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Genetically Modified and non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains

Co-Existence and Traceability
1. Aufl.

von: Yves Bertheau
188,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	10.09.2012
ISBN/EAN:	9781118373804
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	688

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

In the European Union nations, and other countries including Japan, Australia and Malaysia, it is a legal requirement that food products containing genetically modified organism (GMO) materials are labelled as such in order that customers may make informed purchasing decisions. For manufacturers and consumers to be confident about these assertions, systems must be in place along the entire food chain which support the co-existence of GM and non GM materials whilst maintaining a strict segregation between the two. This book is an output of a European Union-funded project entitled "Co-Extra: GM and non-GM food and feed supply chains: their Co-Existence and Traceability". The objective of this four year project is to provide practical tools and methods for implementing co-existence that will: <ul> <li>enable the co-existence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops</li> <li>enable the segregation and tracing of genetically modified organism (GMO) materials and derived products along the food and feed chains</li> <li>anticipate the future expansion of the use of GMOs</li> </ul> The project is designed to foster a robustly science-based debate amongst all of the stakeholders involved in the food and feed chains, and the tools will be assessed not only from a technical point of view but with regard to the economic and legal aspects. It also surveys the GMO-related legal regimes and practices that exist in and beyond the EU. This book examines the practical tools and methods available to implement the co-existence and traceability of GM and non-GM food materials along the entire food and feed chains, as demanded by consumers and by legislation in force in the EU and elsewhere. GM and Non-GM Supply Foods is a source of valuable information for food manufacturers, food research institutions and regulatory bodies internationally.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of Contributors xiii Foreword xxi G. Riba. Vice-Chairman of INRA Part 1: Introduction 1 1 Introduction to the GM and Non-GM Supply Chain Co-Existence and Traceability 3 Y. Bertheau, J. Davison 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 GMO Development 3 1.3 Opinions and Attitudes of European Citizens and Consumers 4 1.4 The Different Regulatory Frames and Risk Perception 6 1.5 European Traceability and Co-Existence Frames 8 1.6 Other Issues 11 1.7 Conclusion 12 References 12 Part 2: Managing Gene Flow 21 2 Contributions of Pollen and Seed to Impurity in Crops – A Comparison of Maize, Oilseed Rape and Beet 23 G.R. Squire, J. Lecomte, A. Hüsken, J. Soukup, A. Messéan 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Maize 23 2.3 Oilseed Rape 26 2.4 Beet 29 2.5 Comparison of Species Based on Plant Traits 30 References 32 3 Co-Existence Issues of GM Sugar Beet 35 H. Darmency 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Sugar Beet in the World 35 3.3 Overview of Sugar Beet Biology and Agronomy 36 3.4 Pre-cultivation Co-existence Issues 39 3.5 Consequences of Co-existence for the Cropping System in a Region 42 3.6 Consequences of Co-existence for the Genetic Resources 45 3.7 Post-harvest Co-existence Issues 45 3.8 Conclusion 46 References 46 4 Ex Ante Evaluation of Gene Flow in Oilseed Rape with Cropping System Models 49 N. Colbach 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Modelling Approach 50 4.3 The Simulation Methodology 51 4.4 Perspectives 58 References 59 5 Biological Containment Strategies for Transgenic Crops 61 R.A. de Maagd, K. Boutilier 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Auxotrophy 62 5.3 Inhibition of Flowering and Complete Sterility 62 5.4 Cleistogamy 63 5.5 Transgene Excision 64 5.6 Chloroplast Transformation 65 5.7 Male Sterility 67 5.8 Parthenocarpy 68 5.9 Apomixis 69 5.10 Reduced Shattering 70 5.11 Blocking Seed Germination 70 5.12 Inhibiting Seed Dormancy 72 5.13 Transgenic Mitigation 72 5.14 Concluding Remarks 73 References 73 6 Long-Distance Pollen Flow in Large Fragmented Landscapes 79 Y. Brunet, S. Dupont, S. Delage, D. Garrigou, D. Guyon, S. Dayau, P. Tulet, J.-P. Pinty, C. Lac, J. Escobar, A. Audran, X. Foueillassar 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 Evidence for Long-distance Cross-pollination of Maize 80 6.3 Modelling Regional Pollen Transport 81 6.4 Model Evaluation 83 6.5 Simulated Regional Pollen Dispersal 84 6.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 84 References 87 7 Current and Future Availability of Non-Genetically Modifi ed Soybean Seeds in the USA, Brazil and Argentina 89 J. Milanesi 7.1 Introduction 89 7.2 Global Overview of the Soybean and Soybean Seed Markets and Related Short-term Issues 90 7.3 Soybean Plant Breeding and Availability of Non-GM Soybean Seeds 94 7.4 The Future of Non-GM Plant Breeding 104 7.5 Conclusion 109 References 110 Part 3: Co-Existence in Food and Feed Supply Chains 113 8 Consumers’ Opinions and Attitudes Towards Co-existence of GM and Non-GM Food Products 115 M. Costa-Font, R.B. Tranter, J.M. Gil 8.1 Introduction 115 8.2 Study Methodology 116 8.3 Literature Review Results 120 8.4 Consumer Survey Results 121 8.5 Conclusions 124 References 124 9 Evaluation of Collection Strategies for Landscape and Product Flow Management 127 F.C. Coléno, F. Angevin 9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 Evaluation of Co-Existence Management Strategies for Grain Merchants 128 9.3 Evaluation of Collection Strategies at the Landscape Level 134 9.4 Conclusion 135 References 138 10 Empirical Analysis of Co-Existence in Commodity Supply Chains 141 N. Gryson, M. Eeckhout, A. Messéan, L-G. Soler, B. Lécroart, A. Trouillier, M. Le Bail, J. Bez, R. Bourgier, J. Copeland, M. Gylling, M. Maciejczak, V. Megliè, K. Menrad, A. Gabriel, M. Stolze, C. Tapia, G. Ghezan, V. Pelaez, R. Rocha dos Santos 10.1 Introduction 141 10.2 Framework 141 10.3 Methodology 143 10.4 Results 145 10.5 Conclusion 155 References 157 11 Modelling and Assessing the Impacts of the Co-Existence Between GM and non-GM Supply Chains: The Starch Maize Supply Chain Example 161 B. Lecroart, A. Messéan, L-G. Soler 11.1 Introduction 161 11.2 Material Flow and Risks of Commingling in the Starch Maize Supply Chain 162 11.3 Model Description 163 11.4 Sensitivity Analysis 167 11.5 Results and Discussion 170 11.6 Conclusion 173 References 173 12 Costs of Segregation and Traceability Between GM and Non-GM Supply Chains of Single Crop and Compound Food/Feed Products 177 K. Menrad, A. Gabriel, J. Bez, M. Gylling, A. Larsen, M. Maciejczak, M. Stolze, N. Gryson, M. Eeckhout, N. Pensel, R. Rocha dos Santos, A. Messéan 12.1 Objectives 177 12.2 Introduction and Regulatory Framework 177 12.3 Methodology 179 12.4 Results 181 12.5 Conclusions 189 References 191 13 Labelling and Co-Existence Regulation of GMOs and Non-GMOs: An Economic Perspective 193 M. Desquilbet, S. Poret 13.1 Introduction 193 13.2 To What Extent Do Consumers Value Non-GM Goods Over GM Goods and Why? 194 13.3 Labelling May Improve Welfare But Is Not A First-Rank Policy to Address Consumer Concerns 201 13.4 Externality Costs of Co-Existence Without A Co-existence Regulation 204 13.5 Co-Existence Regulation 205 13.6 Conclusion 209 Appendix 210 References 211 14 Co-Existence and Traceability in Supply Chains: A Case Study on Belgian Compound Feed 215 N. Gryson, M. Eeckhout 14.1 Compound Feed Production 215 14.2 Traceability and Segregation Systems 218 14.3 Other Costs and Benefi ts along the Supply Chain 224 14.4 Changing Strategies 230 14.5 Conclusion 236 References 237 Part 4: Traceability and Controls in Food and Feed Supply Chains 243 15 GMO Sampling Strategies in Food and Feed Chains 245 R. Onori, J. Šuštar-Vozliè, G. Bellocchi, G. Berben, A. Blejec, C. Brera, Z. Èergan (Deceased), M. Debeljak, M. De Giacomo, M. De Vivo, T. Esteve, E. Janssen, P. Kozjak, F. Leprince, R. Macarthur, A. Malcevschi, N. Marmiroli, V. Megliè, E. Melé, J. Messeguer, M. Miraglia, A. Nadal, R. Oger, E. Palmaccio, M. Pla, V. Planchon, E. Prantera, K. Rostohar, B. Vršèaj 15.1 Introduction 245 15.2 The EC Recommendation 2004/787: Methodologies, Applications and Limitations 246 15.3 Co-Extra Results for Different Scenarios of the Food and Feed Chain 246 15.4 Conclusion 267 References 269 16 Harmonised Reference Genes and PCR Assays for GMO Quantification 273 I. Taverniers, N. Papazova, T. Allnutt, S. Baumler, Y. Bertheau, T. Esteve, R. Freyer, K. Gruden, B. Kuznetzov, J. Luis La Paz, A. Nadal, M. Pla, J. Vojvoda, D. Wulff, D. Zhang2 16.1 Introduction: Regulatory Framework on Reference Assays 273 16.2 Overview of Existing Reference Assays 274 16.3 Reliability Testing of Existing Reference Assays 274 16.4 Harmonised Definitions, Terminology and Technical Criteria for Designing New Reference Assays 277 16.5 Core Collections for Specifi city, Uniformity and Stability Testing of Reference Assays for GMO Quantification 280 16.6 Conclusion 289 References 290 17 The Modular Approach in GMO Quality Control and Enforcement Support Systems 293 M. Van den Bulcke, G. Bellocchi, G. Berben, M. Burns, K. Cankar, M. De Giacomo, K. Gruden, A. Holst-Jensen, A. Malcewsky, M. Mazzara, R. Onori, N. Papazova, E. Parlouer, I. Taverniers, S. Trapmann, D. Wulff, D. Zhang2 17.1 Enforcing the Legal GMO Framework by Harmonised Control Analysis 293 17.2 Validation of GMO Test Methods: A Modular Versus a Global Approach 294 17.3 Co-Extra Assessment of the Modular Approach in GMO Analysis 295 17.4 Decision Support Systems (DSS) Within a Modular Approach 303 17.5 Modular Approaches and Enforcement Implementation 304 17.6 Conclusion 304 References 305 18 Reliability and Cost of GMO Detection 307 K. Gruden, T.R. Allnutt, M. Ayadi, S. Baeumler, C. Bahrdt, G. Berben, K.G. Berdal, Y. Bertheau, C. Bøydler Andersen, P. Brodmann, M. Buh Gašpariè, M.J. Burns, A.M. Burrel, K. Cankar, T. Esteve, A. Holst-Jensen, A.B. Kristoffersen, J. La Paz, D. Lee, A. Løvseth, R. Macarthur, D. Morisset, M. Pla, R.B. Rud, C. Skjæret, T. Tengs, H. Valdivia, D. Wulff, D. Zhang2, J. ?el 18.1 Introduction 307 18.2 Accurate Determination of the Limit of Detection Associated with GMO Analysis 308 18.3 Improvements in the Limit of Quantification 310 18.4 Reliability of GMO Quantifi cation 313 18.5 DNA Extraction from Highly Processed Matrixes 317 18.6 Evaluation of Alternative Chemistries in Real-time PCR 318 18.7 Evaluation of Different Machines for GMO Quantifi cation by Real-time PCR 321 18.8 Evaluation of Automation Potential in GMO Detection 324 18.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 327 References 329 19 New Multiplexing Tools for Reliable GMO Detection 333 M. Pla, A. Nadal, V. Baeten, C. Bahrdt, G. Berben, Y. Bertheau, A. Coll, J.P. van Dijk, D. Dobnik., J.A. Fernandez Pierna, K. Gruden, S. Hamels, A. Holck, A. Holst-Jensen, E. Janssen, E.J. Kok, J.L. La Paz, V. Laval, S. Leimanis, A. Malcevschi, N. Marmiroli, D. Morisset, T.W. Prins, J. Remacle, G. Ujhelyi, D. Wulff 19.1 Introduction 333 19.2 From Duplex to Oligoplex PCR 336 19.3 Non-PCR Methods 353 19.4 High Grade Multiplex Approaches 357 19.5 Conclusions 361 References 362 20 Towards Detection of Unknown GMOs 367 A. Holst-Jensen, K.G. Berdal, Y. Bertheau, M. Bohanec, J. Bohlin, M. Chaouachi, K. Gruden, S. Hamels, E.J. Kok, A. Krech, A.B. Kristoffersen, V. Laval, S. Leimanis, M. Løvoll, D. Morisset, A. Nemeth, N. Papazova, T.W. Prins, J. Remacle, P. Richl, T. Ruttink, I. Taverniers, T. Tengs, J.P. van Dijk, D. Wulff, J. ?el, H. Zhang, M. ?nidaršiè 20.1 Introduction 367 20.2 Classifications of GMOs Relevant to Detection 368 10.3 Detection of GMOs – A Short Review 371 20.4 Detection of Unauthorised GMOs 378 20.5 Detection of Unknown GMOs 379 20.6 Conclusion 380 References 380 21 Method Validation and Reference Materials 383 G. Bellocchi, Y. Bertheau, M. De Giacomo, A. Holst-Jensen, R. Macarthur, M. Mazzara, R. Onori, I. Taverniers, M. van den Bulcke, S. Trapmann 21.1 The Concept of Validation 383 21.2 Single Laboratory Validation 385 21.3 Collaborative Validation of Methods 386 21.4 Innovative Statistical Approaches for Method Validation 387 21.5 The Modular Approach 388 21.6 The Use of CRMs (Certifi ed Reference Materials) and Possible Alternatives in View of Standardisation and Accreditation 390 21.7 Addressing the Compatibility of the Control Plans throughout the Chains 393 21.8 Conclusion and Perspectives 397 References 398 Part 5: Legal Regimes, Liability and Redress Issues 403 22 Liability and Redress Options for Damage Caused by GMOs 405 B.A. Koch 22.1 Introduction 405 22.2 Prevention of Future Harm 406 22.3 Redress for Damage 406 22.4 Outlook 412 References 413 23 Legal Issues, an Overview on Co-Existence Policies: Technological Pluralism, Confidence Economy, Transnational Supply Chains 415 M.-A. Hermitte, S. Anvar, M. Bonin, N. Bargues, G. Canselier, S. Desmoulin, A. Langlais, J.C. Varela 23.1 Introduction 415 23.2 The Juridical Nature of Co-Existence Policy 416 23.3 Keypoints of Supply Chain Structuring 419 23.4 Import Supply Chains and GMOs 424 23.5 A Liability System Adapted to a Controversial Technology 428 23.6 Conclusion 430 References 430 24 The Judge’s Role Concerning Science in Precautionary Measures: A Shift from Guide to Arbitrator 433 C. Noiville 24.1 Introduction 433 24.2 The Judge: A Guide to Administrative Action 434 24.3 Judges as Arbitrators of Scientifi c Assessments? 447 24.4 Conclusion 454 References 454 Part 6: Data Integration and DSS 459 25 The Co-Extra Decision Support System: A Model-Based Integration of Project Results 461 M. Bohanec, Y. Bertheau, C. Brera, K. Gruden, A. Holst-Jensen, E.J. Kok, B. Lécroart, A. Messéan, M. Miraglia, R. Onori, T.W. Prins, L-G. Soler, M. ?nidaršiè 25.1 Introduction 461 25.2 Approach and Methodology 462 25.3 Components of the Co-Extra DSS 464 25.4 Assessment of Analytical Methods 464 25.5 Assessment of Sampling Methods 472 25.6 Assessment of Products Using Traceability Data 477 25.7 Assessment of Processes 482 25.8 Database and Web-based Implementation 485 25.9 Conclusions 487 References 488 Part 7: Related Issues 491 26 Integration of Co-Extra Results in EU Tools for Traceability 493 G. van den Eede, D. Plan 26.1 Overview of EU Legislation on GMOs 493 26.2 Achievements in the EU Harmonisation of GMO Analysis 497 26.3 Challenges Ahead 499 26.4 Conclusion 518 References 518 27 Labelling and Detection of GM Crops and Derived Products: Regulatory Frameworks and Research Issues in East Asia 521 D. Zhang1, L. Yang, C.-H. Lee, S-H. Lee, B.-J. Kuo, K. Kitta, M. Tachikawa 27.1 Introduction 521 27.2 People’s Republic of China 522 27.3 Korea 527 27.4 Taiwan 532 27.5 Japan 534 27.6 Conclusion 538 References 539 28 Maintaining a Supply of Non-GM Feed – A Strategic Issue for European Regional Agriculture 543 R. Layadi 28.1 Introduction 543 28.2 The GMO-free Regions Network 544 28.3 The Feed Question: A Major Issue for Regional Agriculture 544 28.4 GMO-free Agriculture, a Vital Issue for Regions 548 28.5 Getting a Solid Strategic and Tactical Background: Lessons from the Cold War 550 28.6 An Essential Question: Who Decides On the Defi nition of A Market? 554 References 555 29 A Geographical Approach to the European Policy for the Co-Existence of GMO and Non-GMO Crops 563 E. Glon 29.1 Introduction 563 29.2 EU Scenarios for the Co-Existence of GM and Non-GM Crops 564 29.3 Dedicated Areas – A Geographical Analysis 571 29.4 A Few Lines for Thought with Regard to Co-Existence in Territories 580 29.5 Conclusion 585 References 587 30 Segregating Supply Chains: a Cost–Benefit Perspective 591 J.K. Hammitt, W.W. Wilson 30.1 Introduction 591 30.2 Social Benefits of Co-Existence 591 30.3 Consumer Valuation of GMO-free Foods 593 30.4 Background on Developments in North American Wheat 595 30.5 Costs of Segregating Wheat to Conform to EU Traceability Standards 595 30.6 Contract Mechanisms to Facilitate Co-Existence 596 30.7 Summary and Implications 602 30.8 Conclusion 602 References 603 31 Co-Existence and Traceability in the EU Versus IP Systems in Third Countries 605 R. Rocha dos Santos, N. Pensel, R. Green 31.1 Introduction 605 31.2 Mercosur and Europe: Different But Complementary 606 31.3 The GM Soybeans in Mercosur 606 31.4 Food Regulation 609 31.5 EU, Mercosur and Traceability 610 31.6 Contracts and Private Regulations 611 31.7 Third Party Certifi cation Companies, the Key Players 612 31.8 The Traders’ Role 613 31.9 Final Considerations 614 References 615 Part 8: Conclusion 617 32 GM and Non-GM Supply Chain Co-Existence and Traceability: Context and Perspectives 619 Y. Bertheau 32.1 Introduction 619 32.2 Background 619 32.3 Co-Existence 624 32.4 Traceability 628 32.5 Conclusion 629 References 630 Index 643 A colour plate section falls between pages 314 and 315

Rezension

“This valuable guideline examines the practical tools and methods available to implement the co-existence and traceability of GM and non-GM food materials along the entire food chains, as demanded by consumers and by legislation in force in the EU and elsewhere.” (Advances in Food Sciences, 1 October 2013) ". . . if co-existence and traceability are your interests, this is a book you need to have on your shelves." (GM Crops and Food: Biotechnology in Agriculture and the Food Chain, March 2013)

Autorenportrait

Yves Bertheau is the editor of Genetically Modified and non-Genetically Modified Food Supply Chains: Co-Existence and Traceability, published by Wiley.