Details

Heat Transfer Applications for the Practicing Engineer


Heat Transfer Applications for the Practicing Engineer


Essential Engineering Calculations Series, Band 4 1. Aufl.

von: Louis Theodore

116,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 07.10.2011
ISBN/EAN: 9780470937211
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 664

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Beschreibungen

This book serves as a training tool for individuals in industry and academia involved with heat transfer applications. Although the literature is inundated with texts emphasizing theory and theoretical derivations, the goal of this book is to present the subject of heat transfer from a strictly pragmatic point of view. <p>The book is divided into four Parts: Introduction, Principles, Equipment Design Procedures and Applications, and ABET-related Topics. The first Part provides a series of chapters concerned with introductory topics that are required when solving most engineering problems, including those in heat transfer. The second Part of the book is concerned with heat transfer principles. Topics that receive treatment include Steady-state Heat Conduction, Unsteady-state Heat Conduction, Forced Convection, Free Convection, Radiation, Boiling and Condensation, and Cryogenics. Part three (considered the heart of the book) addresses heat transfer equipment design procedures and applications. In addition to providing a detailed treatment of the various types of heat exchangers, this part also examines the impact of entropy calculations on exchanger design, and operation, maintenance and inspection (OM&I), plus refractory and insulation effects. The concluding Part of the text examines ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) related topics of concern, including economies and finance, numerical methods, open-ended problems, ethics, environmental management, and safety and accident management.</p>
Preface xv <p>Introductory Comments xvii</p> <p><b>Part One Introduction</b></p> <p><b>1. History of Heat Transfer</b> <b>3</b></p> <p>Introduction 3</p> <p>Peripheral Equipment 4</p> <p>Recent History 5</p> <p>References 6</p> <p><b>2. History of Chemical Engineering: Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations</b> <b>7</b></p> <p>Introduction 7</p> <p>History of Chemical Engineering 8</p> <p>Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations 10</p> <p>What is Engineering? 12</p> <p>References 13</p> <p><b>3. Process Variables</b> <b>15</b></p> <p>Introduction 15</p> <p>Units and Dimensional Consistency 16</p> <p>Key Terms and Definitions 19</p> <p>Fluids 19</p> <p>Temperature 19</p> <p>Pressure 20</p> <p>Moles and Molecular Weights 22</p> <p>Mass and Volume 23</p> <p>Viscosity 25</p> <p>Heat Capacity 27</p> <p>Thermal Conductivity 28</p> <p>Thermal Diffusivity 30</p> <p>Reynolds Number 30</p> <p>Kinetic Energy 31</p> <p>Potential Energy 32</p> <p>Determination of Dimensionless Groups 33</p> <p>References 36</p> <p><b>4. Conservation Laws</b> <b>37</b></p> <p>Introduction 37</p> <p>The Conservation Laws 38</p> <p>The Conservation Law for Momentum 38</p> <p>The Conservation Law for Mass 40</p> <p>The Conservation Law for Energy 45</p> <p>References 54</p> <p><b>5. Gas Laws</b> <b>55</b></p> <p>Introduction 55</p> <p>Boyle’s and Charles’ Laws 56</p> <p>The Ideal Gas Law 57</p> <p>Standard Conditions 60</p> <p>Partial Pressure and Partial Volume 63</p> <p>Non-Ideal Gas Behavior 65</p> <p>References 65</p> <p><b>6. Heat Exchanger Pipes and Tubes</b> <b>67</b></p> <p>Introduction 67</p> <p>Pipes 67</p> <p>Tubes 73</p> <p>Valves and Fittings 75</p> <p>Valves 75</p> <p>Fittings 77</p> <p>Noncircular Conduits 78</p> <p>Flow Considerations 80</p> <p>References 83</p> <p><b>Part Two Principles</b></p> <p><b>7. Steady-State Heat Conduction</b> <b>87</b></p> <p>Introduction 87</p> <p>Fourier’s Law 87</p> <p>Conductivity Resistances 90</p> <p>Microscopic Approach 99</p> <p>Applications 102</p> <p>References 114</p> <p><b>8. Unsteady-State Heat Conduction</b> <b>115</b></p> <p>Introduction 115</p> <p>Classification of Unsteady-State Heat Conduction Processes 116</p> <p>Microscopic Equations 117</p> <p>Applications 118</p> <p>References 130</p> <p><b>9. Forced Convection</b> <b>131</b></p> <p>Introduction 131</p> <p>Convective Resistances 134</p> <p>Heat Transfer Coefficients: Qualitative Information 137</p> <p>Heat Transfer Coefficients: Quantitative Information 138</p> <p>Flow Past a Flat Plate 141</p> <p>Flow in a Circular Tube 146</p> <p>Liquid Metal Flow in a Circular Tube 147</p> <p>Convection Across Cylinders 148</p> <p>Microscopic Approach 155</p> <p>References 159</p> <p><b>10. Free Convection</b> <b>161</b></p> <p>Introduction 161</p> <p>Key Dimensionless Numbers 162</p> <p>Describing Equations 164</p> <p>Environmental Applications 171</p> <p>Lapse Rates 171</p> <p>Plume Rise 173</p> <p>References 176</p> <p><b>11. Radiation</b> <b>177</b></p> <p>Introduction 177</p> <p>Energy and Intensity 180</p> <p>Radiant Exchange 183</p> <p>Kirchoff’s Law 184</p> <p>Emissivity Factors 189</p> <p>View Factors 196</p> <p>References 200</p> <p><b>12. Condensation and Boiling 201</b></p> <p>Introduction 201</p> <p>Condensation Fundamentals 203</p> <p>Phase Equilibrium 205</p> <p>Psychrometric Chart 207</p> <p>Steam Tables 208</p> <p>Condensation Principles 209</p> <p>Boiling Fundamentals 215</p> <p>Boiling Principles 218</p> <p>References 225</p> <p><b>13. Refrigeration and Cryogenics</b> <b>227</b></p> <p>Introduction 227</p> <p>Background Material 228</p> <p>Refrigeration 228</p> <p>Cryogenics 230</p> <p>Liquefaction 231</p> <p>Cryogens 232</p> <p>Equipment 234</p> <p>Typical Heat Exchangers 234</p> <p>Materials of Construction 235</p> <p>Insulation and Heat Loss 236</p> <p>Storage and Transportation 240</p> <p>Hazards, Risks, and Safety 241</p> <p>Physiological Hazards 241</p> <p>Physical Hazards 242</p> <p>Chemical Hazards 244</p> <p>Basic Principles and Applications 244</p> <p>Coefficient of Performance 246</p> <p>Thermal Efficiency 248</p> <p>Entropy and Heat 252</p> <p>References 253</p> <p><b>Part Three Heat Transfer Equipment Design Procedures and Applications</b></p> <p><b>14. Introduction to Heat Exchangers</b> <b>257</b></p> <p>Introduction 257</p> <p>Energy Relationships 258</p> <p>Heat Exchange Equipment Classification 260</p> <p>The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Driving Force 262</p> <p>Temperature Profiles 265</p> <p>Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 268</p> <p>Fouling Factors 271</p> <p>The Controlling Resistance 272</p> <p>Varying Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 276</p> <p>The Heat Transfer Equation 278</p> <p>References 279</p> <p><b>15. Double Pipe Heat Exchangers</b> <b>281</b></p> <p>Introduction 281</p> <p>Equipment Description 282</p> <p>Describing Equations 286</p> <p>Calculation of Exit Temperatures 298</p> <p>Effectiveness Factor and Number of Transfer Units 304</p> <p>Wilson’s Method 309</p> <p>References 313</p> <p><b>16. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers</b> <b>315</b></p> <p>Introduction 315</p> <p>Equipment Description 316</p> <p>Describing Equations 322</p> <p>The “F” Factor 328</p> <p>Effectiveness Factor and Number of Transfer Units 344</p> <p>References 356</p> <p><b>17. Fins and Extended Surfaces</b> <b>357</b></p> <p>Introduction 357</p> <p>Fin Types 358</p> <p>Describing Equations 360</p> <p>Fin Effectiveness and Performance 371</p> <p>Fin Considerations 380</p> <p>References 380</p> <p><b>18. Other Heat Exchange Equipment</b> <b>381</b></p> <p>Introduction 381</p> <p>Evaporators 382</p> <p>Mixing Effects 384</p> <p>Waste Heat Boilers 392</p> <p>Describing Equations 394</p> <p>Condensers 401</p> <p>Quenchers 404</p> <p>Dilution with Ambient Air 405</p> <p>Quenching with Liquids 405</p> <p>Contact with High Heat Capacity Solids 405</p> <p>Natural Convection and Radiation 406</p> <p>Forced-Draft Cooling 406</p> <p>References 410</p> <p><b>19. Insulation and Refractory</b> <b>411</b></p> <p>Introduction 411</p> <p>Describing Equations 411</p> <p>Insulation 430</p> <p>Critical Insulation Thickness 431</p> <p>Refractory 435</p> <p>References 442</p> <p><b>20. Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection (OM&I)</b> <b>443</b></p> <p>Introduction 443</p> <p>Installation Procedures 443</p> <p>Clearance Provisions 444</p> <p>Foundations 444</p> <p>Leveling 444</p> <p>Piping Considerations 444</p> <p>Operation 445</p> <p>Startup 446</p> <p>Shut Down 446</p> <p>Maintenance and Inspection 446</p> <p>Cleaning 446</p> <p>Testing 447</p> <p>Improving Operation and Performance 448</p> <p>References 449</p> <p><b>21. Entropy Considerations and Analysis</b> <b>451</b></p> <p>Introduction 451</p> <p>Qualitative Review of the Second Law 452</p> <p>Describing Equations 453</p> <p>The Heat Exchanger Dilemma 455</p> <p>Applications 460</p> <p>References 463</p> <p><b>22. Design Principles and Industrial Applications</b> <b>465</b></p> <p>Introduction 465</p> <p>General Design Procedures 466</p> <p>Process Schematics 467</p> <p>Purchasing a Heat Exchanger 468</p> <p>Applications 470</p> <p>References 490</p> <p>Part Four Special Topics</p> <p><b>23. Environmental Management</b> <b>493</b></p> <p>Introduction 493</p> <p>Environmental Management History 493</p> <p>Environmental Management Topics 495</p> <p>Applications 496</p> <p>References 503</p> <p><b>24. Accident and Emergency Management</b> <b>505</b></p> <p>Introduction 505</p> <p>Legislation 506</p> <p>Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 506</p> <p>Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) 507</p> <p>Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 508</p> <p>USEPA’s Risk Management Program (RMP) 509</p> <p>Hazard Risk Assessment 510</p> <p>Applications 513</p> <p>References 531</p> <p><b>25. Ethics</b> <b>533</b></p> <p>Introduction 533</p> <p>Teaching Ethics 534</p> <p>The Case Study Approach 535</p> <p>Applications 537</p> <p>References 540</p> <p><b>26. Numerical Methods</b> <b>541</b></p> <p>Introduction 541</p> <p>History 542</p> <p>Partial Differential Equations (PDE) 544</p> <p>Parabolic PDE 545</p> <p>Elliptical PDE 546</p> <p>Regresion Analysis 554</p> <p>Correlation Coefficient 557</p> <p>Optimization 560</p> <p>Perturbation Studies in Optimization 560</p> <p>References 562</p> <p><b>27. Economics and Finance</b> <b>563</b></p> <p>Introduction 563</p> <p>The Need for Economic Analyses 563</p> <p>Definitions 565</p> <p>Simple Interest 565</p> <p>Compound Interest 565</p> <p>Present Worth 566</p> <p>Evaluation of Sums of Money 566</p> <p>Depreciation 567</p> <p>Fabricated Equipment Cost Index 567</p> <p>Capital Recovery Factor 567</p> <p>Present Net Worth 568</p> <p>Perpetual Life 568</p> <p>Break-Even Point 569</p> <p>Approximate Rate of Return 569</p> <p>Exact Rate of Return 569</p> <p>Bonds 570</p> <p>Incremental Cost 570</p> <p>Optimization 570</p> <p>Principles of Accounting 571</p> <p>Applications 573</p> <p>References 588</p> <p><b>28. Open-Ended Problems 589</b></p> <p>Introduction 589</p> <p>Developing Students’ Power of Critical Thinking 592</p> <p>Creativity 592</p> <p>Brainstorming 593</p> <p>Inquiring Minds 594</p> <p>Applications 594</p> <p>References 602</p> <p>Appendix A. Units 603</p> <p>Appendix B. Tables 613</p> <p>Appendix C. Figures 627</p> <p>Appendix D. Steam Tables 631</p> <p>Index 639</p>
<p>“It provides an excellent in-depth analysis of many exchanger designs, giving the reader an understanding of critical design parameters and many rule-of-thumb recommendations.”  (<i>IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine</i>, 1 May 2013)</p> <p> </p>
<b>Louis Theodore</b> EngScD, a professor of chemical engineering for fifty years, is the author of many Wiley books, including <i>Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer</i>, <i>Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer</i>, and <i>Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer</i>. He is also a contributor and Section Editor to <i>Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook</i> and coauthor of <i>Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration</i>, Second Edition, which is also published by Wiley. Dr. Theodore is currently a consultant to Theodore Tutorials, located in East Williston, New York.
<b>Enables the reader to advance from heat transfer principles to real-world industrial applications</b> <p>It is hard to imagine an area of study in engineering and/or science for which a basic knowledge and understanding of heat transfer is not an integral part of the discipline. Written at a level that is understandable to both students and practitioners, <i>Heat Transfer Applications for the Practicing Engineer</i> takes a highly pragmatic approach to this important topic. The book's coverage is thorough, its presentation is logical, and it addresses students' needs as well as the needs of the practicing professional.</p> <p>Although geared towards chemical, mechanical, civil, and environmental engineers working on real-world industrial applications, applied scientists will also find the text a useful reference.</p> <p>The book is divided into four parts. Part I addresses basic engineering principles. Part II is concerned with heat transfer fundamentals, particularly as they apply to conduction, convection, and radiation. Part III extends the material presented earlier to real-world heat transfer applications. Part IV provides ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) material from a heat transfer perspective. The text features:</p> <ul> <li> <p>Coverage of topics from the ground up for those readers with little to no background in heat transfer</p> </li> <li> <p>Clear, precise explanations on how to carry out calculations associated with heat transfer</p> </li> <li> <p>Bridges the gap between heat transfer theory and practice</p> </li> <li> <p>Provides specific heat exchange operation, maintenance, and inspection (OH&I) details</p> </li> <li> <p>Presents "rules of thumb" suggestions for heat exchanger design and predictive purposes</p> </li> <li> <p>Nearly 300 illustrative examples</p> </li> <li> <p>Material that prepares one for the professional engineer's exam</p> </li> <li> <p>Additional problems on a Wiley website; solutions to these problems plus exams are available for those who adopt the text</p> </li> </ul> <p>Readers will gain a solid working knowledge of heat transfer fundamentals, principles, and applications upon completion of this text, and be better prepared to pass the professional engineer's exam, address more advanced material, and solve more complex problems.</p>
"This is by far the best book in the Wiley "Practicing Engineer" series. I loved the Thermo, Mass Thermo and Fluid Flow Books, but this one is even better. A must read for those working in the field."<br /> —<b>John D. McKenna</b>, Principal, ETS Incorporated

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