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Preface xix <p><b>1 Rice Husk and its Composites: Effects of Rice Husk Loading, Size, Coupling Agents, and Surface Treatment on Composites’ Mechanical, Physical, and Functional Properties 1</b><br /><i>A. Bilal, R.J.T. Lin and K. Jayaraman</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 3</p> <p>1.3 Rice Husk and its Composites 5</p> <p>1.4 Effects of Coupling Agents on the Properties of RH Composites 12</p> <p>1.5 Summary 15</p> <p>References 16</p> <p><b>2 Biodegradable Composites Based on Thermoplastic Starch and Talc Nanoparticles 23</b><br /><i>Luciana A. Castillo, Olivia V. López, M. Alejandra García, Marcelo A. Villar and Silvia E. Barbosa</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 23</p> <p>2.2 Thermoplastic Starch-Talc Nanocomposites 27</p> <p>2.3 Use of Talc Samples with Different Morphologies 40</p> <p>2.4 Packaging Bags Based on TPS–Talc Nanocomposites Films 49</p> <p>2.5 Conclusions 54</p> <p>References 54</p> <p><b>3 Recent Progress in Biocomposite of Biodegradable Polymer 61</b><br /><i>Vicente de Oliveira Sousa Neto and Ronaldo Ferreira do Nascimento</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 61</p> <p>3.2 Biodegradable Polymers: Natural Origin and Development 63</p> <p>3.3 Polysaccharides 63</p> <p>3.4 Chemical Synthesis Produced Polymer 77</p> <p>3.5 Polyesters Produced by Microorganism or by Plants 83</p> <p>3.6 Concluding Remarks 87</p> <p>References 88</p> <p><b>4 Microbial Polyesters: Production and Market 95</b><br /><i>Neha Patni, Yug Saraswat and Shibu G. Pillai</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 95</p> <p>4.2 Polyhydroxy Alkanoates 96</p> <p>4.3 Bacterial Cellulose 100</p> <p>4.4 Polylactic Acid or Polylactide 102</p> <p>4.5 Polyglycolic Acid 102</p> <p>4.6 Brief Overview of the Local and World Scenario of Bioplastics 103</p> <p>4.7 Summary 103</p> <p>References 104</p> <p><b>5 Biodegradable and Bioabsorbable Materials for Osteosynthesis </b><b>Applications: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives 109<br /></b><i>Sandra Carolina Cifuentes, Rosario Benavente, Marcela Lieblich and José Luis González-Carrasco</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 109</p> <p>5.2 State-of-the-Art 111</p> <p>5.3 Future Perspectives 117</p> <p>5.4 Conclusions 131</p> <p>References 132</p> <p><b>6 Biodegradable Polymers in Tissue Engineering 145</b><br /><i>Silvia Ioan and Luminita Ioana Buruiana</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 145</p> <p>6.2 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering 146</p> <p>6.3 Biocompatibility and Biodegradation of Polymer Networks 147</p> <p>6.4 Biomaterial Reaction to Foreign Bodies 153</p> <p>6.5 Design of Immunomodulatory Biomaterials 154</p> <p>6.6 Applications Potential of Polyurethanes in Engineering Tissues 154</p> <p>6.7 Application Potential of Polycarbonates 160</p> <p>6.8 Poly(amido Amine) 164</p> <p>6.9 Polyester Amine 168</p> <p>6.10 Polypyrrole-based Conducting Polymers 172</p> <p>6.11 Remarks and Future Directions 175</p> <p>Acknowledgment 176</p> <p>References 176</p> <p><b>7 Composites Based on Hydroxyapatite and Biodegradable Polylactide 183</b><br /><i>Pau Turon, Luís J. del Valle, Carlos Alemán and Jordi Puiggalí</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 183</p> <p>7.2 Bone Tissues and Mineralization Processes 184</p> <p>7.3 Polylactide and its Copolymers 187</p> <p>7.4 Calcium Phosphate Cements Reinforced with Polylactide Fibers 188</p> <p>7.5 Nanocomposites of Polylactide and Hydroxyapatite: Coupling Agents 189</p> <p>7.6 PLA/HAp Scaffolds for Tissue-Engineering Applications 191</p> <p>7.7 Scaffolds Constituted by Ternary Mixtures Including PLA and HAp 198</p> <p>7.8 Bioactive Molecules Loaded in PLA/HAp Scaffolds 200</p> <p>7.9 Hydrogels Incorporating PLA/HAp 204</p> <p>7.10 Conclusions 206</p> <p>References 207</p> <p><b>8 Biodegradable Composites: Properties and Uses 215</b><br /><i>Daniel Belchior Rocha and Derval dos Santos Rosa</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 215</p> <p>8.2 Biodegradable Polymers Applied in Composites 217</p> <p>8.3 Composites Using Matrices by Biomass Polymers 220</p> <p>8.4 Composites Using Matrices by Biopolymers Synthesized from Monomers 230</p> <p>8.5 Composites using matrices by biopolymers produced by microorganism 239</p> <p>8.6 Conclusion 241</p> <p>Acknowledgments 242</p> <p>References 243</p> <p><b>9 Development of Membranes from Biobased Materials and their Applications 251</b><br /><i>K. C. Khulbe and T. Matsuura</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 251</p> <p>9.2 Membranes from Biopolymer or Biomaterials 253</p> <p>9.3 Summary 274</p> <p>References 275</p> <p><b>10 Green Biodegradable Composites Based on Natural Fibers 283</b><br /><i>Magdalena Wróbel-Kwiatkowska, Mateusz Kropiwnicki and Waldemar Rymowicz</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 283</p> <p>10.2 Plant Fibers Composition 284</p> <p>10.3 Fiber Modifications 285</p> <p>10.4 Composites Based on Different Plant Fibers 289</p> <p>10.5 Future and Perspectives of Composites 293</p> <p>10.6 Conclusions 295</p> <p>References 295</p> <p><b>11 Fully Biodegradable All-Cellulose Composites 303</b><br /><i>Fabrizio Sarasini</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 303</p> <p>11.2 Self-Reinforced Composites 305</p> <p>11.3 All-Cellulose Composites 306</p> <p>11.4 Conclusions and Future Challenges 315</p> <p>References 316</p> <p><b>12 Natural Fiber Composites with Bioderivative and/or Degradable Polymers 323</b><br /><i>Kamila Salasinska and Joanna Ryszkowska</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 323</p> <p>12.2 Materials 325</p> <p>12.3 Methods for the Manufacture of Composites 326</p> <p>12.4 Research Methodology of Plant Component and Composites 328</p> <p>12.5 Test Results 332</p> <p>12.6 Comparison of the Properties of Composites with Different Types of Polymer Matrices 350</p> <p>12.7 Summary and Conclusive Statements 351</p> <p>Acknowledgments 352</p> <p>References 352</p> <p><b>13 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Bone Tissue Engineering 355</b><br /><i>Jiuhong Zhang, Zhiqiang Xie, Juan Yan and Jian Zhong</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 355</p> <p>13.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 356</p> <p>13.3 Physicochemical Characterizations of Polymeric Scaffolds 363</p> <p>13.4 Definition and Clinical Needs of Bone Tissue Engineering 365</p> <p>13.5 Application of Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers in Bone Tissue Engineering 367</p> <p>13.6 Summary 369</p> <p>Acknowledgments 370</p> <p>References 370</p> <p><b>14 Polysaccharides as Green Biodegradable Platforms for Building-up Electroactive Composite Materials: An Overview 377</b><br /><i>Fernanda F. Simas-Tosin, Aline Grein-Iankovski, Marcio Vidotti and Izabel C. Riegel-Vidotti</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 377</p> <p>14.2 Main Chemical and Physical Chemical Properties of the Polysaccharides Used in the Synthesis of Electroactive Composites 379</p> <p>14.3 Electroactive Materials 394</p> <p>14.4 Spectroscopic Characterization of Colloidal Gum Arabic/Polyaniline and Gum Arabic/Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) 401</p> <p>14.5 Polysaccharides/Conducting Polymer: Final overview 406</p> <p>References 409</p> <p><b>15 Biodegradable Polymer Blends and Composites from Seaweeds 419</b><br /><i>Yolanda Freile-Pelegrín and Tomás J. Madera-Santana</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 419</p> <p>15.2 Seaweed Resources: World Scenario 420</p> <p>15.3 Seaweed Polymers with Potential Materials Applications 422</p> <p>15.4 Potential Biopolymer Blends and Composites from Seaweeds 426</p> <p>References 433</p> <p><b>16 Biocomposite Scaffolds Derived from Renewable Resources for Bone Tissue Repair 439</b><br /><i>S. Dhivya and N. Selvamurugan</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 439</p> <p>16.2 Polysaccharide-Based Polymers 440</p> <p>16.3 Glycosaminoglycans 455</p> <p>16.4 Protein-Based Polymers 459</p> <p>16.5 Polyesters 463</p> <p>16.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 465</p> <p>16.7 Others 466</p> <p>16.8 Conclusions and Future Direction 467</p> <p>Acknowledgment 468</p> <p>Abbreviations 468</p> <p>References 470</p> <p><b>17 Pectin-based Composites 487</b><br /><i>Veronika Bátori, Dan Åkeson, Akram Zamani and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 487</p> <p>17.2 Pectin 488</p> <p>17.3 Biosynthesis of Pectin Polymers during Cell Differentiation 495</p> <p>17.4 Production of Pectin 495</p> <p>17.5 Pectin-based Biocomposites 499</p> <p>17.6 Conclusions 513</p> <p>References 513</p> <p><b>18 Recent Advances in Conductive Composites Based on Biodegradable Polymers for Regenerative Medicine Applications 519</b><br /><i>Ilaria Armentano, Elena Fortunati, Luigi Torre and Josè Maria Kenny</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 519</p> <p>18.2 Regenerative Medicine 520</p> <p>18.3 Biodegradable Polymers 521</p> <p>18.4 Conductive Nanostructures 524</p> <p>18.5 Polymer Nanocomposite Approach 526</p> <p>18.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 535</p> <p>References 536</p> <p><b>19 Biosynthesis of PHAs and Their Biomedical Applications 543</b><br /><i>K.-S. Heng, Y.-F. Lee, L. Thinagaran, J.-Y. Chee, P. Murugan and K. Sudesh</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 543</p> <p>19.2 Genetic and Metabolic Pathway of PHA Production 545</p> <p>19.3 PHA Production from Sugars 548</p> <p>19.4 PHA Production from Oils 554</p> <p>19.5 Exploration and Application of PHAs as Biomaterials 566</p> <p>19.6 Future Perspectives 573</p> <p>Acknowledgments 574</p> <p>References 574</p> <p><b>20 Biodegradable Soy Protein Isolate/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Packaging Films 587</b><br /><i>Jun-Feng Su</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 587</p> <p>20.2 Experimental 589</p> <p>20.3 Results and Discussion 597</p> <p>20.4 Conclusion 620</p> <p>References 621</p> <p><b>21 Biodegradability of Biobased Polymeric Materials in Natural Environments 625</b><br /><i>Sudhakar Muniyasamy and Maya Jacob John</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 625</p> <p>21.2 Biobased Polymers from Renewable Resources 629</p> <p>21.3 Biodegradable and Compostable Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources 632</p> <p>21.4 Overview of Biodegradation Studies of Biobased Polymers in Different Environmental Conditions 640</p> <p>21.5 Biodegradation Mechanisms of Biobased Polymeric Materials 645</p> <p>21.6 Concluding Remarks 648</p> <p>References 649</p>

<p><b>Vijay Kumar Thakur </b>is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.</p> <p><b>Manju Kumar Thakur </b>has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials. <p><b>Michael R. Kessler </b>is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.

<p><b>This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry.</b></p> <p>The <i>Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials </i>comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The Handbook comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. <p>Volume 5 is solely focused on <i>'Biodegradable Materials'</i>. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Rice husk and its composites; biodegradable composites based on thermoplastic starch and talc nanoparticles; recent progress in biocomposites of biodegradable polymer; microbial polyesters: production and market; biodegradable and bioabsorbable materials for osteosynthesis applications; biodegradable polymers in tissue engineering; composites based on hydroxyapatite and biodegradable polylactide; biodegradable composites; development of membranes from biobased materials and their applications; green biodegradable composites based on natural fibers; fully biodegradable all-cellulose composites; natural fiber composites with bioderivative and/or degradable polymers; synthetic biodegradable polymers for bone tissue engineering; polysaccharides as green biodegradable platforms for building up electroactive composite materials; biodegradable polymer blends and composites from seaweeds; biocomposites scaffolds derived from renewable resources for bone tissue repair; pectin-based composites; recent advances in conductive composites based on biodegradable polymers for regenerative medicine applications; biosynthesis of PHAs and their biomedical applications; biodegradable soy protein isolate/poly(vinyl alcohol) packaging films; and biodegradability of biobased polymeric materials in natural environment. <p><b>Audience</b><BR>This valuable reference work will be read and consulted by researchers, engineers and students both in academia and industry who are working in the field of materials science especially polymer composites/technology. Composites from renewable materials have significant industrial applications especially in the automotive, marine, aerospace, construction, wind energy and consumer goods industries.

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