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<p>Preface ix</p> <p><b>Chapter 1. How to Define Corpus Linguistics </b><b>1</b></p> <p>1.1. Defining elements 1</p> <p>1.2. Empiricism versus rationalism in linguistics 4</p> <p>1.3. Chomsky’s arguments against empiricism in linguistics 5</p> <p>1.4. Corpus linguistics and computer tools 8</p> <p>1.5. Quantitative versus qualitative methods 11</p> <p>1.6. Differences between corpus linguistics and experimental linguistics 14</p> <p>1.7. Different types of corpora 16</p> <p>1.8. Conclusion 19</p> <p>1.9. Revision questions and answer key 20</p> <p>1.9.1. Questions 20</p> <p>1.9.2. Answer key 21</p> <p>1.10. Further reading 23</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. How to Use Corpora in Theoretical Linguistics </b><b>25</b></p> <p>2.1. Phonetics and phonology 25</p> <p>2.2. Morphology 29</p> <p>2.3. Syntax 32</p> <p>2.4. Lexicon 35</p> <p>2.5. Discourse analysis 38</p> <p>2.6. Pragmatics 41</p> <p>2.7. Sociolinguistics 43</p> <p>2.8. Diachronic linguistics 46</p> <p>2.9. Conclusion 48</p> <p>2.10. Revision questions and answer key 49</p> <p>2.10.1. Questions 49</p> <p>2.10.2. Answer key 50</p> <p>2.11. Further reading 52</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. How to Use Corpora in Applied Linguistics </b><b>53</b></p> <p>3.1. Language acquisition 53</p> <p>3.2. Language impairments 58</p> <p>3.3. Second language acquisition 61</p> <p>3.4. Language teaching 64</p> <p>3.5. Lexicography 68</p> <p>3.6. Stylistics 72</p> <p>3.7. Legal linguistics 74</p> <p>3.8. Conclusion 77</p> <p>3.9. Revision questions and answer key 77</p> <p>3.9.1. Questions 77</p> <p>3.9.2. Answer key 78</p> <p>3.10. Further reading 80</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. How to Use Multilingual Corpora </b><b>83</b></p> <p>4.1. Comparable corpora and parallel corpora 83</p> <p>4.2. Looking for a <i>tertium comparationis </i>87</p> <p>4.3. Translations as a discursive genre 90</p> <p>4.4. Multilingual corpora and contrastive linguistics 92</p> <p>4.5. Parallel corpora and translation studies 97</p> <p>4.6. Parallel corpora and bilingual dictionaries 100</p> <p>4.7. Conclusion 102</p> <p>4.8. Revision questions and answer key 102</p> <p>4.8.1. Questions 102</p> <p>4.8.2. Answer key 103</p> <p>4.9. Further reading 105</p> <p><b>Chapter 5. How to Find and Analyze Corpora in French </b><b>107</b></p> <p>5.1. Corpora formats and their availability 107</p> <p>5.2. Reference corpora 110</p> <p>5.3. Written French corpora 111</p> <p>5.4. Spoken French corpora 114</p> <p>5.5. Children and learner corpora 116</p> <p>5.6. Multilingual corpora including French 119</p> <p>5.7. Corpus consultation tools 123</p> <p>5.7.1. Concordancers 123</p> <p>5.7.2. Focus on the AntConc concordancer 126</p> <p>5.7.3. Focus on the CLAN concordancer 128</p> <p>5.8. Conclusion 129</p> <p>5.9. Revision questions and answer key 130</p> <p>5.9.1. Questions 130</p> <p>5.9.2. Answer key 131</p> <p>5.10. Further reading 136</p> <p><b>Chapter 6. How to Build a Corpus </b><b>137</b></p> <p>6.1. Before deciding to build a corpus 137</p> <p>6.2. Establishing the size and representativeness of data 139</p> <p>6.3. Choosing language samples 143</p> <p>6.4. Preparing and coding corpus files 147</p> <p>6.5. Recording and transcribing spoken data 152</p> <p>6.6. Ethical and legal issues 154</p> <p>6.7. Conclusion 157</p> <p>6.8. Revision questions and answer key 157</p> <p>6.8.1. Questions 157</p> <p>6.8.2. Answer key 158</p> <p>6.9. Further reading 162</p> <p><b>Chapter 7. How to Annotate a Corpus </b><b>163</b></p> <p>7.1. Corpus annotations 163</p> <p>7.2. Different types of annotations 166</p> <p>7.3. Standardization of annotation schemes 170</p> <p>7.4. The stages of the annotation process 171</p> <p>7.5. Annotation tools 177</p> <p>7.6. Measuring the quality and reliability of an annotation 180</p> <p>7.7. Sharing your annotations 184</p> <p>7.8. Conclusion 186</p> <p>7.9. Revision questions and answer key 186</p> <p>7.9.1. Questions 186</p> <p>7.9.2. Answer key 187</p> <p>7.10. Further reading 193</p> <p><b>Chapter 8. How to Analyze Corpus Data </b><b>195</b></p> <p>8.1. Descriptive statistics for corpus data 195</p> <p>8.2. Measuring the lexical richness of a corpus 200</p> <p>8.3. Measuring lexical dispersion in a corpus 202</p> <p>8.4. Basics of inferential statistics 204</p> <p>8.5. Typical variables in corpus studies 207</p> <p>8.6. Measuring the differences between categories 210</p> <p>8.7. Conclusion 219</p> <p>8.8. Revision questions and answer key 220</p> <p>8.8.1. Questions 220</p> <p>8.8.2. Answer key 222</p> <p>8.9. Further reading 226</p> <p>Conclusion: The Stages for Carrying Out a Corpus Study 227</p> <p>References 233</p> <p>Index 255</p>

Sandrine Zufferey: full professor of French Linguistics Christelle Gillioz: lecturer in French Linguistics, postdoctoral researcher in psycholinguistics

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