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Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies, Bioactive and Compatible Synthetic / Hybrid Polymers


Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies, Bioactive and Compatible Synthetic / Hybrid Polymers


Handbook of Polymers for Pharmaceutical Technologies Volume 4

von: Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur

193,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 20.10.2015
ISBN/EAN: 9781119041535
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 432

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Beschreibungen

<p>Polymers are one of the most fascinating materials of the present era finding their applications in almost every aspects of life. Polymers are either directly available in nature or are chemically synthesized and used depending upon the targeted applications.Advances in polymer science and the introduction of new polymers have resulted in the significant development of polymers with unique properties. Different kinds of polymers have been and will be one of the key in several applications in many of the advanced pharmaceutical research being carried out over the globe.</p> <p>This 4-partset of books contains precisely referenced chapters, emphasizing different kinds of polymers with basic fundamentals and practicality for application in diverse pharmaceutical technologies. The volumes aim at explaining basics of polymers based materials from different resources and their chemistry along with practical applications which present a future direction in the pharmaceutical industry. Each volume offer deep insight into the subject being treated.</p> <ul> <li><i>Volume 1: Structure and Chemistry</i></li> <li><i>Volume 2: Processing and Applications</i></li> <li><i>Volume 3: Biodegradable Polymers</i></li> <li><i>Volume 4: Bioactive and Compatible Synthetic/Hybrid Polymers</i></li> </ul>
<p><b>Preface xv</b></p> <p><b>1 Smart Hydrogels: Therapeutic Advancements in Hydrogel Technology for Smart Drug Delivery Applications 1<br /> </b><i>Gabriel Goetten de Lima, Diwakar Kanwar, Derek Macken, Luke Geever, Declan M. Devine and Michael J.D. Nugent</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Types and Properties of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 4</p> <p>1.2.1 Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels 4</p> <p>1.2.2 pH-Sensitive Hydrogels 5</p> <p>1.2.3 Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels 7</p> <p>1.2.4 Electro-Signal Sensitive Hydrogels 8</p> <p>1.2.5 Light-Sensitive Hydrogels 8</p> <p>1.2.6 Multi-Responsive Smart Hydrogels 10</p> <p>1.3 Applications of Smart Polymer Hydrogels 11</p> <p>1.4 Conclusion 11</p> <p>References 13</p> <p><b>2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications 17<br /> </b><i>Ambareesh Kumar Singh, Neha Gupta, Juhi Srivastava, Archana Kushwaha and Meenakshi Singh</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 17</p> <p>2.2 Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics 19</p> <p>2.3 Sulfonamides 36</p> <p>2.4 Miscellaneous 41</p> <p>2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 48</p> <p>2.6 Acronyms and Abbreviations 48</p> <p>References 50</p> <p><b>3 Polymeric Stabilizers for Drug Nanocrystals 67<br /> </b><i>Leena Peltonen, Annika Tuomela and Jouni Hirvonen</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 67</p> <p>3.2 Methods for Nanocrystallization 68</p> <p>3.2.1 Bottom-Up Technologies 69</p> <p>3.2.2 Top-Down Technologies 69</p> <p>3.2.3 Combination Technologies 71</p> <p>3.4 Polymers for Nanocrystal Stabilization 73</p> <p>3.4.1 Polymers of Natural Origin 75</p> <p>3.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 77</p> <p>3.5 Effect of Stabilizing Polymers on Drug Biocompatibility, Bioactivity, Membrane Permeability and Drug Absorption 79</p> <p>3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 82</p> <p>References 82</p> <p><b>4 Polymeric Matrices for the Controlled Release of Phosphonate Active Agents for Medicinal Applications 89<br /> </b><i>Konstantinos E. Papathanasiou and Konstantinos D. Demadis</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 89</p> <p>4.2 Polymers in Drug Delivery 91</p> <p>4.2.1 Polyesters 92</p> <p>4.2.1.1 Poly(lactic acid), Poly(glycolic acid), and Their Copolymers 92</p> <p>4.2.1.2 Poly(ethylene glycol) Block Copolymers 93</p> <p>4.2.1.3 Poly(ortho esters) 94</p> <p>4.2.1.4 Poly(anhydrides) 96</p> <p>4.2.1.5 Poly(anhydride−imides) 97</p> <p>4.2.1.6 Poly(anhydrite esters) 98</p> <p>4.2.2 Poly(amides) 99</p> <p>4.2.3 Poly(iminocarbonates) 100</p> <p>4.3 Release of Phosphonate-Based Drugs 100</p> <p>4.4 Conclusions/Perspectives 114</p> <p>References 115</p> <p><b>5 Hydrogels for Pharmaceutical Applications 125<br /> </b><i>Veena Koul, Sirsendu Bhowmick and Th anusha A.V.</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 125</p> <p>5.2 What are Hydrogels? 126</p> <p>5.3 Classification of Hydrogels 126</p> <p>5.4 Preparation of Hydrogels 127</p> <p>5.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 128</p> <p>5.6 Application of Hydrogels 131</p> <p>5.6.1 Wound Dressing 131</p> <p>5.6.2 Implantable Drug Delivery Systems 133</p> <p>5.6.3 Tissue Engineering Substitute 134</p> <p>5.6.4 Injectable Hydrogels 136</p> <p>5.7 Conclusion 137</p> <p>Acknowledgement 138</p> <p>References 138</p> <p><b>6 Responsive Plasmid DNA Hydrogels: A New Approach for Biomedical Applications 145<br /> </b><i>Diana Costa, Artur J.M. Valente and Joao Queiroz</i></p> <p>6.2 DNA-Based Hydrogels 147</p> <p>6.3 Controlled and Sustained Release 150</p> <p>6.3.1 Photodisruption of Plasmid DNA Networks 150</p> <p>6.3.2 Release of Plasmid DNA 152</p> <p>6.3.3 Release of Chemotherapeutic Drugs 154</p> <p>6.3.4 <i>In Vitro </i>Studies 155</p> <p>6.4 Combination of Chemo and Gene Therapies 156</p> <p>6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 158</p> <p>References 159</p> <p><b>7 Bioactive and Compatible Polysaccharides Hydrogels Structure and Properties for Pharmaceutical Applications 163<br /> </b><i>Teresa Cristina F. Silva, Andressa Antunes Prado de Franca and Lucian A. Lucia</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 163</p> <p>7.2 Materials and Methods 164</p> <p>7.2.1 Isolation of Xylans 166</p> <p>7.2.1.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori</p> <p>Grafting of Vinyl Group 166</p> <p>7.2.1.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166</p> <p>7.2.2 Hydrogel Synthesis and Characterization 166</p> <p>7.2.2.1 Preparing Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 166</p> <p>7.2.2.2 Preparing Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 166</p> <p>7.2.3 Doxorubicin Release from Xylan-Based Hydrogels 167</p> <p>7.3 Results and Discussion 167</p> <p>7.3.1 Hydrogel without A Priori Grafting of Vinyl Group 167</p> <p>7.3.1.1 Reaction of PAA with Wood 167</p> <p>7.3.1.2 Hydrogel Preparation and Characterization 168</p> <p>7.3.2 Hydrogels for Grafting Polymerization 170</p> <p>7.3.2.1 Morphology and Rheological Properties 172</p> <p>7.3.2.2 Swelling Behavior 173</p> <p>7.3.2.3 Drug Release 174</p> <p>References 175</p> <p><b>8 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Pharmaceutical Analysis 179<br /> </b><i>Piotr Luliński</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 179</p> <p>8.2 Overview of the Imprinting Process 180</p> <p>8.3 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Separation Purposes 182</p> <p>8.3.1 Bulk Imprinted Materials 182</p> <p>8.3.2 Imprinted Monoliths 185</p> <p>8.3.3 Imprinted Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction 187</p> <p>8.3.4 Molecularly Imprinted Microparticles and Nanostructures 188</p> <p>8.3.5 Magnetic Imprinted Materials 192</p> <p>8.3.6 Miscellaneous Imprinted Formats 194</p> <p>8.4 Molecularly Imprinted Sensors for Drugs 195</p> <p>8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 197</p> <p>References 197<b>9 Prolamine-Based Matrices for Biomedical Applications 203<br /> </b><i>Pradeep Kumar, Yahya E. Choonara and Viness Pillay</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 203</p> <p>9.2 Gliadin – Prolamine Isolated from Wheat Gluten 204</p> <p>9.2.1 Gliadin Nanoparticles 205</p> <p>9.2.1.1 Hydrophobicity of Gliadin 206</p> <p>9.2.1.2 Solubility Parameter 207</p> <p>9.2.2 Controlled Drug Release from Gliadin-Based Matrices 207</p> <p>9.2.2.1 Salting-Out 207</p> <p>9.2.2.2 Gliadin Films 208</p> <p>9.2.2.3 Gliadin Foams 209</p> <p>9.3 Zein - Prolamine Isolated from Corn Gluten Meal 209</p> <p>9.3.1 Drug-Loaded Zein Particulates 210</p> <p>9.3.1.1 Microsphere-Based Films and Tablets 210</p> <p>9.3.1.2 Zein-Based Blends and Complexes 213</p> <p>9.3.1.3 Zein-Based Nanoparticulate Systems 213</p> <p>9.3.2 Biomedical Applications of Zein-Based Matrices 215</p> <p>9.4 Soy Protein – Prolamine Isolated from Soybean 217</p> <p>9.4.1 Soy Protein Derivatives 218</p> <p>9.4.2 Soy-Based Polymer Blends 218</p> <p>9.4.3 Soy-Based Crosslinked Matrices 219</p> <p>9.4.4 Cold-Set Gelation of Soy Protein 221</p> <p>9.5 Kafi rin – Prolamine Isolated from Sorghum 222</p> <p>9.5.1 Microparticles 223</p> <p>9.5.2 Compressed Matrices 224</p> <p>9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 224</p> <p>References 225</p> <p><b>10 Hydrogels Based on Poly(2-oxazoline) S for Pharmaceutical Applications 230<br /> </b><i>Anna Zahoranova and Juraj Kronek</i></p> <p>10.1 Hydrogels for Medical Applications 231</p> <p>10.1.1 Controlled Drug Delivery and Release 232</p> <p>10.1.1.1 Prolonged Effect of Drugs 232</p> <p>10.1.1.2 Stimuli-Sensitive Drug Delivery 234</p> <p>10.1.2 3D Cell Cultivation 236</p> <p>10.1.2.1 Chemical Composition 237</p> <p>10.1.2.2 Porosity and Pore Size 238</p> <p>10.1.3 Tissue Engineering 238</p> <p>10.1.4 Nonenzymatic Detachment of Cells 239</p> <p>10.2 Poly(2-oxazoline)s in Pharmaceutical Applications 240</p> <p>10.2.1 Biocompatibility of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 241</p> <p>10.2.2 Biomedical Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 244</p> <p>10.3 Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels – Synthetic Strategies 245</p> <p>10.3.1 Hydrogels Containing Segments of Poly(2-oxazoline)s 245</p> <p>10.3.2 Crosslinked Poly(2-oxazoline)s 248</p> <p>10.4 Applications of Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Hydrogels 250</p> <p>10.4.1 Controlled Delivery of Drugs 250</p> <p>10.4.1.1 Hydrogels for DNA Binding 251</p> <p>10.4.1.2 Hydrogels Modifi ed by Peptidic Sequences 252</p> <p>10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 252</p> <p>Acknowledgement 253</p> <p>References 254</p> <p><b>11 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Nanostructures as Drug Nanocarriers: Advantages and Pharmaceutical Perspectives 259<br /> </b><i>Natassa Pippa, Stergios Pispas and Costas Demetzos</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 259</p> <p>11.2 Drug Delivery Systems 261</p> <p>11.2.1 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems 261</p> <p>11.2.2 Mixed Drug Delivery Systems Employing Biocompatible Polymers 263</p> <p>11.3 Mixed Biocompatible Block Copolymer/Lipid Drug Nanocarriers: The Concept through Examples 266</p> <p>11.3.1 Preparation of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 266</p> <p>11.3.2 Physicochemical Characterization of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 267</p> <p>11.3.3 Th ermotropic Behavior of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 270</p> <p>11.3.4 Imaging of Mixed Drug Nanocarriers 274</p> <p>11.3.5 <i>In Vitro </i>Drug Release from the Mixed Nanocarriers 274</p> <p>11.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective 277</p> <p>References 279</p> <p><b>12 Nanoparticle Polymer-Based Engineered Nanoconstructs for Targeted Cancer Th erapeutics 287<br /> </b><i>Anand Thirunavukarasou, Sudhakar Baluchamy and Anil K. Suresh</i></p> <p>12.1 An Overview of Metal Polymer-Based Nanoconstructs 287</p> <p>12.1.1 Tumor-Specific Targeting Using Nanoparticle-Polymer Nanoconstructs 290</p> <p>12.1.2 Cytotoxicity Assessments of Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 291</p> <p>12.1.2.1 MTT and/or MTS Assay 291</p> <p>12.1.2.2 Live/Dead Staining Assay 291</p> <p>12.1.3 Physical Characterization Techniques to Assess the Cellular Uptake of the Nanoparticle-Polymer Constructs 292</p> <p>12.1.3.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for Quantitative Uptake 292</p> <p>12.1.3.2 Dark Field Microscopy 292</p> <p>12.1.3.3 Ultramicrotome-Based Trans-Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging 293</p> <p>12.2 Conclusions 293</p> <p>Acknowledgements 294</p> <p>References 294</p> <p><b>13 Th e Importance of Dendrimers in Pharmaceutical Applications 297</b></p> <p><b><i>Veronica Brunetti, Marisa Martinelli and Miriam C. Strumia</i></b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 297</p> <p>13.1.1 What are Dendrimers? 298</p> <p>13.1.2 Synthetic Methods for Dendritic Molecules 300</p> <p>13.1.2.1 Divergent Synthesis 300</p> <p>13.1.2.2 Convergent Synthesis 301</p> <p>13.2 Properties of Dendritic Polymers Useful for Biomedical Applications 301</p> <p>13.3 Current Pharmaceutical Products Prepared from Dendritic Polymer:</p> <p>Promising Prospects for Future Applications 303</p> <p>13.3.1 Diagnostic Technologies 303</p> <p>13.3.2 Dendritic Polymers in Prevention 304</p> <p>13.3.3 Therapeutic Applications 307</p> <p>13.4 Conclusions 310</p> <p>References 310</p> <p><b>14 Pharmaceutical Polymers: Bioactive and Synthetic Hybrid Polymers 315<br /> </b><i>Roxana Cristina Popescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 315</p> <p>14.2 General Obtainment Methods for Polymeric Microspheres and Hybrid Materials 320</p> <p>14.3 Stimuli-Responsive (pH/temperature/photo) polymers 321</p> <p>14.3.1 PEG 321</p> <p>14.3.2 PLA and PLGA 325</p> <p>14.3.3 PVP 328</p> <p>14.3.4 PVA 333</p> <p>14.4 Conclusions 333</p> <p>Acknowledgements 334</p> <p>References 334</p> <p><b>15 Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Pharmaceutical Applications 341<br /> </b><i>Ida Idayu Muhamad, Suguna Selvakumaran, Mohd Harfi z Salehudin and Saiful Izwan Abd Razak</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 342</p> <p>15.1.1 Eco-friendly Polymers, the Briefs 342</p> <p>15.1.2 Composite 342</p> <p>15.1.3 Nanocomposites 343</p> <p>15.1.4 Eco-friendly Nanocomposite 343</p> <p>15.1.5 Market Trend in Eco-friendly Polymer Nanocomposites in Biomedical Application 344</p> <p>15.2 Structure and Properties of Some Eco-friendly Pharmaceutical Polymers 345</p> <p>15.2.1 Starch 346</p> <p>15.2.2 Chitosan 347</p> <p>15.2.2.1 Application of Chitosan 348</p> <p>15.2.3 Alginate (E400-E404) 349</p> <p>15.2.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 349</p> <p>15.2.5 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 350</p> <p>15.2.6 Gelatin 351</p> <p>15.2.7 Casein Protein 351</p> <p>15.2.8 Carrageenan 352</p> <p>15.3 Review of Development and Application of Selected Eco-friendly Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 355</p> <p>15.3.1 Eco-friendly Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering 355</p> <p>15.3.2 Polymer Nanocomposites in Drug Delivery 356</p> <p>15.3.3 Nanocomposite-Based Biosensor on Eco-friendly Polymer 358</p> <p>15.3.4 Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Microfluidics 359</p> <p>15.4 Case Study on Carrageenan-Based Nanocomposite 360</p> <p>15.4.1 Carrageenan-Based Metalic Nanocomposite 360</p> <p>15.4.2 Advantageous of Metalic Nanocomposite in Pharmaceutical Applications 366</p> <p>15.5 Summary 366</p> <p>References 367</p> <p><b>16 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Th erapy 373<br /> </b><i>Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny, Nancy M. El-Baz and Amr H. Mohamed</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 373</p> <p>16.1.1 Cancer-Targeted Therapy 376</p> <p>16.2 Selection Considerations of Polymers for Drug Delivery 377</p> <p>16.2.1 Biodegradability 377</p> <p>16.2.2 Biocompatibility 379</p> <p>16.2.3 Surface Modification 379</p> <p>16.3 Types of Biodegradable Polymers 381</p> <p>16.3.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 381</p> <p>16.3.1.1 Protein-Based Biodegradable Polymers 381</p> <p>16.3.1.2 Polysaccharides-Based Biodegradable Polymers 382</p> <p>16.3.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 384</p> <p>16.3.2.1 Polyesters 384</p> <p>16.4 Preparation Methods of Biodegradable Polymeric Carriers 387</p> <p>16.4.1 Polymer Dispersion 388</p> <p>16.4.1.1 Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Method 388</p> <p>16.4.1.2 Double Emulsion Method 389</p> <p>16.4.1.3 Nanoprecipitation 389</p> <p>16.4.1.4 Salting Out 389</p> <p>16.4.2 Polymerization 389</p> <p>16.4.2.1 Emulsion Polymerization 390</p> <p>16.4.2.2 Microemulsion Polymerization 390</p> <p>16.4.3 Ionic Gelation 390</p> <p>16.4.4 Spray Drying 391</p> <p>16.5 Recent Applications of Biodegradable Polymers-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy 391</p> <p>16.5.1 Passive Cancer-Targeted Delivery 392</p> <p>16.5.1.1 Stealth Liposomes and Nanoparticles 393</p> <p>16.5.2 Active Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems 395</p> <p>16.5.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Drug Delivery 396</p> <p>16.6 Conclusion 400</p> <p>References 400</p> <p><b>Index 407</b></p>
<p><b>Vijay Kumar Thakur</b> (Ph.D.) is a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, U.S.A. He has published more than 100 research articles, patents and conference proceedings in the field of polymers and materials science and has published ten books and 25 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/ materials science. He has extensive expertise in the synthesis of polymers (natural/ synthetic), nano materials, nanocomposites, biocomposites, graft copolymers, high performance capacitors and electrochromic materials.</p> <p><b>Manju Kumari Thakur</b> works in the Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Simla, India.</p>

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