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<p>List of Tables xv</p> <p>List of Figures xix</p> <p>Acknowledgements xxv</p> <p>Preface xxvii</p> <p>Preface to the Second Edition xxxv</p> <p>Website xxxvii</p> <p><b>Part 1: Introduction</b></p> <p>1 How a Meta-Analysis Works 3</p> <p>2 Why Perform a Meta-Analysis 9</p> <p><b>Part 2: Effect Size and Precision</b></p> <p>3 Overview 17</p> <p>4 Effect Sizes Based On Means 21</p> <p>5 Effect Sizes Based On Binary Data (2 × 2 Tables) 33</p> <p>6 Effect Sizes Based On Correlations 39</p> <p>7 Converting Among Effect Sizes 43</p> <p>8 Factors That Affect Precision 49</p> <p>9 Concluding Remarks 55</p> <p><b>Part 3: Fixed-Effect Versus Random-Effects Models</b></p> <p>10 Overview 59</p> <p>11 Fixed-Effect Model 61</p> <p>12 Random-Effects Model 65</p> <p>13 Fixed-Effect Versus Random-Effects Models 71</p> <p>14 Worked Examples (Part 1) 81</p> <p><b>Part 4: Heterogeneity</b></p> <p>15 Overview 97</p> <p>16 Identifying and Quantifying Heterogeneity 99</p> <p>17 Prediction Intervals 119</p> <p>18 Worked Examples (Part 2) 127</p> <p>19 An Intuitive Look At Heterogeneity 139</p> <p>20 Classifying Heterogeneity As Low, Moderate, Or High 155</p> <p><b>Part 5: Explaining Heterogeneity</b></p> <p>21 Subgroup Analyses 161</p> <p>22 Meta-Regression 197</p> <p>23 Notes On Subgroup Analyses and Meta-Regression 213</p> <p><b>Part 6: Putting It All In Context</b></p> <p>24 Looking At the Whole Picture 223</p> <p>25 Limitations of the Random-Effects Model 233</p> <p>26 Knapp–Hartung Adjustment 243</p> <p><b>Part 7: Complex Data Structures</b></p> <p>27 Overview 253</p> <p>28 Independent Subgroups Within a Study 255</p> <p>29 Multiple Outcomes or Time-Points Within A Study 263</p> <p>30 Multiple Comparisons Within a Study 277</p> <p>31 Notes On Complex Data Structures 281</p> <p><b>Part 8: Other Issues</b></p> <p>32 Overview 287</p> <p>33 Vote Counting – A New Name For An Old Problem 289</p> <p>34 Power Analysis For Meta-Analysis 295</p> <p>35 Publication Bias 313</p> <p><b>Part 9: Issues Related To Effect Size</b></p> <p>36 Overview 335</p> <p>37 Effect Sizes Rather Than P-Values 337</p> <p>38 Simpson’s Paradox 343</p> <p>39 Generality of the Basic Inverse-Variance Method 349</p> <p><b>Part 10: Further Methods</b></p> <p>40 Overview 361</p> <p>41 Meta-Analysis Methods Based On Direction and P-Values 363</p> <p>42 Further Methods For Dichotomous Data 369</p> <p>43 Psychometric Meta-Analysis 377</p> <p><b>Part 11: Meta-Analysis In Context</b></p> <p>44 Overview 391</p> <p>45 When Does It Make Sense To Perform a Meta-Analysis? 393</p> <p>46 Reporting The Results of a Meta-Analysis 401</p> <p>47 Cumulative Meta-Analysis 407</p> <p>48 Criticisms of Meta-Analysis 413</p> <p>49 Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software 425</p> <p>50 How To Explain the Results of An Analysis 443</p> <p><b>Part 12: Resources</b></p> <p>51 Software For Meta-Analysis 471</p> <p>52 Web Sites, Societies, Journals, and Books 473</p> <p>Web sites 473</p> <p>Professional societies 476</p> <p>Journals 476</p> <p>Special issues dedicated to meta-analysis 477</p> <p>Books on systematic review methods and meta-analysis 477</p> <p>References 479</p> <p>Index 491</p>

<p><b>Michael Borenstein</b> is the Director of Biostat, a leading developer of statistical software. He is the primary developer of Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA), the world's most widely used program for meta-analysis.  He is the recipient of numerous grants from the NIH to develop methods, software, and educational materials for meta-analysis. He has lectured widely on meta-analysis, including at the NIH, CDC, and FDA. </p> <p><b>Larry V. Hedges</b> is Board of Trustees Professor of Statistics and Education and Social Policy, Professor of Psychology, Professor of Medical Social Sciences, and IPR Fellow, Northwestern University, USA. He is a national leader in the fields of educational statistics and evaluation and is an elected member of many leading associations. </p> <p><b>Julian P.T. Higgins</b> is Professor of Evidence Synthesis at the University of Bristol, UK, and a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator. He has had numerous core roles in the Cochrane Collaboration, including editing its methodological Handbook since 2003. His many contributions to meta-analysis include the foundation of network meta-analysis, methods for describing and explaining heterogeneity and a general framework for individual participant data meta-analysis. He is a Highly Cited Researcher with over a quarter of a million citations to his work and has been a recipient of the Ingram Olkin Award for distinguished lifetime achievement in research synthesis methodology. </p> <p><b>Hannah R. Rothstein</b> is Professor of Management at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and a past President of the Society for Research Synthesis Methodology. She is former Editor-in-Chief of Research Synthesis Methods and serves on the editorial boards of Psychological Bulletin, Psychological Methods, and Organizational Research Methods. Professor Rothstein is a co-developer of the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software and has published numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses. </p>

<p><b>Introduction to Meta-Analysis, Second Edition</b></p><p>This book provides a clear and thorough introduction to meta-analysis, the process of synthesizing data from a series of separate studies. The first edition of this text was widely acclaimed for the clarity of the presentation, and quickly established itself as the definitive text in this field. The fully updated second edition includes new and expanded content on avoiding common mistakes in meta-analysis, understanding heterogeneity in effects, publication bias, and more. Several brand-new chapters provide a systematic “how to” approach to performing and reporting a meta-analysis from start to finish.</p><p>Written by four of the world’s foremost authorities on all aspects of meta-analysis, the new edition:</p><ul><li>Outlines the role of meta-analysis in the research process</li><li>Shows how to compute effects sizes and treatment effects</li><li>Explains the fixed-effect and random-effects models for synthesizing data</li><li>Demonstrates how to assess and interpret variation in effect size across studies</li><li>Explains how to avoid common mistakes in meta-analysis</li><li>Discusses controversies in meta-analysis</li><li>Includes access to a companion website containing videos, spreadsheets, data files, free software for prediction intervals, and step-by-step instructions for performing analyses using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA)^™</li></ul><p>Download videos, class materials, and worked examples at <b>www.Introduction-to-Meta-Analysis.com</b></p><p><i>This book offers the reader a unified framework for thinking about meta-analysis, and then discusses all elements of the analysis within that framework. The authors address a series of common mistakes and explain how to avoid them. As the editor-in-chief of the American Psychologist and former editor of Psychological Bulletin, I can say without hesitation that the quality of manuscript submissions reporting meta-analyses would be vastly better if researchers read this book.</i></p><p>Harris Cooper, Hugo L. Blomquist Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Neuroscience, Editor-in-chief of the American Psychologist, former editor of Psychological Bulletin</p><p><i>A superb combination of lucid prose and informative graphics, the authors provide a refreshing departure from cookbook approaches with their clear explanations of the what and why of meta-analysis. The book is ideal as a course textbook or for self-study. My students raved about the clarity of the explanations and examples.</i></p><p>David Rindskopf, Distinguished Professor of Educational Psychology, City University of New York, Graduate School and University Center, & Editor of the Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics.</p><p><i>The approach taken by Introduction to Meta-analysis is intended to be primarily conceptual, and it is amazingly successful at achieving that goal. The reader can comfortably skip the formulas and still understand their application and underlying motivation. For the more statistically sophisticated reader, the relevant formulas and worked examples provide a superb practical guide to performing a meta-analysis. The book provides an eclectic mix of examples from education, social science, biomedical studies, and even ecology. For anyone considering leading a course in meta-analysis, or pursuing self-directed study, Introduction to Meta-analysis would be a clear first choice.</i><BR>Jesse A. Berlin, ScD </p>

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