (Licensed Network) 156</p> <p>7.1.2 CR Network (Unlicensed Network) 157</p> <p>7.2 Cognitive Radio Network Technologies and Applications 159</p> <p>7.2.1 Classes of CR 159</p> <p>7.2.2 Next Generation (xG) of CR Applications 162</p> <p>7.3 Cognitive Computing: Architecture, Technologies, and Intelligent Applications 163</p> <p>7.3.1 CR Physical Architecture 163</p> <p>7.4 Functionalities of CR in NeXt Generation (xG) Networks 164</p> <p>7.5 Spectrum Sensing 165</p> <p>7.5.1 Spectrum Decision 165</p> <p>7.5.2 Spectrum Mobility 165</p> <p>7.5.3 CR Network Functions 166</p> <p>7.6 Cognitive Computing for Smart Communications 167</p> <p>7.6.1 CR Technologies 167</p> <p>7.7 Spectrum Allocation in Cognitive Radio 169</p> <p>7.8 Cooperative and Cognitive Network 173</p> <p>7.8.1 Cooperative Centralized Coordinated 173</p> <p>7.8.2 Cooperative Decentralized (Distributed) Coordinated and Uncoordinated 176</p> <p>References 176</p> <p><b>8 Analysis of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM Systems Using Cognitive Radio Technology 179<br /></b><i>Udayakumar Easwaran, Poongodi Palaniswamy and Vetrivelan Ponnusamy</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 180</p> <p>8.2 OFDM Systems 181</p> <p>8.3 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 183</p> <p>8.4 Cognitive Radio (CR) 184</p> <p>8.5 Related Works 186</p> <p>8.6 Neural Network System Model 193</p> <p>8.7 Complexity Examination 194</p> <p>8.8 PAPR and BER Examination 195</p> <p>8.9 Performance Evaluation 196</p> <p>8.10 Results and Discussions 196</p> <p>8.11 Conclusion 200</p> <p>References 200</p> <p><b>9 A Threshold-Based Optimization Energy-Efficient Routing Technique in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks 203<br /></b><i>Samayveer Singh</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 204</p> <p>9.2 Literature Review 205</p> <p>9.3 System Model 207</p> <p>9.3.1 Four-Level Heterogeneous Network Model 208</p> <p>9.3.2 Energy Dissipation Radio Model 210</p> <p>9.4 Proposed Work 211</p> <p>9.4.1 Optimum Cluster Head Election of the Proposed Protocol 211</p> <p>9.4.2 Information Congregation and Communication Process Based on Chaining System for Intra and Inter‑Cluster Communication 214</p> <p>9.4.3 The Complete Working Process of the Proposed Method 214</p> <p>9.5 Simulation Results and Discussions 216</p> <p>9.5.1 Network Lifetime and Stability Period 217</p> <p>9.5.2 Network Outstanding Energy 219</p> <p>9.5.3 Throughput 219</p> <p>9.5.4 Comparative Analysis of the Level-4 Network Protocols 222</p> <p>9.6 Conclusion 222</p> <p>References 223</p> <p><b>10 Efficacy of Big Data Application in Smart Cities 225<br /></b><i>Sudipta Sahana, Dharmpal Singh and Pranati Rakshit</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 226</p> <p>10.1.1 Characteristics of Big Data 227</p> <p>10.1.1.1 Velocity 227</p> <p>10.1.1.2 Volume 227</p> <p>10.1.1.3 Value 228</p> <p>10.1.1.4 Variety 228</p> <p>10.1.1.5 Veracity 228</p> <p>10.1.2 Definition of Smart Cities 228</p> <p>10.2 Types of Data in Big Data 229</p> <p>10.2.1 Structured Data 229</p> <p>10.2.2 Unstructured Data 230</p> <p>10.2.3 Semi-Structured Data 230</p> <p>10.3 Big Data Technologies 231</p> <p>10.3.1 Apache Hadoop 231</p> <p>10.3.2 HDFS 231</p> <p>10.3.3 Spark 232</p> <p>10.3.4 Microsoft HDInsight 232</p> <p>10.3.5 NoSQL 233</p> <p>10.3.6 Hive 233</p> <p>10.3.7 Sqoop 234</p> <p>10.3.8 R 235</p> <p>10.3.9 Data Lakes 235</p> <p>10.4 Data Source for Big Data 235</p> <p>10.4.1 Media 236</p> <p>10.4.2 Cloud 236</p> <p>10.4.3 The Web 236</p> <p>10.4.4 IOT 236</p> <p>10.4.5 Databases as a Big Data Source 237</p> <p>10.4.6 Hidden Big Data Sources 237</p> <p>10.4.6.1 Email 237</p> <p>10.4.6.2 Social Media 238</p> <p>10.4.6.3 Open Data 238</p> <p>10.4.6.4 Sensor Data 238</p> <p>10.4.7 Application-Oriented Big Data Source for a Smart City 238</p> <p>10.4.7.1 Healthcare 238</p> <p>10.4.7.2 Transportation 239</p> <p>10.4.7.3 Education 240</p> <p>10.5 Components of a Smart City 241</p> <p>10.5.1 Smart Infrastructure 241</p> <p>10.5.1.1 Intelligent Lighting 241</p> <p>10.5.1.2 Modern Parking Systems 241</p> <p>10.5.1.3 Associated Charging Points 242</p> <p>10.5.2 Smart Buildings and Belongings 242</p> <p>10.5.2.1 Safety and Security Systems 242</p> <p>10.5.2.2 Smart Sprinkler Systems for Gardens 242</p> <p>10.5.2.3 Smart Heating and Ventilation 242</p> <p>10.5.3 Smart Industrial Environment 243</p> <p>10.5.4 Smart City Services 243</p> <p>10.5.4.1 Smart Stalls 243</p> <p>10.5.4.2 Monitoring of Risky Areas 244</p> <p>10.5.4.3 Public Safety 244</p> <p>10.5.4.4 Fire/Explosion Management 244</p> <p>10.5.4.5 Automatic Health-Care Delivery 244</p> <p>10.5.5 Smart Energy Management 244</p> <p>10.5.5.1 Smart Grid 245</p> <p>10.5.5.2 Intelligent Meters 245</p> <p>10.5.6 Smart Water Management 245</p> <p>10.5.7 Smart Waste Management 245</p> <p>10.6 Challenge and Solution of Big Data for Smart City 246</p> <p>10.6.1 Challenge in Big Data for Smart City 246</p> <p>10.6.1.1 Data Integration 246</p> <p>10.6.1.2 Security and Privacy 246</p> <p>10.6.1.3 Data Analytics 247</p> <p>10.6.2 Solution of Challenge Smart City 247</p> <p>10.6.2.1 Conquering Difficulties with Enactment 247</p> <p>10.6.2.2 Making People Smarter—Education for Everyone 248</p> <p>10.7 Conclusion 248</p> <p>References 249</p> <p>Index 251</p>

<p><b>Krishna Kant Singh</b> is an Associate Professor in Electronics and Communications Engineering in KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India. Dr. Singh has acquired BTech, MTech, and PhD (IIT Roorkee) in the area of machine learning and remote sensing. He has authored more than 50 technical books and research papers in international conferences and SCIE journals. <p><b>Akansha Singh</b> is an Associate Professor in Department of Computer Science Engineering in Amity University, Noida, India. Dr. Singh has acquired BTech, MTech, and PhD (IIT Roorkee) in the area of neural network and remote sensing. She has authored more than 40 technical books and research papers in international conferences and SCIE journals. Her area of interest includes Mobile Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Digital Image Processing. <p><b>Korhan Cengiz</b> received his PhD in Electronics Engineering from Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 2016. He has served as keynote speakers at many conferences. His research interests include wireless sensor networks, routing protocols, wireless communications, 5G systems, statistical signal processing, and spatial modulation. <p><b>Dac-Nhuong Le</b> has a MSc and PhD in computer science from Vietnam National University, Vietnam in 2009 and 2015, respectively. He is Associate Professor in Computer Science, Deputy-Head of Faculty of Information Technology, Haiphong University, Vietnam. He has a total academic teaching experience of 12+ years with many publications in reputed international conferences, journals and online book chapters. His area of research includes: evaluation computing and approximate algorithms, network communication, security and vulnerability, network performance analysis and simulation, cloud computing, IoT and image processing in biomedical.

<p><b>Written in a comprehensive and lucid manner, this book explores the utilization of machine learning techniques like data analytics and cognitive power that will lead to better performance of communication and wireless systems.</b> <p>Communication and network technology has witnessed recent rapid movement with the development of numerous information services and applications. These technologies have high impact on society and the way people are leading their lives. The advancement in technology has undoubtedly improved the quality of service and user experience yet a lot needs to be still done. Some areas that still need improvement include seamless wide-area coverage, high-capacity hot-spots, low-power massive-connections, low-latency and high-reliability, and so on. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop smart technologies for communication to improve the overall services and management of wireless communication. <p>Machine learning and cognitive computing have converged to give some groundbreaking solutions for smart machines. With these two technologies coming together, the machines can acquire the ability to reason similar to the human brain. The research area of machine learning and cognitive computing cover many fields like psychology, biology, signal processing, physics, information theory, mathematics, and statistics that can be used effectively for topology management. Therefore, the utilization of machine learning techniques like data analytics and cognitive power will lead to better performance of communication and wireless systems. <p><b>Audience</b> <p>The book is designed for researchers and electronics engineers, computer science engineers, industrial engineers and mechanical engineers (both in academia and industry) working in the field of machine learning, cognitive computing, mobile communication and wireless network system. Because it is an amalgamation of theory, mathematics, and examples of the discussed technologies, this book will also be relevant to all levels of students—from undergraduate and postgraduate to research students—studying computer science or electronics.

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