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Intellectual Property Law for Engineers, Scientists, and Entrepreneurs

2. Aufl.

von: Howard B. Rockman
118,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	03.01.2020
ISBN/EAN:	9781119382010
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	976

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Titelbeschreibung

Fully revised new edition that completely covers intellectual property law—and many related issues—for engineers, scientists, and entrepreneurs This book informs engineering and science students, technology professionals, and entrepreneurs about the intellectual property laws that are important in their careers. It covers all of the major areas of intellectual property development and protection in non-legalistic terms that are understandable to technology and science professionals. New material includes a comprehensive discussion on the American Invents Act (AIA), coverage of many new high-profile topics, such as patent protection the mobile communications industry, and a new chapter on "The Future of Technology, Engineering, and Intellectual Property." Now in its second edition, Intellectual Property Law for Engineers, Scientists, and Entrepreneurs enables inventors and creators to efficiently interface with an intellectual property attorney in order to obtain the maximum protection for their invention or creation, and to take steps to ensure that that invention or creation does not infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others. It includes patent, trade secret, mask work, and cybersquatting legal and procedural principles. The book also shows readers how to properly use new vehicles of intellectual property protection for novel software, biotech, and business method inventions. Additionally, it examines trademark protection for domain names, and other ancillary matters that fall within the genre of intellectual property protection. This informative text: <ul> <li>Covers all of the major areas of intellectual property development and protection in clear, layman’s terms so as to be easily understood by technology and science professionals</li> <li>Provides detailed outlines of patent, trademark, copyright, and unfair competition laws</li> <li>Offers essays on famous and noteworthy inventors and their inventions—and features a copy of the first page of patents resulting from these inventors’ efforts</li> <li>Covers many new high-profile cases covering patent protection within the mobile communications industry </li> </ul> Intellectual Property Law for Engineers, Scientists, and Entrepreneurs, Second Edition is an excellent text for graduate and undergraduate engineering students, as well as professionals and those starting a new technology business who need to know all the laws concerning their inventions and creations.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Foreword xxvii Foreword to the First Edition xxix Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxv Top Ten List of Intellectual Property Protection xxxvii Section I The Intellectual Property Universe 1 Eli Whitney — The Cotton Gin 3 Charles Babbage — The Difference Engine 7 1 Overview of Intellectual Property Law 11 1.1 Defining “Intellectual Property” 11 1.2 Specific Intellectual Property Vehicles 12 1.2.1 Patents 12 1.2.2 Trademarks and Service Marks 13 1.2.3 Copyrights 14 1.2.4 Trade Secrets 15 1.2.5 Mask Works for Semiconductors 15 1.3 Which Form of Intellectual Property Protection to Use? 15 Frank J. Sprague — The Electric Streetcar 17 Mary Anderson — Windshield Wiper Blade 25 2 Brief Overview of the Law 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Development of the Law and Legal Principles 29 2.3 Divine Laws 30 2.4 The Four Types of Law 30 2.4.1 Constitutional Law 30 2.4.2 Statutory Law 31 2.4.3 Common Law 31 2.4.4 Business Custom 32 2.5 Civil Law Systems 32 2.6 Enforcement of Laws 33 2.7 Changes in the Law 33 2.8 Equity 33 2.9 U.S. Courts, State and Federal 35 2.10 The Federal Court System 36 2.10.1 The Supreme Court 36 2.10.2 Courts of Appeals 36 2.10.3 District Courts 37 2.11 State Courts 38 2.12 Jurisdiction 38 Section II Patents 41 Charles Goodyear — Vulcanization of Rubber 43 John Boyd Dunlop — Pneumatic Vehicle Tires 47 3 Introduction to Patents 51 3.1 Brief History of Patent Protection 51 3.1.1 Early European Patent Custom 51 3.1.2 The British Patent System 54 3.1.3 The U.S. Constitution and the Development of the Present U.S. Patent Examination System 55 3.2 Types of Patent Coverage 59 3.2.1 What is a Patent? 59 3.2.2 Article or Apparatus Patents 60 3.2.3 Method or Process Patents 60 3.2.4 Design Patents 61 3.2.5 Plant Patents 61 3.2.6 New Technologies 62 3.3 How to Determine What to Patent and What Not to Patent 62 3.3.1 Broadly, What Can and Cannot Be Patented Under the Law 62 3.3.2 From a Business Standpoint, What Should Be Patented 63 3.4 Broadly, What Data Goes into a Patent 64 3.4.1 Describing the Background and Essential Elements of the Invention 64 3.4.2 Claiming the Invention 65 3.5 What a Patent is Not 66 3.6 Inventions Relating to Atomic Weapons 67 3.7 The U.S. Government’s Right to Practice Your Patented Invention 68 George Westinghouse — Steam‐Power Brake Devices and Alternating Current 69 Gideon Sundback — Zipper 73 4 Introductory Comments on Patentable Subject Matter and Utility 77 4.1 What Constitutes Patentable Subject Matter? 77 4.2 Utility — The Invention Must Be Useful 80 John Deere — Horse‐Drawn Plow 83 Erastus Brigham Bigelow — Powered Carpet‐Making Looms 87 5 Novelty—The Invention Must Be New 91 5.1 Statutory Requirements 91 5.2 Preliminary Comments on Protecting Foreign Patent Rights 95 5.3 Additional Comments on Experimental Use Versus Actual Use of the Invention 96 Alfred Nobel — Dynamite 99 6 Requirement of Non‐Obviousness for Patentability 107 6.1 Development of the Standard of Non‐Obviousness 107 6.2 Historical Background 107 6.3 Supreme Court Cases Predating the 1952 Patent Law Section 103 Non‐Obviousness Test 109 6.4 The 1952 Patent Statute and the Case of Graham V. John Deere Company (1966) 113 6.5 The 2007 U.S. Supreme Court Case of KSR V. Teleflex 116 6.6 Illustrative Non‐Obviousness Analysis 117 Louis Pasteur — Pasteurization Process 119 Elisha Otis — Safety Elevator 125 7 The Patenting Process 129 7.1 Who May Obtain a Patent: Inventorship and Ownership of Patent Rights 129 7.2 Proper Documentation of the Invention 130 7.3 The Invention Disclosure, and the Invention Disclosure Meeting 132 7.4 Additional Matters Discussed During the Invention Disclosure Meeting Between the Inventor and the Patent Professional 137 7.5 Invention Disclosure Form 140 Alexander Graham Bell — Telephone 145 8 The Patentability Search, Freedom‐To‐Use Search, and Other Searches 155 8.1 Searching the Content of the Prior Art to Determine Patentability of the Invention 155 8.2 Patentabilty Search Parameters 156 8.3 Additional Types of Searches 157 8.4 Database Searches 159 8.5 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Patent Classification System 159 Thomas Alva Edison — The Light Bulb 161 9 The Patent Application 169 9.1 Introduction 169 9.2 Registration System Evolving into an Examination System 169 9.3 Goal of a Properly Prepared Patent Application 170 9.4 Provisional Patent Applications 171 9.5 Regular, Non‐Provisional Patent Application; No New Matter 172 9.6 Content of a Regular Non‐Provisional Patent Application 172 9.7 Your Review of the Patent Application 177 9.8 Execution of the Declaration, Power of Attorney, and Assignment Upon Completion of the Patent Application 178 George Eastman — Practical Photography 181 Emile Berliner — Disc Sound Recording 185 10 Claims of a Patent Application 193 10.1 Introduction to Patent Claims 193 10.2 Historical Development of Patent Claims 193 10.3 What Claims Are 195 10.4 Your Review of the Claims of Your Patent Application 197 10.5 Distinguishing Different Types of Claims 198 10.6 More on Method or Process Claims 200 10.7 Composition of Matter Claims 201 10.8 Design Patent Claim 201 10.9 Dependent Claims 201 10.10 How to Read and Understand Patent Claims Drafted by Your patent attorney 202 Ottmar Mergenthaler — The Linotype® Hot‐Type Composing Machine 205 Theodore Maiman and Gordon Gould — Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser) 209 11 Examination and Prosecution of a Patent Application 221 11.1 U.S. Patent Examination Process 221 11.2 The Patent Examination System–A Little More History 221 11.3 Filing the Patent Application With the USPTO 222 11.4 Examination of the Patent Application 223 11.5 Results of the Examination–The “Office Action” 224 11.6 You and Your Attorney’s Response to the office Action 225 11.7 Further Patent Prosecution 228 11.8 Granting the Patent 228 11.9 Infringement During Examination of the Patent Application 229 11.10 Additional Probable Patent Prosecution Events 230 11.11 Re‐Examination of an Issued Patent by the Applicant, the Infringer, or the Commissioner of Patents 233 11.12 Re‐Issue Patents 233 Nicolaus Otto — The Internal Combustion Engine 235 Rudolf Diesel — The Internal Combustion Engine 239 12 Design Patents 245 12.1 Coverage of Design Patents 245 12.2 The Design Patent Application 246 12.3 Infringement of a Design Patent 247 12.4 Importance of Design Patents 250 12.5 Examples of Design Patents 251 12.6 Design Patents on Computer Screen Icons 251 12.7 Design Patents Contrasted with Copyrights 252 12.8 Damages For Design Patent Infringement 253 12.9 The Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs (The Hague System) 254 Nikola Tesla — AC Induction Motor and Radio 259 Clarence Birdseye — Frozen Food 271 13 Protection of Computer‐Related Inventions 275 13.1 Introduction 275 13.2 The Torturous Path Through the Courts 276 13.3 Recent Court Decisions and USPTO Guidelines Attempting to Define Patent‐Eligible Subject Matter Regarding Computer‐Related Inventions 282 13.4 The USPTO Examination Process to Determine Subject Matter Eligibility of a Computer‐Related Invention 292 13.5 Recommended Steps to Obtain Proper Protection of Computer‐Related Inventions 294 Covering a Computer‐Related Invention 294 13.6. Statutory Subject Matter 303 13.7 The Computer‐Related Invention Must Still Be Novel and Non‐Obvious 307 13.8 Computer Programming and a Sufficient Disclosure 308 13.9 The Protection of Software Through Contracts 312 13.10 Patent Eligibility of Software and Computer‐Related Inventions in Europe 312 Hedy Lamarr — Spread Spectrum Technology 325 Herman Hollerith — Tabulating Machine 329 14 Biotechnology Inventions 333 14.1 Introduction to Biotechnology 333 14.2 History of Biotechnology Patent Protection 334 14.3 Patent‐Eligible Subject Matter and Biotechnology 336 14.4 Biotechnology and the Written Description Requirement 338 14.5 Biotechnology and Patent Exhaustion 340 14.6 Biotechnology and Government Regulation 341 14.7 Pharmaceutical Patent Strategies 343 14.8 Medical Procedures 344 Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins — Discovery of the Molecular Structure of DNa 347 Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer — Recombinant‐Dna (rDNA)* 353 15 The Patenting of Business Methods 357 15.1 The Evolution of Patents For Methods of Doing Business 357 15.2 The State Street Case 359 15.3 The Bilski Case 360 15.4 What is a Business Method Invention? 361 15.5 The USPTO Guidelines 362 15.6 Recommendations 364 15.7 Understanding a Sample Business Method Patent Claim 365 15.8 The Covered Business Method Review 366 Yvonne Brill — Satellite Propulsion System 371 Luther Burbank — Plant Breeding 375 16 Foreign Patent Protection 379 16.1 Introduction 379 16.2 The Traditional System of Obtaining Foreign Patents 380 16.3 The Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 381 16.4 N ational Patent Laws and the PCT: Differences and Alterations 386 16.5 The EPC 387 16.6 The European Unitary Patent and Unified Patent Court 388 16.7 Privileged Communications Between a U.S. patent attorney and a Foreign Non‐Attorney Patent Agent 389 Wilbur and Orville Wright — Controlled Powered Flight 391 17 Enforcement of the Patent Right 399 17.1 The Patent Clearance Process 399 17.2 The Attempt to Design Around the Claims of a Patent: Most Infringers Do Not Slavishly Copy the Patented Invention 402 17.3 Literal Infringement of a Patent Claim 403 17.4 The “Doctrine of Equivalents” Where the Claim is Not Literally Infringed 405 17.5 Defenses to a Charge of Infringement 406 17.6 Penalties and Damages For Patent Infringement 408 17.7 Marking the Patented Product With the Patent Number 409 Robert Goddard — Rocket Propulsion and Control 411 C. Donald Bateman — Ground Proximity Warning System 417 18 The America Invents Act of 2011 421 18.1 First to File and the Definition of “Prior Art” 421 18.2 The Narrowed Grace Period 422 18.3 Disclosing the Best Mode of the Invention 422 18.4 Prior User Defense in Enforcement Proceedings 423 18.5 Patent Marking 423 18.6 Filing a Patent Application in the Name of the Assignee 424 18.7 Priority Examination For Important Technologies 424 18.8 Third‐Party Challenges to Patent Rights 424 18.9 Inter‐Partes Review of an Issued Patent 426 18.10 Supplemental Examination 427 Charles Kettering — Automotive Self‐Starter 429 Calvin Souther Fuller, Gerald Pearson and Daryl Chapin — Efficient Solar Cells 435 19 Ownership and Transfer of Patent Rights 439 19.1 Inventorship, Ownership, and Assignment of Patent Rights 439 19.2 Patent Licensing 441 19.3 Conclusions 453 Philo Farnsworth — The Invention of Television 455 Robert Adler — Ultrasound Television Remote Control 469 20 How to Read and Obtain Information from a Modern U.S. Patent 473 20.1 The Information Page 473 20.2 The Drawings 491 20.3 The Specification 491 20.4 Claims 492 20.5 Caveat 492 Section III Employment Contracts, Ethics and the Engineer or Scientist as an Expert Witness 495 Willis Haviland Carrier — Air‐Conditioning 497 Ivan A. Getting, Roger L. Easton, Sr. and Bradford Parkinson — Global Positioning System (GPS) 503 21 Employment Contracts and Non‐Compete Restrictions 509 21.1 Employment Contract Provisions Relating to Intellectual Property 509 21.2 Ownership of Intellectual Property 510 21.3 Confidentiality Agreements or Nondisclosure Agreements 512 21.4 Outside Information Received by the Employee or Employer 514 21.5 Non‐Compete Provisions 515 21.6 Enforceability of a Non‐Compete Agreement 516 21.7 Inevitable Disclosure 519 21.8 Form Agreements 519 21.9 Consultants 519 Grace Hopper — Cobol Computer Language 527 The Hubble Space Telescope 529 22 The Engineer and Scientist as Expert Witness 533 22.1 The Role of an Expert Witness 533 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley — The Transistor 541 23 Ethics 549 23.1 The Professions 549 23.2 Professional Societies 550 23.3 Codes of Ethics 550 23.4 Brief Comments Regarding the Nspe Code of Ethics for Engineers 551 23.5 Comparing the Law and Ethics 552 23.6 Ethical Dilemmas 553 Section IV Copyrights 555 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce — Miniaturized Integrated Circuits 557 24 Copyrights as a Vehicle for Technology Protection 563 24.1 A Brief History of Copyright Law 563 24.2 The Nature of Copyrights 566 24.3 Exclusive Rights of Copyright 569 24.4 Fair Use 570 24.5 Infringement of a Copyright 571 24.6 Notice 572 24.7 Copyright Registration and its Importance 572 24.8 The Duration of Intangible Rights of Copyright 573 24.9 Works Made For Hire 574 24.10 Copyright Registration For Computer Programs 575 24.11 Copyright Registration For Automated Databases 579 24.12 Copyright Registration For Online Works 580 24.13 Architectural Works 581 Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, and Stanley Mazor — Single‐Chip CPU 585 Josephine Cochrane — Automatic Dishwasher 589 25 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA)—An Overview 593 25.1 Purpose of the DMCA 593 25.2 The General Provisions of the DMCA 594 25.3 Circumvention of Technological Protection Measures 595 25.4 Limitations on Copyright Infringement Liability for Online Service Providers 599 25.5 Copyright Management Information 601 25.6 Remedies for DMCA Violations 601 25.7 Example of Potential Conflict 601 Stephen Wozniak — Personal Computers 603 Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson — Bluetooth®‐Short Distance Wireless Communication Systems 607 26 Mask Work Protection 611 26.1 Introduction 611 26.2 The Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 611 26.3 Mask Works Generally 612 26.4 Subject Matter of Mask Work Protection 613 26.5 Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of the Mask Work 613 26.6 Duration of Protection 613 26.7 Rights of Ownership in a Mask Work 613 26.8 Limitations on Exclusive Rights, Reverse Engineering, and First Sale 614 26.9 Mask Work Notice 614 26.10 Infringement of Mask Work Protection Rights 614 26.11 General Comments About Mask Work Protection 614 Section V Trade Secrets 617 Stephanie Kwolek — Kevlar® 619 Percy Julian — The Synthesis of Cortisone 623 27 Trade Secrets Protection 627 27.1 The Development of Trade Secret Law 627 27.2 The Nature of a Trade Secret 628 27.3 The Definition of a “Trade Secret” 629 27.4 The Creation of an Enforceable Trade Secret Right 630 27.5 Even Threatened Trade Secret Theft Can Be Stopped 632 27.6 Creating a Viable Trade Secret Protection Program 633 27.7 Damages and Injunctions 636 27.8 Confidence 636 27.9 Can Trade Secrets, After Use, Be Patented? 637 Chester F. Carlson — Electrophotography 639 28 The Federal Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 647 28.1 Introduction 647 28.2 Civil Seizure 647 28.3 Remedies 650 28.4 Rights of Trade Secret Owners 651 28.5 Whistle‐Blower Provisions 652 Section VI Trademarks, Service Marks and Cybersquatting 653 Samuel E. Blum, Rangaswamy Srinivasan, and James Wynne — Excimer Laser Surgery (Lasik) 655 29 Trademarks and Service Marks 659 29.1 Origins of the Protection of Trademarks and Service Marks 659 29.2 Trademark Selection and Adoption Process 661 29.3 Filing For Registration of Your Trademark 665 29.4 Protecting and Maintaining Your Trademark Registration 666 29.5 Trademark Protection Outside the United States 666 29.6 The Madrid Protocol—The “International” Trademark—An Overview 668 John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert — The Eniac Computer 669 30 Cybersquatting 681 30.1 What is Cybersquatting? 681 30.2 The UDRP 682 30.3 The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protect Act (ACPA) 687 Section VII The Commercialization and Management of Intellectual Property 691 George de Mestral — Hook‐And‐Loop Fastener (Velcro®) 693 John A. Roebling — Suspension Bridges 697 31 Engineering Management and Commercialization of Intellectual Property 701 31.1 Introduction 701 31.2 Introduction to Intellectual Property Business Strategies 707 31.3 Objectives of Intellectual Property Management 708 31.4 The Sole Inventor in an Alien Field 709 31.5 Strategic Development of Intellectual Property 711 31.6 Disgorging Patentable Inventions 712 31.7 Determining What and What Not to Patent 713 31.8 Determining Who Would Be an Appropriate Licensee for Your Invention 720 31.9 Drafting Strategic Patent Claims 721 31.10 Determining Where to Obtain Patents 721 31.11 Determining Other Industries That May Benefit From a License 722 31.12 Ensuring Your Product or Process Does Not Violate the Patent Rights of Others 722 31.13 Policing the Market For Potential Infringements of Your Patents 723 31.14 The Enforcement of Process Patent Claims Against an Importer of a Foreign‐Made Product 723 31.15 Trimming the Intellectual Property Tree 724 31.16 Essay on Innovation Management 724 Les Paul — Solid Body Electric Guitar 727 32 “Sue the Bastards”—Business Factors Controlling Intellectual Property Litigation Strategies 731 32.1 Introduction to Intellectual Property Litigation Strategies and Tactics 731 32.2 The Dawn of an IP Rights Infringement Lawsuit 731 32.3 Litigation Considerations in IP Rights Enforcement 734 32.4 Conclusion 761 Igor Sikorsky — Helicopter 763 Frank Zamboni — Ice Resurfacer 769 33 Technology Transfer—Universities, Hospitals, and Research Centers 773 33.1 Introduction 773 33.2 Ownership of Institution‐Developed Innovations 774 33.3 A Typical University Technology Transfer Program 777 Ferdinand von Zeppelin — Rigid Airships 785 Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland — Optically Scanned Bar Code 789 34 International Intellectual Property Creation, Protection, and Enforcement Strategies 793 34.1 Introduction 793 34.2 IP Creation Strategies to Maximize Global IP Protection 794 34.3 Legal Considerations Regarding Where to Obtain IP Protection 797 34.4 Marketing and Business Concerns 799 34.5 N on‐Paris Convention and Non‐PCT Country Patent Protection 800 34.6 Filing a PCT Patent Application First 801 34.7 Joint Venture Relationships 801 34.8 Forming a Joint Venture Based on IP 804 Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack — CAT Scanner 807 Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield — Magnetic Resonance Imaging 811 35 The Future 815 35.1 Rational Thought Applied to Problem Solving 815 35.2 What Investors Will Look For in the Future Relative to Intellectual Property 816 35.3 Developing Countries 822 35.4 University Technology Transfer 824 35.5 Master of Engineering Management Degrees At U.S. Universities 825 35.6 Conclusion 826 Harry Coover — Super Glue® 829 Spencer Silver — Post‐IT® Notes 833 36 Entrepreneurship Law 839 36.1 Introduction 839 36.2 Transition from Employee to Employer 840 36.3 O rganizing the New Business 843 36.4 Intellectual Property Assets 846 36.5 Financing 846 36.6 E mployment Law 849 36.7 Financial Statements 852 36.8 Recommendation and Acknowledgment 854 37 Current Events 857 37.1 AC Versus DC 857 Bibliography 865 Index 897

Autorenportrait

HOWARD B. ROCKMAN is a registered U.S. patent attorney, intellectual property management consultant, author and lecturer. In addition to his intellectual property law practice, he is an adjunct professor at The John Marshall Law School in Chicago, IL, and at the Engineering Colleges of Northwestern University and the University of Illinois at Chicago. He counsels companies and individual innovators and creators on a variety of intellectual property matters. He has served as a patent examiner at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, as well as Assistant Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice. He has represented worldwide clients in litigation of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret cases in federal and state courts. He is a member of the American Bar Association and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).

Back cover copy

Fully revised new edition that covers intellectual property law—and many related issues—for engineers, scientists, and entrepreneurs This book informs engineering and science students, technology professionals, and entrepreneurs about the intellectual property laws that are important in their careers. It covers all of the major areas of intellectual property development and protection in non-legalistic terms that are understandable to technology and science professionals. New material includes a comprehensive discussion on the American Invents Act (AIA), coverage of many new high-profile topics, such as patent protection within the computer-related industries, and a new chapter on "The Future." Now in its second edition, Intellectual Property Law for Engineers, Scientists, and Entrepreneurs enables inventors and creators to efficiently interface with an intellectual property attorney in order to obtain the maximum protection for their invention or creation, and to take steps to ensure that that invention or creation does not infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others. It includes patent, trade secret, mask work, and cybersquatting legal and procedural principles. The book also shows readers how to properly use new vehicles of intellectual property protection for novel software, biotech, and business method inventions. Additionally, it examines trademark protection for domain names, and other ancillary matters that fall within the genre of intellectual property protection. This informative text: <ul> <li>Provides detailed outlines of patent, trademark, copyright, and unfair competition laws</li> <li>Offers essays on famous and noteworthy inventors and their inventions—and features a copy of the first page of patents resulting from these inventors' efforts</li> <li>Covers many new high-profile cases covering patent protection within the mobile communications industry</li> </ul> Intellectual Property Law for Engineers, Scientists, and Entrepreneurs, Second Edition is an excellent text for graduate and undergraduate engineering students, as well as professionals and those starting a new technology business who need to know all the laws concerning their inventions and creations.