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List of Plates viii <p>Preface to the First Edition ix</p> <p>Preface to the Second Edition xi</p> <p>Preface to the Third Edition xii</p> <p>Introduction 1<br /> Being Prejudiced in Favour of Literacy 7<br /> Medieval, Renaissance, and Reformation Literacy 11<br /> England's Place in Medieval Literacy 16</p> <p><b>Part I TheMaking of Records 21</b></p> <p><b>1 Memories and Myths of the Norman Conquest 23</b><br /> The Formation of a Norman Official Memory 26<br /> The Anglo-Saxon Heritage of Literacy 30<br /> Latin and the Language of Domesday Book 35<br /> William the Conqueror’s Symbolic Knife 38<br /> The EarlWarenne’s Rusty Sword 41</p> <p><b>2 The Proliferation of Documents 46</b><br /> Documents at Village Level 48<br /> The Chronology of Charter Making 54<br /> The Output of Royal Documents 58<br /> Documents and Bureaucracy 64<br /> TheWork of HubertWalter 70<br /> Royal Influence on Other Records 75<br /> Appendix 80</p> <p><b>3 Types of Record 83</b><br /> The Variety ofWritings 83<br /> Statements Issued by Individuals 87<br /> Memoranda Kept by Institutions 94<br /> Learned and LiteraryWorks 106<br /> Liturgical Books 111</p> <p><b>4 The Technology ofWriting 116</b><br /> The Scribe and His Materials 117<br /> Wax, Parchment, andWood 120<br /> CommittingWords toWriting 127<br /> Layout and Format 134<br /> Rolls or Books? 137</p> <p><b>5 The Preservation and Use of Documents 147</b><br /> Monastic Documents for Posterity 148<br /> Secular Documents for Daily Use 151<br /> Archives and Libraries 156<br /> The Royal Archives 164<br /> Ways of Remembering 174<br /> Ways of Indexing 179</p> <p><b>Part II The LiterateMentality 187</b><br /> What Reading Meant 192</p> <p><b>6 Languages of Record 199</b><br /> Walter of Bibbesworth’s Treatise 199<br /> The Variety of Languages 202<br /> Spoken andWritten Language 208<br /> Chronological Development 213<br /> TheWriting Down of French 217<br /> Royal Documents in Latin, French, and English 222</p> <p><b>7 Literate and Illiterate 226</b><br /> Meanings of 'Clericus' and 'Litteratus' 228<br /> The Question of the Literacy of the Laity 233<br /> Knowledge of Latin Among Non-Churchmen 236<br /> The Acquisition of Clerical Education 242<br /> Educated Knights 248</p> <p><b>8 Hearing and Seeing 255</b><br /> Symbolic Objects and Documents 256<br /> The Spoken Versus theWrittenWord 262<br /> Listening to theWord 268<br /> The SpokenWord in Legal Procedure 274<br /> Writings asWorks of Art 280<br /> Word and Image 285</p> <p><b>9 TrustingWriting 295</b><br /> Memory andWriting 296<br /> Dating Documents 300<br /> Signing Documents 305<br /> The Symbolism of Seals and Crosses 309<br /> Forging Documents 318</p> <p><b>10 Pragmatic Literacy 329</b></p> <p>Postscript by the Author 336</p> <p>List of Abbreviations 344</p> <p>Select Further Reading 352</p> <p>Plates 356</p> <p>Index 396</p>

Reviews of the first edition:<br /> "A tour-de-force, a scholarly work which is genuinely hard to put down, and which breaks new ground in its approach." <i>Journal of Legal History</i> <br /> <p>"Thought-provoking and wide-ranging . . . one can assert confidently that it is one of the most exciting books on medieval English history to appear in recent years." <i>History</i></p> <p>"Many familiar assumptions about the medieval world will have to be reconsidered in the light of this book. It is impossible to convey its range or the variety of its implications, but it is possible to insist on its importance." <i>History Today</i> </p> <p>"Clanchy's work will stand as a remarkable piece of scholarship and as a massive contribution to our understanding of the medieval world." <i>Journal of Library History</i></p> <p>Reviews of the second edition:</p> <p>"Just as 'From Memory to Written Record' was the touchstone for the revolution in the study of medieval literacy and power in the 1980s, the second edition will be a sustaining forece in the continuing revolution of the 1990s'. " Patrick J Geary, University of Notre Dame</p> <p>"'From Memory to Written Record' is one of the those seminal works that shape the direction of the next generation of historical and social thought. This second edition will remain one of the major works on the medieval world for many decades to come." Norman F Cantor, Late of New York University</p> <p>Michael Clanchy's widely-acclaimed study of the history of the written word in the Middle Ages remains a classic work in medieval studies. In this third edition Professor Clanchy presents his latest thinking on the subject in a new introduction covering recent work on literacy studies. He has also updated the further reading section and revised the references to take account of recent publications. These changes preserve the coherence of the original argument whilst also ensuring the book remains current for a new generation of scholars and students.</p>

<p><b>Michael Clanchy</b> is Professor Emeritus of Medieval History at the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, and a Fellow of the British Academy. In the 1990s he held interdisciplinary seminars on the significance of literacy at University College London, the Warburg Institute, and the Institute of Historical Research. Before moving to London in 1985, he taught at the University of Glasgow. He is the author of the popular textbook <i>England and its Rulers 1066</i><i>–</i><i>1307</i> (third edition, 2006), and <i>Abelard: A Medieval Life</i> (1997).</p>

<p>Michael Clanchy’s widely acclaimed history of the written word in the Middle Ages remains a seminal work in the field. Now available in its third edition, it has been updated to include the latest research and to reflect on the development of medieval literacy studies in recent decades.</p> <p>The book retains its focus on the period from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the end of Edward I’s reign in 1307. During this time, English culture was transformed from an oral to a literate one, in a process that was as important as the later invention of printing. The production and retention of a variety of written records was extended from royal and monastic agencies to much wider forms of everyday business. As charters, writs, and other documents became commonplace, so developed England’s literate mentality.</p> <p>For this third edition the author has revised and expanded the discussion of the culture of literacy that developed in Anglo-Saxon England before the Norman invasion.This book explores medieval literacy in its various forms, including reading strategies, memory, writing materials, and the relationship between script and image. Tracing the rising importance and advancement of writing in medieval life, Clanchy’s landmark text continues to be a classic in the field of medieval studies as a whole. </p>

<p>‘After nearly four decades in print this monument of twentieth-century historiography has lost none of its imaginative and rhetorical power. Imbued with human insight and unrivalled in its deep understanding of the record- and narrative sources of post-Conquest England, Professor Clanchy’s book continues to educate, inspire, and challenge its many readers. The third edition brings the volume up to date for a new generation and will be welcomed by teachers and researchers across and beyond the Anglophone world.’—Julia Crick, <i>King’s College London</i></p> <p>‘<i>From Memory to Written Record</i> is half an invaluable handbook of sources – still without any modern competition – and half an imaginative investigation of the complex mix of surviving oral modes and the way they coexist with and are transformed by the written word.  Enjoy and learn!’—Paul R. Hymns, <i>Cornell University</i></p> <p>"In 1979, Clanchy's <i>From Memory to Written</i> Record launched an entirely new field of enquiry. Taking full account of the wealth of new research it stimulated, this third edition will be equally indispensable to the next generation of students and teachers.’—Julia M H Smith, <i>University of Glasgow</i></p>

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